Pediatric Aerobic Fitness and Trainability

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Fitness ◽  
Ventilatory Threshold ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Youth Soccer ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Health Related

Three papers which between them raise controversial issues, apply laboratory measures to sport performance, and expose gaps in knowledge were selected for commentary. The first paper (Sports Med. 2016;46:1451–1460) reviews the literature on peak V̇O2 in relation to body size and recommends that peak V̇O2 in youth is best expressed via allometric scaling of lean body mass. The second paper (Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2016;28:456–465) reports that maturity status has no effect on peak V̇O2, respiratory compensation point, or ventilatory threshold in youth soccer players once data have been allometrically normalized by lower limb muscle volume. It concludes that in future this technique should be used to compare the aerobic fitness of youth soccer players. The third paper (Eur J Appl Physiol. 2016;116:1781–1794) demonstrates that V̇O2 kinetics determined in a laboratory is related to measures associated with soccer match play and might distinguish superior performance within a group of highly trained youth players. The commentary stresses the importance of experimental rigor, emphasizes the need for appropriate scaling of physiological variables, challenges spurious correlations with health-related variables, endorses the use of a range of aerobic fitness measures, welcomes the application of laboratory data to sport performance, and identifies areas for future research.

scholarly journals Off-training physical activity and training responses as determinants of sleep quality in young soccer players

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuno Mateus ◽  
Juliana Exel ◽  
Bruno Gonçalves ◽  
Anthony Weldon ◽  
Jaime Sampaio
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Sleep Onset ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Sleep Onset Latency ◽  
Youth Soccer ◽  
Sports Organizations ◽  
Health Related ◽  
And Training

AbstractThis study aimed to quantify and assess the relationship of young soccer players' off-training physical activity (PA) and training responses on sleep quality. Eleven adolescent soccer players (13 ± 0.5 years old) were monitored during weekdays for four consecutive weeks, throughout soccer practice days. Off-training PA and sleep quality were assessed using 100 Hz tri-axial accelerometers and training responses analyzed using 20 Hz global positioning measurement units. A cluster analysis classified all cases into three different dimensions, (1) off-training PA, (2) training responses and (3) sleep quality. For each dimension, the most important variables for classifying the cases into clusters were sedentary PA and moderate-to-vigorous PA; total distance covered and impacts; and sleep onset latency and sleep fragmentation index, respectively. Afterwards, a correspondence analysis was used to identify whether off-training PA and training responses affected sleep quality. Results exposed that high to medium off-training PA combined with medium to high training responses may have decreased sleep quality. Conversely, no correspondence was observed between off-training PA and training responses, with higher sleep quality. This study emphasizes the importance of sports organizations adopting a holistic approach to youth soccer players’ development, that appropriately considers the inter-relationship between lifestyle, performance and health-related information.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the relationship between body composition and aerobic fitness in youth soccer players

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 258-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ö. Nalbant ◽  
K. Özer
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Aerobic Fitness ◽  
T Test ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Test Protocol ◽  
Youth Soccer ◽  
Long Jump

Background and Study Aim: The purpose of the study was to make an evaluation between aerobic fitnes (VO2max) and body composition in youth soccer players. Material and Methods: U19, U17, U16 and U15 age groups participated in the study. Twenty-eight U19 (average age 18,03±0,58), twenty-three U17 (average age 16,72±0,30), twenty-seven U16 (average age 15,79±0,23) and twenty-one U15 (average age 14,67±0,31) totally ninety-nine athletes voluntarily participated in the study. The subjects’ body weight and fat percentage were estimated by bioelectrical impedance. VO2max was determined by YOYO Intermittan Recovery test protocol. Shapiro-wilk test, Independent t test, hierarchical regression and analysis of covariance were used to compare the relationships between aerobic fitness and body composition. Additionally, Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to examine the relationships between variables. The level of significance for all statistics was set at p<0.05. SPSS 23 software was used to calculate the data. The total value of all estimators is f = 18,001 and p <0.0001. Results : Although all variables were included in the model, the BMI was considered the greatest explanatory factor for fatness. Aerobic endurance was assessed in direct proportion to age, sit and reach test, crunch test, plank, and long jump test. As the distance increased, the% fat ratio decreased (p <0.001), and the fat ratio decreased with the decrease in the T test (p <0.001). Conclusions: In this study, it was determined that body fat ratio determined by BMI, body fat percentage decreased with increasing aerobic endurance, body fat ratio was negatively correlated with aerobic fitness and lean body ratio. It was also determined that aerobic fitness was positively correlated with age, sit and reach, crunch test, plank, standing long jump and T test.

Anthropometric and Physiological Profiling of Youth Soccer Goalkeepers

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Rebelo-Gonçalves ◽  
Manuel João Coelho-e-Silva ◽  
Vítor Severino ◽  
Antonio Tessitore ◽  
António José Barata Figueiredo
Keyword(s):  
Goal Orientation ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Training Experience ◽  
Youth Soccer ◽  
Factorial Anova ◽  
Interaction Terms ◽  
Effect Of Age

Studies focused on position-related characteristics of young soccer players often ignore the goalkeepers. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of playing position on anthropometry, physiological attributes, soccer skills, and goal orientation across adolescence. One hundred forty-five soccer players age 11–19 y were assessed in training experience, body size, maturation, physiological parameters, soccer skills, and goal orientation. Factorial ANOVA was used to test the effect of age group, playing position, and respective interaction terms, while analysis of variance was used to compare goalkeepers vs outfielders in middle (under 13 [U-13] and U-15) and late (U-17 and U-19) adolescence. Discriminant analysis was used to identify the variables that contributed to explaining playing positions. Age group was a consistent source of variation for all variables except task and ego orientations. Fat mass, agility, endurance, dribbling speed, shooting accuracy, and passing were affected by the gradient derived from the classification between goalkeepers and outfielders. It was possible to correctly classify the playing position based on fat-free mass and 3 manipulative skills in younger players and on 4 skills in U-17 and U-19 soccer players. Future research should include longitudinal information to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to distinguish goalkeepers from outfielders.

scholarly journals Effects of soccer training during preseason on physical and physiological variables in youth soccer players

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jefferson Fernando Coelho Rodrigues Júnior ◽  
Carlos Alberto Alves Dias-Filho ◽  
Mário Sevílio de Oliveira Júnior ◽  
Carlan da Silva Sena ◽  
Andressa Coelho Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soccer Players ◽  
Youth Soccer ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Soccer Training

scholarly journals Aerobic fitness profile of youth soccer players: effects of chronological age and playing position

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovani Dos Santos Cunha ◽  
André Luís Lopes ◽  
Jeam Marcel Geremia ◽  
Gabriela Tomedi Leites ◽  
Bruno Manfredini Baroni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Fitness ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Position Effects ◽  
Youth Soccer ◽  
Biological Maturation ◽  
Maximal Aerobic Speed ◽  
Fitness Parameters ◽  
Positive Effect

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2016v18n6p700 To establish a profile of the aerobic fitness in young soccer players, it is critical to consider different intervenient factors such as maturity status, chronological age and playing position. The aim of this study was to identify the biological maturation, chronological age, and playing position effects on physical and physiological characteristics of young soccer players. Two hundred and one soccer players of 11-19 years old were divided into groups relative to their maturity status, chronological age and playing position. A maximal exercise test was performed to determine peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT2) parameters in a treadmill. Biological maturation showed no significant effect on relative values (mL.kg-1.min-1) of VO2peak, VT2 and VT1 (0.004 < h2 < 0.039), but showed large positive effect on maximal aerobic speed (MAS) and speed at VT2 (VT2speed). Chronological age showed a medium positive effect on relative values of VO2peak, VT2 and VT1 (0.095 < h2 < 0.137) and a large positive effect on MAS and VT2speed. Relative values of VO2peak and VT1 showed no significant differences among groups for playing position (P>0.05; 0.044 < h2 < 0.051). However, goalkeepers showed significant lower relative values for VT2 and VT2speed than other playing positions and a medium positive effect was observed (P<0.05; 0.077 < h2 < 0.119). Chronological age showed a medium to large positive effect on aerobic fitness parameters, while biological maturation showed a positive effect only on MAS and VT2speed. Playing position showed a medium positive effect on VT2 and VT2speed. 

scholarly journals Dose–Response Relationship Between Training Load and Changes in Aerobic Fitness in Professional Youth Soccer Players

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1365-1370 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F. Fitzpatrick ◽  
Kirsty M. Hicks ◽  
Philip R. Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Aerobic Fitness ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Response Relationship ◽  
Dose Response Relationship ◽  
Youth Soccer ◽  
Individualized Approach ◽  
Very High

Purpose: To compare the dose–response relationship between traditional arbitrary speed thresholds versus an individualized approach, with changes in aerobic fitness in professional youth soccer players. Methods: A total of 14 youth soccer players completed a 1500-m time trial to estimate maximal aerobic speed (MAS, km·h−1) at the start and at the end of a 6-week period. Training load was monitored on a daily basis during this study. External load measures were total distance covered and total acceleration and deceleration distance >2 m·s−2. Arbitrary high-speed running measures were meters covered and time spent at >17 km·h−1 (m > high-speed distance, t > high-speed distance) and 21 km·h−1 (m > very-high-speed distance, t > very-high-speed distance). Individualized high-speed running measures were meters covered and time spent at >MAS km·h−1 (m > MAS, t > MAS) and 30% anaerobic speed reserve (m > 30ASR, t > 30ASR). In addition, internal load measures were also collected: heart rate exertion and rating of perceived exertion. Linear regression analysis was used to establish the dose–response relationship between mean weekly training load and changes in aerobic fitness. Results: Very large associations were found between t > MAS and changes in aerobic fitness (R2 = .59). Large associations were found for t > 30ASR (R2 = .38) and m > MAS (R2 = .25). Unclear associations were found for all other variables. Conclusion: An individualized approach to monitoring training load, in particular t > MAS, may be a more appropriate method than using traditional arbitrary speed thresholds when monitoring the dose–response relationship between training load and changes in aerobic fitness.

Emotions and Sport Performance: An Exploration of Happiness, Hope, and Anger

2009 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Woodman ◽  
Paul A. Davis ◽  
Lew Hardy ◽  
Nichola Callow ◽  
Ian Glasscock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Times ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
Peak Force ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Related Reaction

We conducted three experiments to examine the relationships between emotions and subcomponents of performance. Experiment 1 revealed that anger was associated with enhanced gross muscular peak force performance but that happiness did not influence grammatical reasoning performance. Following Lazarus (1991, 2000a), we examined hope rather than happiness in Experiment 2. As hypothesized, hope yielded faster soccer-related reaction times in soccer players. Experiment 3 was an examination of extraversion as a moderator of the anger-performance relationship. When angry, extraverts’ peak force increased more than introverts’. Results are discussed and future research directions are offered in relation to Lazarus’s framework.

Maturity Status Does Not Exert Effects on Aerobic Fitness in Soccer Players After Appropriate Normalization for Body Size

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 456-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovani Dos Santos Cunha ◽  
Marco Aurélio Vaz ◽  
Jeam Marcel Geremia ◽  
Gabriela T. Leites ◽  
Rafael Reimann Baptista ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Aerobic Fitness ◽  
Ventilatory Threshold ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Muscle Volume ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Maximal Exercise Test ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Size Descriptor

The present study investigated the effects of pubertal status on peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), respiratory compensation point (RCP), and ventilatory threshold (VT) in young soccer players using different body size descriptors. Seventy-nine soccer players (14 prepubescent, 38 pubescent and 27 postpubescent) participated in this study. A maximal exercise test was performed to determine the VO2peak, RCP, and VT. Ultrasonography was used to measure lower limb muscle volume (LLMV). LLMV (mL-b) was rated as the most effective body size descriptor to normalize VO2peak (mLO2•mL-0.43•min-1), RCP (mLO2•mL-0.48•min-1), and VT (mLO2•mL-0.40•min-1). The values of VO2peak, RCP, and VT relative to allometric exponents derived by LLMV were similar among groups (p > .05; 0.025 < η2 < 0.059) when the effect of chronological age was controlled. Allometric VO2peak, RCP, and VT values were: 100.1 ± 7.9, 107.5 ± 9.6, and 108.0 ± 10.3 mLO2.mL-0.43•min-1; 51.8 ± 5.3, 54.8 ± 4.7, and 57.3 ± 5.8 mLO2•mL-0.48•min-1; and 75.7 ± 7.1, 79.4 ± 7.0, and 80.9 ± 8.3 mLO2•mL-0.40•min-1 for prepubertal, pubertal, and postpubertal groups, respectively. Maturity status showed no positive effect on VO2peak, RCP, and VT when the data were properly normalized by LLMV in young soccer players. Allometric normalization using muscle volume as a body size descriptor should be used to compare aerobic fitness between soccer players heterogeneous in chronological age, maturity status, and body size.

Reliability and Validity of the Carminattiʼs Test for Aerobic Fitness in Youth Soccer Players

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (11) ◽  
pp. 3264-3273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anderson S. Teixeira ◽  
Juliano F. da Silva ◽  
Lorival J. Carminatti ◽  
Naiandra Dittrich ◽  
Carlo Castagna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Fitness ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Youth Soccer
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