scholarly journals Population dynamics modify urban residents’ exposure to extreme temperatures across the United States

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. eaay3452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiachuan Yang ◽  
Leiqiu Hu ◽  
Chenghao Wang
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Climate Adaptation ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Urban Residents ◽  
Extreme Temperatures ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Spatiotemporal Population Dynamics

Exposure to extreme temperatures is one primary cause of weather-related human mortality and morbidity. Global climate change raises the concern of public health under future extreme events, yet spatiotemporal population dynamics have been long overlooked in health risk assessments. Here, we show that the diurnal intra-urban movement alters residents’ exposure to extreme temperatures during cold and heat waves. To do so, we incorporate weather simulations with commute-adjusted population profiles over 16 major U.S. metropolitan areas. Urban residents’ exposure to heat waves is intensified by 1.9° ± 0.7°C (mean ± SD among cities), and their exposure to cold waves is attenuated by 0.6° ± 0.8°C. The higher than expected exposure to heat waves significantly correlates with the spatial temperature variability and requires serious attention. The essential role of population dynamics should be emphasized in temperature-related climate adaptation strategies for effective and successful interventions.

Refined assessment of urban residents' exposure to extreme temperatures across the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiachuan Yang ◽  
Leiqiu Hu
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
The United States ◽  
Extreme Weather ◽  
Extreme Heat ◽  
Cold Wave ◽  
Urban Residents ◽  
Extreme Temperatures ◽  
Spatiotemporal Population Dynamics

<p>Extreme temperatures during heat and cold waves are severe health hazards for humans. Residents’ exposure controls the susceptibility of the urban population to these hazards, yet the spatiotemporal population dynamics has been long overlooked in assessing the risk. In this study, we conducted comparative analysis over 16 major urban habitats under three massive heat waves and one cold wave across the contiguous United States. Incorporating WRF weather simulations with commute-adjusted population profiles, we found that the interaction between population dynamics and urban heat islands makes residents exposed to higher temperatures under extreme weather. After accounting for diurnal population movement, urban residents’ exposure to heat waves is intensified by 2.0 ± 0.8 <sup>o</sup>C (mean ± standard deviation among cities), and their exposure to cold wave is attenuated by 0.4 ± 0.8 <sup>o</sup>C. The aggravated exposure to extreme heat is more than half of the heat wave hazard (temperature anomaly 3.7 ± 1.5 <sup>o</sup>C). The underestimated exposure to extreme heat needs to be taken into serious consideration, especially in nighttime given the evident trend of observed nocturnal warming. Results suggest that the major driver for modified exposure to heat waves is the spatial temperature variability, i.e., residents’ exposure is more likely to be underestimated in a spread-out city. The current release of warnings for hazardous extreme weather is usually at the weather forecast zone level, and our analysis demonstrates that such service can be improved through considering spatiotemporal population dynamics. The essential role of population dynamics should also be emphasized in temperature-related climate adaptation strategies for effective and successful interventions.</p>

scholarly journals Effects of Global Climate on Infectious Disease: the Cholera Model

2002 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 757-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin K. Lipp ◽  
Anwar Huq ◽  
Rita R. Colwell
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Climate Variability ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Critical Parameters ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Definition Of

SUMMARY Recently, the role of the environment and climate in disease dynamics has become a subject of increasing interest to microbiologists, clinicians, epidemiologists, and ecologists. Much of the interest has been stimulated by the growing problems of antibiotic resistance among pathogens, emergence and/or reemergence of infectious diseases worldwide, the potential of bioterrorism, and the debate concerning climate change. Cholera, caused by Vibrio cholerae, lends itself to analyses of the role of climate in infectious disease, coupled to population dynamics of pathogenic microorganisms, for several reasons. First, the disease has a historical context linking it to specific seasons and biogeographical zones. In addition, the population dynamics of V. cholerae in the environment are strongly controlled by environmental factors, such as water temperature, salinity, and the presence of copepods, which are, in turn, controlled by larger-scale climate variability. In this review, the association between plankton and V. cholerae that has been documented over the last 20 years is discussed in support of the hypothesis that cholera shares properties of a vector-borne disease. In addition, a model for environmental transmission of cholera to humans in the context of climate variability is presented. The cholera model provides a template for future research on climate-sensitive diseases, allowing definition of critical parameters and offering a means of developing more sophisticated methods for prediction of disease outbreaks.

scholarly journals The Importance of Alaska for Climate Stabilization, Resilience, and Biodiversity Conservation

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carly Vynne ◽  
Erin Dovichin ◽  
Nancy Fresco ◽  
Natalie Dawson ◽  
Anup Joshi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystem ◽  
Public Lands ◽  
The United States ◽  
Conservation Strategy ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Federal Lands

Alaska is globally significant for its large tracts of intact habitats, which support complete wildlife assemblages and many of the world’s healthiest wild fisheries, while also storing significant amounts of carbon. Alaska has 1/3 of United States federal lands, the bulk of the United States’ intact and wild lands, and over half of the country’s total terrestrial ecosystem carbon on federal lands. Managing Alaska’s public lands for climate and biodiversity conservation purposes over the next 30–50 years would provide meaningful and irreplaceable climate benefits for the United States and globe. Doing so via a co-management approach with Alaska’s 229 federally recognized tribes is likely not only to be more effective but also more socially just. This paper lays out the scientific case for managing Alaska’s public lands for climate stabilization and resilience and addresses three primary questions: Why is Alaska globally meaningful for biodiversity and climate stabilization? Why should Alaska be considered as a key element of a climate stabilization and biodiversity conservation strategy for the United States? What do we need to know to better understand the role of Alaska given future scenarios? We summarize evidence for the role Alaska’s lands play in climate stabilization, as well as what is known about the role of land management in influencing carbon storage and sequestration. Finally, we summarize priority research that is needed to improve understanding of how policy and management prescriptions are likely to influence the role Alaska plays in global climate stabilization and adaptation.

scholarly journals Role of antifibrotics in the management of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy associated interstitial lung disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 1759720X2110609
Author(s):  
Erin M. Wilfong ◽  
Rohit Aggarwal
Keyword(s):  
Interstitial Lung Disease ◽  
Lung Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Myopathy ◽  
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Inflammatory Myopathies ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Fda Approval

The antifibrotic therapies nintedanib and pirfenidone were first approved by the United States for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in 2014. In 2020, nintedanib received U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for the treatment of all progressive fibrosing interstitial lung disease (ILD). Given that a major cause of mortality and morbidity in the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) is progressive interstitial lung disease and respiratory failure, antifibrotic therapies may be useful as adjuvant to traditional immunosuppression. However, randomized controlled trials of antifibrotic therapies in IIM are lacking. The purpose of this review is to (1) summarize the mechanism of action of nintedanib and pirfenidone in ILD with possible role in IIM-ILD, (2) review the clinical data supporting their use in interstitial lung disease in general, and more specifically in connective tissue disease associated ILD, and (3) discuss the evidence and remaining challenges for using antifibrotic therapies in IIM-ILD.

scholarly journals The Role of Hormones in Women’s Stroke Risk

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Dara M. Bier
Keyword(s):  
Stroke Risk ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Risks And Benefits ◽  
United States Today ◽  
Health Risks And Benefits

Although often overshadowed by breast cancer and other women’s health issues, stroke is a primary cause of mortality and morbidity among women in the United States today. This article explores three major populations of women: postmenopausal women who are taking hormone-replacement therapy, women ingesting estrogen-containing oralcontraceptive pills, and women who are currently pregnant. It compiles recent research and physiologic information that can aid in assessing these women’s risk for stroke. This review can help healthcare providers evaluate and manage these populations, and assess the health risks and benefits of certain estrogen-containing therapies.

Ernst Julius Öpik, Solar Variability and Climate Change

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Sterken
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Solar Variability ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Wide Range

AbstractThis paper covers some aspects of the life and work of the Estonian astronomer Ernst Öpik (1893-1985), who contributed to a very wide range of astronomical disciplines, and whose publications span more than 70 years. He worked in Estonia, the Soviet Union, the United States, Germany and Northern Ireland. His visions on the role of solar variability in global climate change are emphasized, and his opinions on modelling in science are explained, in addition to his views about scientific refereeing and publishing.

scholarly journals The Role of Inclusion in Climate Vulnerability Assessment and Equitable Adaptation Goals in Small American Municipalities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Lioubimtseva
Keyword(s):  
Climate Adaptation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Climate Impacts ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Adaptation Planning ◽  
Adaptation Measures ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Vulnerability Assessments ◽  
Climate Vulnerability

Abstract Equity and inclusion considerations are important prerequisites of effective climate adaptation planning, especially at a local scale. This pilot study examines how climate adaptation plans of small American cities and counties consider equity in their climate vulnerability assessments and adaptation planning goals, and how consideration of equity in existing adaptation plans relates to inclusion of diverse categories of stakeholders. Data analysis is based on the content of 23 local climate adaptation plans of small urban and rural municipalities across the United States with population less than 300 thousand people. Correlations between conceptualization of vulnerability dimensions, inclusion of 9 categories of stakeholders, and consideration of equity in 12 different domains of adaptation planning are examined. The study concludes that municipalities, who examine their vulnerability beyond physical exposure to climate impacts and consider sensitivity and adaptive capacity of their populations, appear to be more attentive to social equity and more likely to offer specific adaptation measures focusing on vulnerable groups.

The Role of Gender and Sensation Seeking in Film Choice

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 97-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Smita C. Banerjee ◽  
Kathryn Greene ◽  
Marina Krcmar ◽  
Zhanna Bagdasarov ◽  
Dovile Ruginyte
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Negative Mood ◽  
Positive Mood ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Arousal ◽  
Subject Design ◽  
Happy Mood

This study demonstrates the significance of individual difference factors, particularly gender and sensation seeking, in predicting media choice (examined through hypothetical descriptions of films that participants anticipated they would view). This study used a 2 (Positive mood/negative mood) × 2 (High arousal/low arousal) within-subject design with 544 undergraduate students recruited from a large northeastern university in the United States. Results showed that happy films and high arousal films were preferred over sad films and low-arousal films, respectively. In terms of gender differences, female viewers reported a greater preference than male viewers for happy-mood films. Also, male viewers reported a greater preference for high-arousal films compared to female viewers, and female viewers reported a greater preference for low-arousal films compared to male viewers. Finally, high sensation seekers reported a preference for high-arousal films. Implications for research design and importance of exploring media characteristics are discussed.

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