scholarly journals Pharmacokinetics of Ethionamide in Children

2011 ◽  
Vol 55 (10) ◽  
pp. 4594-4600 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Thee ◽  
H. I. Seifart ◽  
B. Rosenkranz ◽  
A. C. Hesseling ◽  
K. Magdorf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Oral Dose ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽  
Concomitant Treatment ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Maximum Serum ◽  
Antituberculosis Treatment ◽  
Dose Recommendations

ABSTRACTEthionamide (ETH), a second-line antituberculosis drug, is frequently used in treating childhood tuberculosis. Data supporting ETH dose recommendations in children are limited. The aim of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters for ETH in children on antituberculosis treatment including ETH. ETH serum levels were prospectively assessed in 31 children in 3 age groups (0 to 2 years, 2 to 6 years, and 6 to 12 years). Within each age group, half received rifampin (RMP). Following an oral dose of ETH (15 to 20 mg/kg of body weight), blood samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 h following 1 and 4 months of ETH therapy. The maximum serum concentration (Cmax), time toCmax(Tmax), and area under the time-concentration curve from 0 to 6 h (AUC0–6) were calculated. Younger children were exposed to lower ETH concentrations than older children at the same mg/kg body weight dose. Age correlated significantly with the AUC after both 1 month (r= 0.50,P= 0.001) and 4 months (r= 0.63,P= 0.001) of therapy. There was no difference in the AUC orCmaxbetween children receiving concomitant treatment with RMP and those who did not. Time on treatment did not influence the pharmacokinetic parameters of ETH following 1 and 4 months of therapy. HIV infection was associated with lower ETH exposure. In conclusion, ETH at an oral dose of 15 to 20 mg/kg results in sufficient serum concentrations compared to current adult recommended levels in the majority of children across all age groups. ETH levels were influenced by young age and HIV status but were not affected by concomitant RMP treatment and duration of therapy.

scholarly journals Pharmacokinetic Study of Modafinil in Relation to Gender and Ethnicity in Healthy Young Chinese Volunteers

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Guo ◽  
Longshan Zhao ◽  
Dong-Ya Xia
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Oral Dose ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Total Body Weight ◽  
Apparent Volume ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽  
Maximum Plasma ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Total Body

Purpose. The pharmacokinetics of modafinil were investigated in relation to gender and ethnicity in healthy young volunteers from Han, Mongolian, Korean, Uygur and Hui ( n = 10/group) following administration of a single 200 mg oral dose. Methods. Blood samples were collected over 48 h for the determination of plasma levels of modafinil and its acid metabolite by High performance liquid chromatography with an ultraviolet detector. Pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated using noncompartmental methods. Results. Modafinil was well tolerated and safe at a single oral dose of 200 mg. All participants reported adverse events, none of which was serious or unexpected. The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the curve for modafinil concentration versus time, which was extrapolated to infinity (AUC0-∞), were higher in women compared to men (p < 0.01). No gender-based difference was noted in the total body weight-normalized modafinil oral clearance. The total body weight-normalized modafinil apparent volume of distribution and the t1/2 was found to exhibit an ethnicity-based significant difference. Conclusion. The results of the current study suggest that there might be pharmacokinetic differences related to gender and ethnicity in the pharmacokinetics of modafinil.

scholarly journals PREVALENCE OF SUBCLINICAL GASTRO-INTESTINAL PARASITOSIS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON MILK PRODUCTION WITH THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT IN RED CHITTAGONG CATTLE

1970 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
MM Rahman ◽  
MA Samad
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Oral Dose ◽  
Single Oral Dose ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Therapeutic Management ◽  
Copper Sulfate Solution ◽  
Intestinal Parasitosis

The prevalence of sub-clinical gastro-intestinal parasitosis and their effects on health and milk production with therapeutic management were studied in 87 Red Chittagong cattle (RCC) reared at the Bangladesh Agricultural University Dairy Farm (BAUDF), Mymensingh during the period from March to July 2008. Of the 87 RCC aged between 1 to 96 months which included 22 milch cows, 15 pregnant cows, 8 dry cows, 18 weaned calves and 24 unweaned calves. Parasitological examination of faecal samples of all the selected 87 RCC showed that 51.72% (n = 45) animals affected with different types of gastro-intestinal parasites, of which 37.93% had single, 12.64% had dual and only 1.15% animals had triple types of infection. An overall 34.48% paramphistomiasis, 25.29% balantidiasis, 2.30% toxocariasis, 2.30% strongyloidiasis, 1.15% trichuriasis and 1.15% fascioliasis was recorded in RCC. However, toxocariasis (18.75%), strongyloidiasis (18.75%) and trichuriasis (6.25%) were recorded in calves up to 6 months old, and paramphistomiasis (34.48%) and fascioliasis (1.15%) in cattle more than 6 months of age whereas balantidiasis (25.29%) was recorded in all age groups of cattle. The anthelmintic efficacy of the combined commercial preparations with Tetramisole hydrochloride 2.0g and Oxyclozanide 1.4g per bolus (Levanid®, Acme ; Tetranid®, Techno Drugs) @ 1 bolus / 100 kg body weight with a single oral dose caused 100% reduction of faecal egg count at day 7 post-treatment. A single oral dose of 1% copper sulfate solution @ 10 ml / kg and metranidazole (Flagyl®, Aventis) @ 4 mg /kg body weight resulted 100% and 42.85% reduction of Balantidium coli trophozoites, respectively. The average milk production records of RCC affected with gastro-intestinal parasitosis (1.41litre / day / animal) were compared with the mean milk production records at day 7 post-anthelmintic treatment (1.73 liter / day / animal) and results showed an average increased milk yield +0.32 litre / day / animal. This study indicates that RCC affected with sub-clinical gastro-intestinal parasitosis caused ill-health and decrease milk yield like zebu and cross-bred cattle. It may be concluded from this study that the RCC should be regularly monitored through faecal examination for the presence of gastro-intestinal parasites in order to provide rational treatment and control management to make the RCC farming profitable. DOI = 10.3329/bjvm.v8i1.7395 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2010). 8(1): 11-16

Iron Pharmacokinetics in Women with Iron Deficiency Anaemia Following A Single Oral Dose of a Novel Formulation of Tardyferon (Prolonged Release Ferrous Sulphate)

Drug Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 67 (11) ◽  
pp. 647-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Leary ◽  
Laurence Barthe ◽  
Thierry Clavel ◽  
Claudie Sanchez ◽  
Zahida Issiakhem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Oral Dose ◽  
Single Oral Dose ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anaemia ◽  
Ferrous Sulphate ◽  
In Vitro Dissolution ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽  
Prolonged Release ◽  
Maximum Serum ◽  
Deficiency Anaemia

AbstractNumerous iron-containing preparations are available on the market; these vary in dosage, salt, chemical state of iron (ferric or ferrous) and in the iron delivery process (immediate or prolonged-release). Tardyferon® is a prolonged-release tablet containing 80 mg ferrous sulphate. The formulation has recently been modified; changes to the excipients which constitute the inert formulation matrix have allowed a decrease in tablet size for easier swallowing. The aim of this multicenter open-label study was to characterize the serum pharmacokinetics of iron in non-pregnant women aged 23–45 years with iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) following single oral administration of 160 mg Tardyferon® under fasting conditions. Blood samples were collected from the 29 participants before dosing and until 24 h post-dosing. Serum iron concentrations were determined using a routine colorimetric analytical method; pharmacokinetic parameters were derived using a non-compartmental approach. In these patients, median time to maximum serum concentrations (Tmax) was 4 h. Serum profiles were consistent with prolonged release; iron levels were elevated up to 12 h after dosing, with mean C12h still more than 7 times higher than baseline (CT0), and mean C2h and C8h representing 69.7% and 81.9% of the Cmax, respectively. In vitro dissolution testing performed on the clinical batch also demonstrated prolonged release of iron from this formulation. A single oral dose of 160 mg Tardyferon® administered under fasting conditions to this target population resulted in a long-lasting release of iron in the gastrointestinal tract, leading to optimal iron absorption. Moreover, Tardyferon® was well tolerated.

scholarly journals HIV-1 Coinfection Does Not Reduce Exposure to Rifampin, Isoniazid, and Pyrazinamide in South African Tuberculosis Outpatients

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (10) ◽  
pp. 6050-6059 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neesha Rockwood ◽  
Graeme Meintjes ◽  
Maxwell Chirehwa ◽  
Lubbe Wiesner ◽  
Helen McIlleron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
World Health ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽  
Antituberculosis Drug ◽  
Antituberculosis Treatment ◽  
Drug Concentrations ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACTThere are contrasting data in the literature about antituberculosis plasma drug concentrations in HIV-1-coinfected patients. We report the pharmacokinetics of rifampin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide in a cohort of patients being treated for active tuberculosis, the majority of whom were coinfected with HIV-1 and had commenced antiretroviral therapy within 2 months of starting antituberculosis treatment. We also examined the association between antituberculosis drug concentrations and reported drug side effects at the 2-month clinical review. One hundred patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (65% coinfected with HIV-1) were intensively sampled to determine rifampin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide plasma concentrations after 7 to 8 weeks of a daily quadruple-therapy regimen dosed according to World Health Organization (WHO) weight bands. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined for each patient by using nonlinear mixed-effects models. HIV-1-coinfected patients had lower clearance rates for rifampin (21% decrease) and isoniazid (23% decrease) than HIV-1-uninfected patients, with resulting higher areas under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h (AUC0–24) and maximum concentrations of drug in serum (Cmax). Antiretroviral therapy (ART) that included double-standard-dose lopinavir/ritonavir further lowered rifampin clearance, by 46%, and increased the AUC0–24. The current uniform dosing (per kilogram of body weight) across WHO weight bands was associated with a trend of decreased pharmacokinetic exposures for the lowest weight band. Use of fat-free mass as opposed to total body weight for allometric scaling of clearance significantly improved the model. Ambulant HIV-1-coinfected patients, the majority of whom were coprescribed ART, did not have reduced antituberculosis drug concentrations compared to HIV-1-uninfected patients.

scholarly journals Pharmacokinetics of DA-7867, a New Oxazolidinone, after Intravenous or Oral Administration to Rats: Intestinal First-Pass Effect

2004 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 659-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soo K. Bae ◽  
Won-Suk Chung ◽  
Eun J. Kim ◽  
Jae K. Rhee ◽  
Jong W. Kwon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Oral Dose ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Intravenous Administration ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽  
First Pass Effect ◽  
First Pass

ABSTRACT Pharmacokinetic parameters of DA-7867 were dose independent after both intravenous administration and oral administration (at doses of 1 to 20 mg/kg of body weight) to rats. After oral administration of DA-7867 to rats at a dose of 10 mg/kg, approximately 8.27% of oral dose was not absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, F was 70.8%, and approximately 21.8% of the oral dose was eliminated by the intestine (intestinal first-pass effect).

scholarly journals Pharmacokinetics of Doxycycline in Ducks with Steatosis due to Force-feeding

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neno Bratoev ◽  
Aneliya Milanova ◽  
Ivelina Pavlova ◽  
Lubomir Lashev
Keyword(s):  
Compartmental Analysis ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Volume Of Distribution ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
Absolute Bioavailability ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Maximum Serum ◽  
Total Body

AbstractThe pharmacokinetics of doxycycline was investigated in force-fed and normally fed ducks after single intravenous (i.v.) and oral (p.o.) administration at a dose of 15 mg/kg bw. Serum concentrations of the drug were determined by the HPLC method. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using compartmental analysis. Serum concentrations of doxycycline after i.v. administration in both groups were not statistically different. The values of half-lives were 5.82±1.85 h and 6.06±5.51 h in normal and force-fed birds. The total body clearance was respectively 0.40±0.05 L/h/kg and 0.34±0.10 L/h/kg, and volume of distribution (Vss) was 2.80±0.85 L/kg and 2.18±0.89 L/kg. After p.o. administraton the maximum serum levels in the control group were 0.70±0.12 μg/mL and in force-fed birds were 1.93±0.32 μg/mL, measured at 2.95±0.60 h and 1.45±0.24 h, respectively. The values of absolute bioavailability were 18.89±6.48% and 37.58±13.63%. Longer doxycycline retention in force-fed ducks was registered. Our data can be accepted as an information for possible prolonged retention of doxycycline in force fed ducks compared to normally fed ones.

DOSAGE OF DRUGS IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN: I. ATROPINE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1950 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-207
Author(s):  
KLAUS R. UNNA ◽  
KURT GLASER ◽  
EARL LIPTON ◽  
PAUL R. PATTERSON
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Subcutaneous Administration ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Hypodermic Injection ◽  
Minimal Effective Dose ◽  
In Infants And Children ◽  
Apparently Healthy

The susceptibility of apparently healthy children of all age groups to atropine by oral and subcutaneous administration was studied in carefully controlled experiments on 129 children. The minimal effective dose (MED) of atropine was determined by its effect in suppressing sialorrhea elicited either mechanically by chewing gum and/or pharmacologically by subcutaneous injection of methacholine. Variations in individual susceptibility to atropine are large in all age groups and independent of the route of administration (oral, hypodermic.) The average MED/kg. body weight following oral administration is somewhat smaller in infants of 1 to 12 months and children from 12 to 36 months (0.16 and 0.14 mg./kg., respectively) than in older children in the age groups of 3 to 6 years and 6 to 12 years (0.22 and 0.20 mg./kg., respectively). Comparable results are obtained by hypodermic administration. The ratio between the MED by mouth and the MED by hypodermic injection is approximately 3:1 in all age groups. The determination of the susceptibility of children of various ages of atropine fails to adduce evidence supporting the assumption of an increased resistance to atropine or of a physiologic vagotonia in infants. The relation of the MED of atropine in apparently healthy children to the doses recommended in pediatric therapy is discussed. The calculation of the dosage of atropine by body weight is recommended.

STREPTOMYCIN INTRAMUSCULAR DOSAGE PER UNIT BODY WEIGHT CORRELATED WITH SERUM LEVELS IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1949 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-169
Author(s):  
ANDREW D. HUNT ◽  
MARY B. FELL
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Intramuscular Injection ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Normal Kidney ◽  
Newborn Period ◽  
Single Intramuscular Injection ◽  
Unit Body Weight ◽  
In Infants And Children

Predictable serum levels of streptomycin can be obtained by calculating dosage on a basis of mg./unit body weight. Dosage can be determined in this fashion in all age groups. The serum streptomycin levels following single intramuscular injections of 6.6, 11.0, and 15.4 mg./kg. body weight are graphically illustrated. The serum level following a single intramuscular injection falls more slowly during the newborn period. This is probably the result of dehydration and consequent low urine output. Healthy children with apparently normal kidney function show little accumulation of streptomycin in the serum during intermittent intramuscular injection at the three and six hour intervals. Eleven mg./kg. body weight every six hours is recommended as a satisfactory dosage schedule when it is desirable to keep the blood streptomycin level constantly above 5 µ. per milliliter.

scholarly journals Pharmacokinetic study of lipoic acid in multiple sclerosis: comparing mice and human pharmacokinetic parameters

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 387-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijayshree Yadav ◽  
Gail H Marracci ◽  
Myrna Y Munar ◽  
Ganesh Cherala ◽  
Lauren E Stuber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Lipoic Acid ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Studies ◽  
Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Maximum Serum ◽  
Experimental Autoimmune

Lipoic acid is a natural anti-oxidant available as an oral supplement from a number of different manufacturers. Lipoic acid administered subcutaneously is an effective therapy for murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a model of multiple sclerosis. The aim of this study was to compare serum lipoic acid levels with oral dosing in patients with multiple sclerosis with serum levels in mice receiving subcutaneous doses of lipoic acid. We performed serum pharmacokinetic studies in patients with multiple sclerosis after a single oral dose of 1200 mg lipoic acid. Patients received one of the three different racemic formulations randomly: tablet (Formulation A) and capsules (Formulations B and C). Mice pharmacokinetic studies were performed with three different subcutaneous doses (20, 50 and 100 mg/kg racemic lipoic acid). The pharmacokinetic parameters included Maximum Serum Concentrations (Cmax in μg/ml) and area under the curve 0—infinity (AUC 0—infinity in μg*min/ml). We found mean Cmax and AUC 0—infinity in patients with multiple sclerosis as follows: group A ( N = 7) 3.8 ± 2.6 and 443.1 ± 283.9; group B ( N = 8) 9.9 ± 4.5 and 745.2 ± 308.7 and group C ( N = 8) 10.3 ± 3.8 and 848.8 ± 360.5, respectively. Mean Cmax and AUC 0—infinity in the mice were: 100 mg/kg lipoic acid: 30.9 ± 2.9 and 998 ± 245; 50 mg/kg lipoic acid: 7.6 ± 1.4 and 223 ± 20; 20 mg/kg lipoic acid: 2.7 ± 0.7 and 119 ± 33. We conclude that patients taking 1200 mg of lipoic acid from two of the three oral formulations achieved serum Cmax and AUC levels comparable to that observed in mice receiving 50 mg/kg subcutaneous dose of lipoic acid, which is a highly therapeutic dose in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. A dose of 1200 mg oral lipoic acid can achieve therapeutic serum levels in patients with multiple sclerosis.

scholarly journals Effect of bromhexine on the pharmacokinetic of tilmicosin in broiler chickens

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 1085-1093
Author(s):  
Nema S. Shaban ◽  
Abeer M. Radi ◽  
Alsadek H. Bogzil ◽  
H. A. El-Banna ◽  
Elham Ahmed Mobarez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Dose ◽  
Serum Concentration ◽  
Single Oral Dose ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽  
Concurrent Administration ◽  
Maximum Serum ◽  
Body Tissues

Concurrent administration of drugs may alter their pharmacokinetic parameters, so; investigation to what extent bromhexine hydrochloride affects the pharmacokinetic behavior of tilmicosin was our aim of this work. Ten broiler chickens were classified into two groups as follow, the first one (tilmicosin group) was given single oral dose of tilmicosin (20 mg/kg.b.wt.) while the 2nd (pre-treated group) was given single oral dose of bromhexine hydrochloride (1 mg/kg.b.wt.) followed by single oral dose of tilmicosin (20 mg/kg.b.wt.) one hour later. The serum concentration of tilmicosin was measured using High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method. The results revealed that the mean serum concentrations of tilmicosin were significantly lower in pre-treated group when compared with tilmicosin alone group at the corresponding time intervals. Pharmacokinetic parameters were significantly differed (p<0.001) between both groups. The maximum serum concentration were (Cmax0.70±0.02, 0.81±0.04µg/ml), achieved at Tmax of (tmax 0.89±0.16, and 2.10±0.06h), absorption half-life (t0.5ab) of 0.16±0.08, and 0.37±0.01 hour, area under curve (AUC) of 12.96±0.42 and 16.73±0.42µg.h/ml) in tilmicosin-bromhexine and tilmicosin alone groups respectively. In conclusion, based on the obtained pharmacokinetic parameters, these findings showed that bromhexine accelerates the tilmicosin penetration into body tissues, achieving higher and faster concentrations than when given tilmicosin alone.

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