STREPTOMYCIN INTRAMUSCULAR DOSAGE PER UNIT BODY WEIGHT CORRELATED WITH SERUM LEVELS IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1949 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-169
Author(s):  
ANDREW D. HUNT ◽  
MARY B. FELL
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Intramuscular Injection ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Normal Kidney ◽  
Newborn Period ◽  
Single Intramuscular Injection ◽  
Unit Body Weight ◽  
In Infants And Children

Predictable serum levels of streptomycin can be obtained by calculating dosage on a basis of mg./unit body weight. Dosage can be determined in this fashion in all age groups. The serum streptomycin levels following single intramuscular injections of 6.6, 11.0, and 15.4 mg./kg. body weight are graphically illustrated. The serum level following a single intramuscular injection falls more slowly during the newborn period. This is probably the result of dehydration and consequent low urine output. Healthy children with apparently normal kidney function show little accumulation of streptomycin in the serum during intermittent intramuscular injection at the three and six hour intervals. Eleven mg./kg. body weight every six hours is recommended as a satisfactory dosage schedule when it is desirable to keep the blood streptomycin level constantly above 5 µ. per milliliter.

DOSAGE OF DRUGS IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN: III. NEOSTIGMINE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1956 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-38
Author(s):  
Paul R. Patterson ◽  
Earle L. Lipton ◽  
Klaus R. Unna ◽  
Kurt Glaser
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Gastrointestinal Motility ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Controlled Experiments ◽  
Hypodermic Injection ◽  
Effective Doses ◽  
In Infants And Children ◽  
Stimulation Of

The susceptibility of healthy children to neostigmine by hypodermic injection was studied in controlled experiments on 45 children ranging in age from 1 month to 12 years. Minimum effective doses (MED) of neostigmine were determined by their effect in stimulating salivary and sweat glands, and in increasing gastrointestinal motility. The MED of neostigmine for stimulation of salivation is in all age groups smaller (by 6 to 38 per cent) than the MED increasing gastrointestinal motility. The average MED either for glandular (.025 to .036 mg./kg.) or gastrointestinal (.036 to .045 mg./kg.) activity fails to show significant differences among the various age groups when expressed in terms of body weight. Exceptions were found exclusively in children weighing more than 30 kg. The findings do not support the view that a physiologic vagotonia is present in infants.

DOSAGE OF DRUGS IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN: I. ATROPINE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1950 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-207
Author(s):  
KLAUS R. UNNA ◽  
KURT GLASER ◽  
EARL LIPTON ◽  
PAUL R. PATTERSON
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Subcutaneous Administration ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Hypodermic Injection ◽  
Minimal Effective Dose ◽  
In Infants And Children ◽  
Apparently Healthy

The susceptibility of apparently healthy children of all age groups to atropine by oral and subcutaneous administration was studied in carefully controlled experiments on 129 children. The minimal effective dose (MED) of atropine was determined by its effect in suppressing sialorrhea elicited either mechanically by chewing gum and/or pharmacologically by subcutaneous injection of methacholine. Variations in individual susceptibility to atropine are large in all age groups and independent of the route of administration (oral, hypodermic.) The average MED/kg. body weight following oral administration is somewhat smaller in infants of 1 to 12 months and children from 12 to 36 months (0.16 and 0.14 mg./kg., respectively) than in older children in the age groups of 3 to 6 years and 6 to 12 years (0.22 and 0.20 mg./kg., respectively). Comparable results are obtained by hypodermic administration. The ratio between the MED by mouth and the MED by hypodermic injection is approximately 3:1 in all age groups. The determination of the susceptibility of children of various ages of atropine fails to adduce evidence supporting the assumption of an increased resistance to atropine or of a physiologic vagotonia in infants. The relation of the MED of atropine in apparently healthy children to the doses recommended in pediatric therapy is discussed. The calculation of the dosage of atropine by body weight is recommended.

Activity of Amikacin, Gentamicin and Kanamycin against Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

1976 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Ximenes ◽  
Orlando Natale Bassoi ◽  
Jairo Perche de Menezes ◽  
Wilson Fry
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Intramuscular Injection ◽  
Saline Solution ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Post Dose ◽  
Mueller Hinton ◽  
Single Intramuscular Injection ◽  
Mueller Hinton Broth

The activity of amikacin, gentamicin and kanamycin was tested in vitro against clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Concentrations of the antibiotics in serum and in saline solution were prepared according to serum levels produced in volunteers 15 minutes, 1, 2, and 6 hours after a single intramuscular injection of 500 mg amikacin, 80 mg gentamicin and 500 mg kanamycin. Following isolation of the Pseudomonas strains in cultures, they were incubated and seeded in Mueller-Hinton broth, then 107 dilutions of the organisms were kept in contact with the prepared antibiotic solutions in serum and in saline solution for three hours, the approximate half-life of the antibiotics in serum. Amikacin was active at concentrations seen six hours post-dose, inhibiting growth in a total of 72·5% of seeded plates. Gentamicin was active for only two hours and inhibited growth in 2·5% of the plates. Kanamycin showed no anti-pseudomonal activity.

scholarly journals Features of immune response in children with varying severity of atopic dermatitis

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-26
Author(s):  
S.M. Nedelska ◽  
D.O. Vakula
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Statistical Processing ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Young Age ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Th2 Immune Response ◽  
Low Levels

Background. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common allergic disease among children of young age. Severe forms of AD with skin bacterial and fungal overgrowth may be associated with features of the immune response in different age groups. Plenty of studies demonstrated not only polarization of the Th2 immune response in AD patients, but also the Th1 immune dysregulation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the features of the immune response in children with varying severity of atopic dermatitis. Materials and methods. The study included 85 children aged 3 months to 3 years with a verified diagnosis of AD, living in the Zaporozhzhia region. Twenty healthy children without atopy formed a control group. The patients were divided into groups depending on the severity of AD based on the SCORAD scale. The serum levels C3, C4–2, CD3+, CD19–, CD4+, CD8–, CD4–, CD8+, CD3–, CD56+, CD19+, CD14, CD45, IgA, IgM, IgG, IgE, С3, С4–2, phagocytic acti­vity of neutrophils, and proliferative activity of lymphocytes were measured by flow cyto­metry (Synevo). ELISA method was used to detect serum levels of IL-13 (ELISA Kit, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austria). Statistical processing of the results was performed using the official software package Statistica 13.0. Results. The study revealed eosinophilia in 60 % of the children with a mild and moderate course of AD (Me 5.62 [3.64; 7.81]) and in 56 % of the children with a severe course (Me 6.18 [3.13; 9.42]). The children with a severe course of AD and low levels of IL-13, C3 had transient hypogammaglobulinemia and significantly lower le­vels of the C3 complement, increased levels of CD4+, CD8– with simultaneously decreased levels of CD4–, CD8+ compared with groups of the children with high levels of ­IL-13 (р < 0.05). Conclusion. The results suggest that severe forms of AD in children of the young age were associated with changes in the complement system and low levels of cytotoxic cells, transient hypogammaglobulinemia. It requires deeper research of the cascades of the immune response in children with AD.

scholarly journals Pharmacokinetics of Ethionamide in Children

2011 ◽  
Vol 55 (10) ◽  
pp. 4594-4600 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Thee ◽  
H. I. Seifart ◽  
B. Rosenkranz ◽  
A. C. Hesseling ◽  
K. Magdorf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Oral Dose ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽  
Concomitant Treatment ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Maximum Serum ◽  
Antituberculosis Treatment ◽  
Dose Recommendations

ABSTRACTEthionamide (ETH), a second-line antituberculosis drug, is frequently used in treating childhood tuberculosis. Data supporting ETH dose recommendations in children are limited. The aim of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters for ETH in children on antituberculosis treatment including ETH. ETH serum levels were prospectively assessed in 31 children in 3 age groups (0 to 2 years, 2 to 6 years, and 6 to 12 years). Within each age group, half received rifampin (RMP). Following an oral dose of ETH (15 to 20 mg/kg of body weight), blood samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 h following 1 and 4 months of ETH therapy. The maximum serum concentration (Cmax), time toCmax(Tmax), and area under the time-concentration curve from 0 to 6 h (AUC0–6) were calculated. Younger children were exposed to lower ETH concentrations than older children at the same mg/kg body weight dose. Age correlated significantly with the AUC after both 1 month (r= 0.50,P= 0.001) and 4 months (r= 0.63,P= 0.001) of therapy. There was no difference in the AUC orCmaxbetween children receiving concomitant treatment with RMP and those who did not. Time on treatment did not influence the pharmacokinetic parameters of ETH following 1 and 4 months of therapy. HIV infection was associated with lower ETH exposure. In conclusion, ETH at an oral dose of 15 to 20 mg/kg results in sufficient serum concentrations compared to current adult recommended levels in the majority of children across all age groups. ETH levels were influenced by young age and HIV status but were not affected by concomitant RMP treatment and duration of therapy.

Immunochemical Studies on Proteins Important in Blood Coagulation

1962 ◽  
Vol 08 (01) ◽  
pp. 021-036 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion I. Barnhart ◽  
G. F Erson ◽  
W. J Baker
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Biological Activity ◽  
Intramuscular Injection ◽  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Double Diffusion ◽  
Single Intramuscular Injection ◽  
Specific Antisera ◽  
Antihemophilic Factor ◽  
Stimulate Antibody ◽  
Homogeneous Preparation

SummaryThis report draws attention to the fact that only minute quantities of purified serum proteins (1 —15 μg/kg body weight) are required to stimulate antibody production. Injection of amounts greater than 1 mg/kg either is a waste or favors the production of non-specific antisera. Potent antisera can be produced in rabbits with a single intramuscular injection using either Al(OH)3 gel or Amphojel as an adjuvant.A number of purified plasma protein preparations which appear homogenous by ultra centrifugation or biological activity studies actually contain several antigenic components and are immunologically heterogeneous, when checked with highly specific antisera.Fibrinogen prepared by alcohol fractionation and tannic acid purification was found to be free of prothrombin, antihemophilic factor and Profibrinolysin. Both Immunoelectrophoresis and double diffusion in agar indicated a homogeneous preparation.Fibrinogens prepared from human, canine and bovine plasmas exhibited a low species specificity.

Nucleolar Segregation and Chronic Methanol Intoxication

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 360-361
Author(s):  
Julio H. Garcia ◽  
Janice P. Van Zandt
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Methyl Alcohol ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Repeated Administration ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Methanol Intoxication ◽  
Intragastric Tube ◽  
Nucleolar Segregation

Repeated administration of methyl alcohol to Rhesus monkeys (Maccaca mulata) by intragastric tube resulted in ultrastructural abnormalities of hepatocytes, which persisted in one animal twelve weeks after discontinuation of the methyl alcohol regime. With dosages ranging between 3.0 to 6.0 gms. of methanol per kg. of body weight, the serum levels attained within a few hours averaged approximately 475 mg. per cent.

Liver Elastography in Healthy Children Using Three Different Systems – How Many Measurements Are Necessary?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Batman Mjelle ◽  
Anesa Mulabecirovic ◽  
Roald Flesland Havre ◽  
Edda Jonina Olafsdottir ◽  
Odd Helge Gilja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shear Wave ◽  
Transient Elastography ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Liver Stiffness ◽  
Shear Wave Elastography ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pediatric Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Elastography

Abstract Purpose Liver elastography is increasingly being applied in screening for and follow-up of pediatric liver disease, and has been shown to correlate well with fibrosis staging through liver biopsy. Because time is of the essence when examining children, we wanted to evaluate if a reliable result can be achieved with fewer acquisitions. Materials and Methods 243 healthy children aged 4–17 years were examined after three hours of fasting. Participants were divided into four age groups: 4–7 years; 8–11 years; 12–14 years and 15–17 years. Both two-dimensional shear wave elastography (2D-SWE; GE Logiq E9) and point shear wave elastography (pSWE; Samsung RS80A with Prestige) were performed in all participants, while transient elastography (TE, Fibroscan) was performed in a subset of 87 children aged 8–17 years. Median liver stiffness measurement (LSM) values of 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 acquisitions were compared with the median value of 10 acquisitions (reference standard). Comparison was performed for all participants together as well as within every specific age group. We investigated both the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) with absolute agreement and all outliers more than 10 %, 20 % or ≥ 0.5 or 1.0 kPa from the median of 10 acquisitions. Results For all three systems there was no significant difference between three and ten acquisitions, with ICCs ≥ 0.97. All systems needed 4 acquisitions to achieve no LSM deviating ≥ 1.0 kPa of a median of ten. To achieve no LSM deviating ≥ 20 % of a median of ten acquisitions, pSWE and TE needed 4 acquisitions, while 2D-SWE required 6 acquisitions. Conclusion Our results contradict recommendations of 10 acquisitions for pSWE and TE and only 3 for 2D-SWE.

The influence of gender, age, smoking habit and body weight on serum levels of antiepileptic drugs under naturalistic conditions

2013 ◽  
Vol 46 (06) ◽  
Author(s):  
S Unterecker ◽  
L Samanski ◽  
M Fischer ◽  
J Deckert ◽  
B Pfuhlmann
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Antiepileptic Drugs ◽  
Smoking Habit ◽  
Serum Levels
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document