scholarly journals Achromobacter Infections and Treatment Options

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Burcu Isler ◽  
Timothy J. Kidd ◽  
Adam G. Stewart ◽  
Patrick Harris ◽  
David L. Paterson
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Options ◽  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Rare Occurrence ◽  
Multidrug Efflux ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Multidrug Efflux Pumps ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
New Antibiotics

ABSTRACT Achromobacter is a genus of nonfermenting Gram-negative bacteria under order Burkholderiales. Although primarily isolated from respiratory tract of people with cystic fibrosis, Achromobacter spp. can cause a broad range of infections in hosts with other underlying conditions. Their rare occurrence and ever-changing taxonomy hinder defining their clinical features, risk factors for acquisition and adverse outcomes, and optimal treatment. Achromobacter spp. are intrinsically resistant to several antibiotics (e.g., most cephalosporins, aztreonam, and aminoglycosides), and are increasingly acquiring resistance to carbapenems. Carbapenem resistance is mainly caused by multidrug efflux pumps and metallo-β-lactamases, which are not expected to be overcome by new β-lactamase inhibitors. Among the other new antibiotics, cefiderocol, and eravacycline were used as salvage therapy for a limited number of patients with Achromobacter infections. In this article, we aim to give an overview of the antimicrobial resistance in Achromobacter species, highlighting the possible place of new antibiotics in their treatment.

scholarly journals Trans-envelope multidrug efflux pumps of Gram-negative bacteria and their synergism with the outer membrane barrier

2018 ◽  
Vol 169 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 351-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen I. Zgurskaya ◽  
Valentin V. Rybenkov ◽  
Ganesh Krishnamoorthy ◽  
Inga V. Leus
Keyword(s):  
Outer Membrane ◽  
Efflux Pumps ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Multidrug Efflux ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Multidrug Efflux Pumps ◽  
Membrane Barrier

scholarly journals Dissemination of Carbapenem-resistance and Plasmids-encoding Carbapenemases in Gram-negative Bacteria Isolated from India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prasanth Manohar ◽  
Sebastian Leptihn ◽  
Bruno S. Lopes ◽  
Nachimuthu Ramesh
Keyword(s):  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Diagnostic Center ◽  
Lactamase Gene

AbstractCarbapenem resistance in Gram-negative bacteria is an ongoing public-health problem of global dimensions leaving very few treatment options for severely infected patients. This study focuses on the dissemination of plasmid-borne carbapenemase genes in Gram-negative bacteria in Tamil Nadu, India. A total of 151 non-repetitive isolates belonging to 11 genera were collected from a diagnostic center in Tamil Nadu. E. coli (n=57) isolates were classified as, Enteropathogenic (n=12), Enteroaggregative (n=9), Enterohemorrhagic (n=8), Enterotoxigenic (n=3), Enteroinvasive (n=1) and unclassified E. coli (n=24). Of the 45 Klebsiella species, 14 were K1 whereas 11 were K2 serotype and in 20 Klebsiella serotype could not be determined. Other isolates (n=49) consisted of P. aeruginosa, S. typhi, E. cloacae, A. baumannii, S. marcescens, A. xylosoxidans, P. mirabilis and E. meningoseptica. Of the 151 isolates, 71% (n=107) and 68% (n=103) were found to be resistant to meropenem and imipenem respectively. The most prevalent beta-lactamase gene was blaNDM-1 (21%, 12/57) followed by blaOXA-181 (16%, 9/57), blaGES-9 (n=8), blaOXA-23 (n=7), blaIMP-1 (n=3), blaGES-1 (n=11) and blaOXA-51 (n=9). The unusual presence of blaOXA-23 was seen in E. coli (n=4), and blaOXA-23 and blaOXA-51 (IncA/C) in K. pneumoniae (n=3). Plasmid incompatibility (inc/rep) typing results showed that the plasmids carrying resistance genes (n=11) belonged to IncX, IncA/C, IncFIA-FIB and IncFIIA groups. E. coli and K. pneumoniae were able to transfer plasmid-borne carbapenemase via conjugation. This study highlights the prevalence of carbapenem resistance and the acquisition of plasmid-borne carbapenemase genes in Gram-negative bacteria highlighting the role of plasmid transfer in disseminating resistance.

MsbA: an ABC transporter paradigm

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Bonifer ◽  
Clemens Glaubitz
Keyword(s):  
Abc Transporters ◽  
Atp Hydrolysis ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Multidrug Efflux ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Multidrug Efflux Pumps ◽  
Future Work

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters play an important role in various cellular processes. They display a similar architecture and share a mechanism which couples ATP hydrolysis to substrate transport. However, in the light of current data and recent experimental progress, this protein superfamily appears as multifaceted as their broad substrate range. Among the prokaryotic ABC transporters, MsbA can serve as a paradigm for research in this field. It is located in the inner membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and functions as a floppase for the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) precursor core-LPS, which is involved in the biogenesis of the bacterial outer membrane. While MsbA shows high similarity to eukaryotic ABC transporters, its expression in Gram-negative bacteria makes it conveniently accessible for many experimental approaches from spectroscopy to 3D structure determination. As an essential protein for bacterial membrane integrity, MsbA has also become an attractive target for the development of novel antibiotics. Furthermore, it serves as a model for multidrug efflux pumps. Here we provide an overview of recent findings and their relevance to the field, highlight the potential of methods such as solid-state NMR and EPR spectroscopy and provide a perspective for future work.

scholarly journals An Update on Eight “New” Antibiotics against Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1068
Author(s):  
Erlangga Yusuf ◽  
Hannelore I. Bax ◽  
Nelianne J. Verkaik ◽  
Mireille van Westreenen
Keyword(s):  
Drug Administration ◽  
Food And Drug Administration ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Beta Lactamases ◽  
New Antibiotics ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
The U.S

Infections in the ICU are often caused by Gram-negative bacteria. When these microorganisms are resistant to third-generation cephalosporines (due to extended-spectrum (ESBL) or AmpC beta-lactamases) or to carbapenems (for example carbapenem producing Enterobacteriales (CPE)), the treatment options become limited. In the last six years, fortunately, there have been new antibiotics approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) with predominant activities against Gram-negative bacteria. We aimed to review these antibiotics: plazomicin, eravacycline, temocillin, cefiderocol, ceftazidime/avibactam, ceftolozane/tazobactam, meropenem/vaborbactam, and imipenem/relebactam. Temocillin is an antibiotic that was only approved in Belgium and the UK several decades ago. We reviewed the in vitro activities of these new antibiotics, especially against ESBL and CPE microorganisms, potential side effects, and clinical studies in complicated urinary tract infections (cUTI), intra-abdominal infections (cIAI), and hospital-acquired pneumonia/ventilator-associatedpneumonia (HAP/VAP). All of these new antibiotics are active against ESBL, and almost all of them are active against CPE caused by KPC beta-lactamase, but only some of them are active against CPE due to MBL or OXA beta-lactamases. At present, all of these new antibiotics are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for cUTI (except eravacycline) and most of them for cIAI (eravacycline, ceftazidime/avibactam, ceftolozane/tazobactam, and imipenem/relebactam) and for HAP or VAP (cefiderocol, ceftazidime/avibactam, ceftolozane/tazobactam, and imipenem/relebactam).

Multidrug efflux pumps in Gram-negative bacteria and their role in antibiotic resistance

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1165-1177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica MA Blair ◽  
Grace E Richmond ◽  
Laura JV Piddock
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Efflux Pumps ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Multidrug Efflux ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Multidrug Efflux Pumps
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