scholarly journals SCH 56592, Amphotericin B, or Itraconazole Therapy of Experimental Murine Cerebral Phaeohyphomycosis Due toRamichloridium obovoideum (“Ramichloridium mackenziei”)

2000 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 1159-1162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hail M. Al-Abdely ◽  
Laura Najvar ◽  
Rosie Bocanegra ◽  
Annette Fothergill ◽  
David Loebenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Amphotericin B ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fungal Burden ◽  
Fungal Strains ◽  
Fungal Load ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACT Ramichloridium obovoideum (“Ramichloridium makenziei”) is a rare cause of lethal cerebral phaeohyphomycosis. It has been, so far, geographically restricted to the Middle East. BALB/c mice were inoculated with two strains ofR. obovoideum intracranially. Therapy with amphotericin B, itraconazole, or the investigational triazole SCH 56592 was conducted for 10 days. Half the mice were monitored for survival and half were killed for determination of the fungal load in brain tissue. Recipients of SCH 56592 had significantly prolonged survival and lower brain fungal burden, and this result was found for mice infected with both of the fungal strains tested. Itraconazole reduced the brain fungal load in mice infected with one strain but not the other, while amphotericin B had no effect on brain fungal concentrations. This study indicates a possible role of SCH 56592 in the treatment of the serious cerebral phaeohyphomycosis due to R. obovoideum.

scholarly journals Glymphatic System in the Central Nervous System, a Novel Therapeutic Direction Against Brain Edema After Stroke

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangyue Zhou ◽  
Youwei Li ◽  
Cameron Lenahan ◽  
Yibo Ou ◽  
Minghuan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Edema ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Glymphatic System ◽  
System A ◽  
Function Recovery ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Brain

Stroke is the destruction of brain function and structure, and is caused by either cerebrovascular obstruction or rupture. It is a disease associated with high mortality and disability worldwide. Brain edema after stroke is an important factor affecting neurologic function recovery. The glymphatic system is a recently discovered cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) transport system. Through the perivascular space and aquaporin 4 (AQP4) on astrocytes, it promotes the exchange of CSF and interstitial fluid (ISF), clears brain metabolic waste, and maintains the stability of the internal environment within the brain. Excessive accumulation of fluid in the brain tissue causes cerebral edema, but the glymphatic system plays an important role in the process of both intake and removal of fluid within the brain. The changes in the glymphatic system after stroke may be an important contributor to brain edema. Understanding and targeting the molecular mechanisms and the role of the glymphatic system in the formation and regression of brain edema after stroke could promote the exclusion of fluids in the brain tissue and promote the recovery of neurological function in stroke patients. In this review, we will discuss the physiology of the glymphatic system, as well as the related mechanisms and therapeutic targets involved in the formation of brain edema after stroke, which could provide a new direction for research against brain edema after stroke.

Comparison of a commercially available assay system with two reference methods for the determination of plasma cholinesterase variants.

1983 ◽  
Vol 29 (10) ◽  
pp. 1746-1751 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Whittaker ◽  
J J Britten ◽  
P J Dawson
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variants ◽  
Plasma Cholinesterase ◽  
Assay System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reference Methods ◽  
Assay Procedure ◽  
Common Genetic Variants

Abstract For assaying plasma cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8) activity and phenotyping by means of dibucaine inhibition, we have compared a commercially available kit, in which butyrylthiocholine is used as substrate, with two reference methods, one using benzoylcholine and the other propionylthiocholine. With 50 different samples of three of the most common genetic variants, we could clearly differentiate the variants with benzoylcholine and dibucaine, whereas there was some overlap of the E1uE1u and E1uE1a phenotypes with the other two substrates at 30 degrees C. The phenotypes were better differentiated at 25 degrees C, and in our hands the use of butyrylthiocholine was preferable to propionylthiocholine for phenotyping with dibucaine. The affinity of the usual and atypical homozygotes for fluoride with butyrylthiocholine gave an inverted response to the affinity of these variants for the anion with benzoylcholine. We suggest that this may be explained by the role of the chromogen or its products in the assay procedure with the thiocholine substrate.

scholarly journals Diagnostic and Treatment Approaches Involving Transthyretin in Amyloidogenic Diseases

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 2982 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gil Yong Park ◽  
Angelo Jamerlan ◽  
Kyu Hwan Shim ◽  
Seong Soo A. An
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Genetic Mutations ◽  
Hormone Binding ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Autonomic Motor ◽  
Hormone Binding Protein ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Tetrameric Form

Transthyretin (TTR) is a thyroid hormone-binding protein which transports thyroxine from the bloodstream to the brain. The structural stability of TTR in tetrameric form is crucial for maintaining its original functions in blood or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The altered structure of TTR due to genetic mutations or its deposits due to aggregation could cause several deadly diseases such as cardiomyopathy and neuropathy in autonomic, motor, and sensory systems. The early diagnoses for hereditary amyloid TTR with cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM) and wild-type amyloid TTR (ATTRwt) amyloidosis, which result from amyloid TTR (ATTR) deposition, are difficult to distinguish due to the close similarities of symptoms. Thus, many researchers investigated the role of ATTR as a biomarker, especially its potential for differential diagnosis due to its varying pathogenic involvement in hereditary ATTR-CM and ATTRwt amyloidosis. As a result, the detection of ATTR became valuable in the diagnosis and determination of the best course of treatment for ATTR amyloidoses. Assessing the extent of ATTR deposition and genetic analysis could help in determining disease progression, and thus survival rate could be improved following the determination of the appropriate course of treatment for the patient. Here, the perspectives of ATTR in various diseases were presented.

scholarly journals Perception is far from perfection: The role of the brain and mind in constructing realities

2005 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 763-763 ◽  
Author(s):  
Itiel E. Dror
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Objective Reality ◽  
The Brain

Dichotomizing perceptions, by those that have an objective reality and those that do not, is rejected. Perceptions are suggested to fall along a multidimensional continuum in which neither end is totally “pure.” At the extreme ends, perceptions neither have an objective reality without some subjectivity, nor, at the other end, even as hallucinations, are they totally dissociated from reality.

scholarly journals New Light on the Brain: The Role of Photosensitizing Agents and Laser Light in the Management of Invasive Intracranial Tumors

2003 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 303-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sam Eljamel
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Malignant Gliomas ◽  
Surgical Excision ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Intracranial Tumors ◽  
Dismal Prognosis ◽  
Photosensitizing Agents ◽  
The Brain

Invasive intracranial tumors, particularly malignant gliomas, are very difficult to eradicate surgically and carry a dismal prognosis. The vast majority relapse locally indicating that their cure is dependent on radical and complete local excision. However, their ability to invade and hide among normal brain tissue, our inability to visualize and detect them, the low tolerance of brain tissue to ionizing radiation and the presence of the blood brain barrier are the main causes of our failure to eradicate them. Photodynamic detection with 100% specificity and more than 80% sensitivity offers an excellent chance of visualizing camouflaged tumor nests. Also, photodynamic therapy offers a very good chance of targeted destruction of the remaining tumor cells safely following surgical excision and may double the survival of patients harboring these awful tumors. More work needs to be done to refine this promising technology to exploit it to its full potential.

LA RELATION CHEZ AVICENNE

2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
HATEM ZGHAL
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The Subject ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Determining Factor

This study consists in a commentary on some passages from Avicenna, which deal with the category of the relative. The commentary points out the promotion of the relative to the role of an exclusive determining factor. An attempt is made here to show how Avicenna tries to detach the relative accident from its subject, in order to transform it into the exclusive determining factor of a pure thingness. The relative determination of this thingness must be able to receive specifications, which may extend as far as the infimae species. These specifications are obtained by the consideration of the other attributes of the subject of the relative attribution, which are henceforth no more than the “modes of advent” of the relation.

scholarly journals Anidulafungin Treatment of Candidal Central Nervous System Infection in a Murine Model

2009 ◽  
Vol 53 (8) ◽  
pp. 3576-3578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheol-In Kang ◽  
Mark S. Rouse ◽  
Jayawant N. Mandrekar ◽  
James M. Steckelberg ◽  
Robin Patel
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Amphotericin B ◽  
Murine Model ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Central Nervous System Infection ◽  
Cns Infection ◽  
Fungal Burden

ABSTRACT We established a murine model of Candida albicans central nervous system (CNS) infection and evaluated the efficacy of anidulafungin. Ten milligrams/kg/day anidulafungin, amphotericin B, or voriconazole significantly reduced mortality and fungal burden in brain tissue, although amphotericin B and 10 mg/kg/day anidulafungin reduced fungal burden in brain tissue to a greater extent than did voriconazole. This suggests a potential role for anidulafungin in the treatment of candidal CNS infection.

scholarly journals Genetic approaches to the investigation of serotonergic neuron functions in animals

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 448-455
Author(s):  
U. S. Drozd ◽  
E. V. Shaburova ◽  
N. N. Dygalo
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Serotonergic System ◽  
Serotonergic Neurons ◽  
Neurotransmitter Systems ◽  
New Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Serotonin System ◽  
The Brain

The serotonergic system is one of the most important neurotransmitter systems that take part in the regulation of vital CNS functions. The understanding of its mechanisms will help scientists create new therapeutic approaches to the treatment of mental and neurodegenerative diseases and find out how this neurotransmitter system interacts with other parts of the brain and regulates their activity. Since the serotonergic system anatomy and functionality are heterogeneous and complex, the best tools for studying them are based on manipulation of individual types of neurons without affecting neurons of other neurotransmitter systems. The selective cell control is possible due to the genetic determinism of their functions. Proteins that determine the uniqueness of the cell type are expressed under the regulation of cell-specific promoters. By using promoters that are specific for genes of the serotonin system, one can control the expression of a gene of interest in serotonergic neurons. Here we review approaches based on such promoters. The genetic models to be discussed in the article have already shed the light on the role of the serotonergic system in modulating behavior and processing sensory information. In particular, genetic knockouts of serotonin genes sert, pet1, and tph2 promoted the determination of their contribution to the development and functioning of the brain. In addition, the review describes inducible models that allow gene expression to be controlled at various developmental stages. Finally, the application of these genetic approaches in optogenetics and chemogenetics provided a new resource for studying the functions, discharge activity, and signal transduction of serotonergic neurons. Nevertheless, the advantages and limitations of the discussed genetic approaches should be taken into consideration in the course of creating models of pathological conditions and developing pharmacological treatments for their correction.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF THE JUDICIARY IN EXECUTION OF ARBITRATION AWARD IN THE ARABIAN MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 200
Author(s):  
Emad Mohammed Al-Amaren ◽  
Ahmed M A Hamad ◽  
Omar Farouk Al Mashhour
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Government Agency ◽  
The Other ◽  
Executive Power ◽  
Middle East Countries ◽  
Arbitration Process ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Right ◽  
Arbitration Award

<em>Arbitration has been known since ancient times, Arbitration is an ancient system known to the ancient Greeks and Romans, and the first origins of arbitration was in the ancient Roman era. Arbitration is a legal path that seeks to resolve disputes when parties choose to deal with it. The result of the arbitration is called an arbitration award. Where this judgment is issued as a decision of rights and it is binding for opponents subject to it, and when the opponent who has the right obtained an arbitration award for his benefit, this arbitration award does not pay off the purpose of it only after the implementation of the other opponent for what it says. The issue of Execution of arbitration award is very important, and the arbitration decision includes judgment on the parties to the dispute and giving the right to another party and may also include binding the parties as if the expenses were divided between them. As for the implementation of the arbitrators award, it is only if the arbitration award has reached a certain degree of strength, so that the objection to it does not have an impact on its executive power or its enforcement, and this is with the approval of the judiciary. The role of the observer of the arbitration procedures upon the issuance of the arbitration award, in addition to that he plays an important role through the arbitration procedures from bringing a witness or bringing papers from a government agency, and from that we reach the research point where the judiciary and arbitration are connected through oversight of the arbitration award after its issuance as The judiciary determines the fate of the entire arbitration process, as it can nullify this ruling or make it enforceable</em>

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