scholarly journals Evolution and Diversity of Facultative Symbionts from the Aphid Subfamily Lachninae

2009 ◽  
Vol 75 (16) ◽  
pp. 5328-5335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaelen R. Burke ◽  
Benjamin B. Normark ◽  
Colin Favret ◽  
Nancy A. Moran
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Environmental Stresses ◽  
Endosymbiotic Bacteria ◽  
Obligate Symbiont ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Serratia Symbiotica ◽  
And Function

ABSTRACT Many aphids harbor a variety of endosymbiotic bacteria. The functions of these symbionts can range from an obligate nutritional role to a facultative role in protecting their hosts against environmental stresses. One such symbiont is “Candidatus Serratia symbiotica,” which is involved in defense against heat and potentially also in aphid nutrition. Lachnid aphids have been the focus of several recent studies investigating the transition of this symbiont from a facultative symbiont to an obligate symbiont. In a phylogenetic analysis of Serratia symbionts from 51 lachnid hosts, we found that diversity in symbiont morphology, distribution, and function is due to multiple independent origins of symbiosis from ancestors belonging to Serratia and possibly also to evolution within distinct symbiont clades. Our results do not support cocladogenesis of “Ca. Serratia symbiotica” with Cinara subgenus Cinara species and weigh against an obligate nutritional role. Finally, we show that species belonging to the subfamily Lachninae have a high incidence of facultative symbiont infection.

A Family of Genes Clustered at the Triplo-lethal Locus of Drosophila melanogaster Has an Unusual Evolutionary History and Significant Synteny With Anopheles gambiae

Genetics ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 165 (2) ◽  
pp. 613-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas R Dorer ◽  
Jamie A Rudnick ◽  
Etsuko N Moriyama ◽  
Alan C Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Codon Bias ◽  
Good Target ◽  
The Family ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
And Function ◽  
Gambiae Genome

Abstract Within the unique Triplo-lethal region (Tpl) of the Drosophila melanogaster genome we have found a cluster of 20 genes encoding a novel family of proteins. This family is also present in the Anopheles gambiae genome and displays remarkable synteny and sequence conservation with the Drosophila cluster. The family is also present in the sequenced genome of D. pseudoobscura, and homologs have been found in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and in four other insect orders, but it is not present in the sequenced genome of any noninsect species. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the cluster evolved prior to the divergence of Drosophila and Anopheles (250 MYA) and has been highly conserved since. The ratio of synonymous to nonsynonymous substitutions and the high codon bias suggest that there has been selection on this family both for expression level and function. We hypothesize that this gene family is Tpl, name it the Osiris family, and consider possible functions. We also predict that this family of proteins, due to the unique dosage sensitivity and the lack of homologs in noninsect species, would be a good target for genetic engineering or novel insecticides.

Molecular epidemiology of norovirus from patients with acute gastroenteritis in northwestern Spain

2014 ◽  
Vol 143 (2) ◽  
pp. 316-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. F. MANSO ◽  
J. L. ROMALDE
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Molecular Epidemiology ◽  
Genetic Drift ◽  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Capsid Gene ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Northwestern Spain

SUMMARYThe high incidence of norovirus (NoV) infections seems to be related to the emergence of new variants that evolved by genetic drift of the capsid gene. In this work, that represents a first effort to describe the molecular epidemiology of NoV in the northwest of Spain, a total of eight different NoV genotypes (GII.1, GII.3, GII.4, GII.6, GII.7, GII.12, GII.13, GII.14) were detected. The major genotypes observed were GII.4 (45·42%) and GII.14 (34·9%), being detected in all age groups. In addition, and although most of GII.4 sequences belonged to 2006b (7·2%) and 2010 (50·35%) variants, the presence of new NoV variants was observed. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that a high number of GII.4 sequences (35·24%) could be assigned to the newly emerging Sydney 2012 variant, even during late 2010. The high prevalence of NoV GII.14 observed in this study may indicate the emergence of this genotype in Spain.

THE GASTROINTESTINAL EFFECTS OF IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-99
Author(s):  
J. L. Naiman ◽  
F. A. Oski ◽  
L. K. Diamond ◽  
G. F. Vawter ◽  
H. Shwachman
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Poor Correlation ◽  
Iron Treatment ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Before And After ◽  
And Function ◽  
Duodenal Biopsies

A group of 14 infants and children with nutritional iron-deficiency anemia were studied with respect to gastrointestinal function and structure both before and after iron treatment. A high incidence of abnormalities was found, consisting of gastric achlorhydria, impaired absorption of xylose and vitamin A, and steatorrhea. Duodenal biopsies revealed varying degrees of chronic duodenitis and mucosal atrophy. There was poor correlation between structure and function. Following treatment with oral iron most of the abnormalities reverted to normal. A control group of 8 children with long-standing anemias not due to iron deficiency were subjected to similar studies, most of which yielded normal results. These observations indicate a diffuse and reversible enteropathy in children as a result of iron deficiency. The pathogenesis and practical implications are discussed.

High incidence of dengue in Israel travelers to Kathmandu, Nepal, in 2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamar Lachish ◽  
Yaniv Lustig ◽  
Eyal Leshem ◽  
Shiri Katz-Likvornik ◽  
Asaf Biber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
High Incidence

We describe the emergence of dengue in Kathmandu in Nepal in 2019. We found a high incidence in Israeli travelers. The circulating serotypes were identified as DENV-2 and DENV-3 with phylogenetic analysis suggesting that the latter serotype originated from India. Travelers to Nepal should be aware of the potential dengue risk beyond the Terai.

Transfection and colonization of Tetranychus truncatus Wolbachia strain wTtru in cell lines of the mosquito Aedes albopictus

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 2420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue Xia ◽  
Chang-Wu Peng ◽  
Yi-Jia Lu ◽  
Xiao-Ying Zheng ◽  
Xiao-Yue Hong
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Success Rate ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Wolbachia Strain ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Endosymbiotic Bacteria ◽  
Production Practice ◽  
Albopictus Cell ◽  
The Relationship

Wolbachia are endosymbiotic bacteria that commonly infect arthropods and cause reproductive manipulations in hosts. Artificial transfection is one of the best methods for the study of Wolbachia-induced reproductive manipulations and its application in production practice. However, the low success rate of artificial transfection laid burden for investigation. The success rate of artificial transfection of Wolbachia between closely related hosts is usually higher than distant hosts, but the mechanism of transfection is unknown. In our study, the wTtru strain (supergroup B) infecting the Arachnida Tetranychus truncatus was transfected into the Aedes albopictus cell line (native-infected with wAlB strain from supergroup B). The wTtru strain was quantified and localized in the cell line to observe dynamic changes after transfection. A phylogenetic analysis of the relationship between the wTtru strain and the wAlB strain showed that the wTtru (ST=278) strain belonged to supergroup B and was closely related to the mosquitoes native Wolbachia wAlbB (ST=464), so we speculate that successful transfection was related to the Wolbachia strain, and furthermore, Wolbachia strain may be more important than host relationship. Our results provide a factual basis for studying artificial transfection of Wolbachia, and show that Wolbachia transfection between distant hosts can be achieved.

scholarly journals The Phosphoglycerate Kinase (PGK) Gene Family of Maize (Zea mays var. B73)

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1639
Author(s):  
Julio A. Massange-Sánchez ◽  
Luz E. Casados-Vázquez ◽  
Sheila Juarez-Colunga ◽  
Ruairidh J. H. Sawers ◽  
Axel Tiessen
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Phosphoglycerate Kinase ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Plant Genomes ◽  
Key Enzyme ◽  
And Function ◽  
Distinct Role

Phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK, E.C. 2.7.2.3) interconverts ADP + 1,3-bisphospho-glycerate (1,3-bPGA) to ATP + 3-phosphoglycerate (3PGA). While most bacteria have a single pgk gene and mammals possess two copies, plant genomes contain three or more PGK genes. In this study, we identified five Pgk genes in the Zea mays var. B73 genome, predicted to encode proteins targeted to different subcellular compartments: ZmPgk1, ZmPgk2, and ZmPgk4 (chloroplast), ZmPgk3 (cytosol), and ZmPgk5 (nucleus). The expression of ZmPgk3 was highest in non-photosynthetic tissues (roots and cobs), where PGK activity was also greatest, consistent with a function in glycolysis. Green tissues (leaf blade and husk leaf) showed intermediate levels of PGK activity, and predominantly expressed ZmPgk1 and ZmPgk2, suggesting involvement in photosynthetic metabolism. ZmPgk5 was weakly expressed and ZmPgk4 was not detected in any tissue. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the photosynthetic and glycolytic isozymes of plants clustered together, but were distinct from PGKs of animals, fungi, protozoa, and bacteria, indicating that photosynthetic and glycolytic isozymes of plants diversified after the divergence of the plant lineage from other groups. These results show the distinct role of each PGK in maize and provide the basis for future studies into the regulation and function of this key enzyme.

Biodiversity of uptake hydrogenase systems from legume endosymbiotic bacteria

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Brito ◽  
C. Baginsky ◽  
J.M. Palacios ◽  
E. Cabrera ◽  
T. Ruiz-Argüeso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Gene Regulation ◽  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Hydrogen Oxidation ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Uptake Hydrogenase ◽  
Evolutionary Origins ◽  
Endosymbiotic Bacteria ◽  
Hup Genes

Uptake hydrogenases in legume endosymbiotic bacteria recycle hydrogen produced during the nitrogen fixation process in legume nodules. Despite the described beneficial effect on plant productivity, the hydrogen oxidation capability is not widespread in the Rhizobiaceae family. Characterization of hydrogenase gene clusters in strains belonging to Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium and Azorhizobium reveals a similar overall genetic organization along with important differences in gene regulation. In addition, phylogenetic analysis of hup genes indicates distinct evolutionary origins for hydrogenase genes in Rhizobia.

The Evolution and Function of Adult Attachment: A Comparative and Phylogenetic Analysis.

2005 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 731-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Chris Fraley ◽  
Claudia C. Brumbaugh ◽  
Michael J. Marks
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Adult Attachment ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals Two Paralogous Families of a Two-Gene Subtilisin Operon Are Widely Distributed in Oral Treponemes

2003 ◽  
Vol 185 (23) ◽  
pp. 6860-6869 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick F. Correia ◽  
Alvin R. Plummer ◽  
Richard P. Ellen ◽  
Chris Wyss ◽  
Susan K. Boches ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Outer Membrane ◽  
Protease Activity ◽  
Periodontal Diseases ◽  
Periodontal Pathogen ◽  
Treponema Denticola ◽  
Peptide Substrates ◽  
Complete Sequences ◽  
And Function ◽  
Paralog Family

ABSTRACT Certain oral treponemes express a highly proteolytic phenotype and have been associated with periodontal diseases. The periodontal pathogen Treponema denticola produces dentilisin, a serine protease of the subtilisin family. The two-gene operon prcA-prtP is required for expression of active dentilisin (PrtP), a putative lipoprotein attached to the treponeme's outer membrane or sheath. The purpose of this study was to examine the diversity and structure of treponemal subtilisin-like proteases in order to better understand their distribution and function. The complete sequences of five prcA-prtP operons were determined for Treponema lecithinolyticum, “Treponema vincentii,” and two canine species. Partial operon sequences were obtained for T. socranskii subsp. 04 as well as 450- to 1,000-base fragments of prtP genes from four additional treponeme strains. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the sequences fall into two paralogous families. The first family includes the sequence from T. denticola. Treponemes possessing this operon family express chymotrypsin-like protease activity and can cleave the substrate N-succinyl-alanyl-alanyl-prolyl-phenylalanine-p-nitroanilide (SAAPFNA). Treponemes possessing the second paralog family do not possess chymotrypsin-like activity or cleave SAAPFNA. Despite examination of a range of protein and peptide substrates, the specificity of the second protease family remains unknown. Each of the fully sequenced prcA and prtP genes contains a 5′ hydrophobic leader sequence with a treponeme lipobox. The two paralogous families of treponeme subtilisins represent a new subgroup within the subtilisin family of proteases and are the only subtilisin lipoprotein family. The present study demonstrated that the subtilisin paralogs comprising a two-gene operon are widely distributed among treponemes.

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