scholarly journals Pathogenic Enteric Viruses and Microbial Indicators during Secondary Treatment of Municipal Wastewater

2015 ◽  
Vol 81 (18) ◽  
pp. 6436-6445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naim Montazeri ◽  
Dorothee Goettert ◽  
Eric C. Achberger ◽  
Crystal N. Johnson ◽  
Witoon Prinyawiwatkul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Microbial Indicators ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Norovirus Gii ◽  
Male Specific ◽  
Enterovirus Serotypes

ABSTRACTPathogenic enteric viruses are responsible for a wide range of infections in humans, with diverse symptoms. Raw and partially treated wastewaters are major sources of environmental contamination with enteric viruses. We monitored a municipal secondary wastewater treatment plant (New Orleans, LA) on a monthly basis for norovirus (NoV) GI and GII and enterovirus serotypes using multiplex reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and microbial indicators of fecal contamination using standard plating methods. Densities of indicator bacteria (enterococci, fecal coliforms, andEscherichia coli) did not show monthly or seasonal patterns. Norovirus GII was more abundant than GI and, along with enterovirus serotypes, increased in influent during fall and spring. The highest NoV GI density in influent was in the fall, reaching an average of 4.0 log10genomic copies/100 ml. Norovirus GI removal (0.95 log10) was lower than that for GII, enterovirus serotypes, and male-specific coliphages (1.48 log10) or for indicator bacteria (4.36 log10), suggesting higher resistance of viruses to treatment. Male-specific coliphages correlated with NoV GII densities in influent and effluent (r= 0.48 and 0.76, respectively) and monthly removal, indicating that male-specific coliphages can be more reliable than indicator bacteria to monitor norovirus GII load and microbial removal. Dominant norovirus genotypes were classified into three GI genotypes (GI.1, GI.3, and GI.4) and four GII genotypes (GII.3, GII.4, GII.13, and GII.21), dominated by GI.1 and GII.4 strains. Some of the seasonal and temporal patterns we observed in the pathogenic enteric viruses were different from those of epidemiological observations.

Bacteriophages and bacteria as indicators of enteric viruses in oysters and their harvest waters

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (12) ◽  
pp. 37-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Chung ◽  
L.-A. Jaykus ◽  
G. Lovelace ◽  
M. D. Sobsey
Keyword(s):  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Enteric Virus ◽  
Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Virus Contamination ◽  
Receiving Waters ◽  
Male Specific ◽  
Receiving Water

Reliable indicators are needed to detect enteric virus contamination of bivalve molluscan shellfish and their harvest waters. Concentrations of male-specific (F+) coliphages, Bacteroides fragilis phages, Salmonella phages and several indicator bacteria in wastewater, estuarine receiving water and its oysters were examined for their ability to predict the presence and levels of faecal contamination and enteric viruses in oysters. Enteric viruses in oysters were detected by cell culture and RT-PCR methods. F+ coliphages, Salmonella phages, B fragilis phages and faecal indicator bacteria (faecal coliforms, E coli, enterococci and Clostridium perfringens) were generally positively associated and were highest in raw sewage and progressively lower in sewage effluent and in receiving waters at increasing distance from the wastewater discharge. Indicator levels in oysters were highest for F+ coliphages and C perfringens. One F+ RNA coliphage serotype (Group II) predominated in the wastewater, receiving water and oysters. Human enteric viruses were detected in 17/31 oyster samples. The levels of most indicators in oysters and water were higher when oysters were enteric virus-positive and lower when oysters were enteric virus-negative. F+ coliphages and C perfringens were the only indicators significantly associated with the presence of enteric viruses in oysters. F+ coliphages and their serotypes are promising indicators of human enteric virus contamination in oysters and their harvest waters.

Significance of indicator bacteria changes in an urban stream

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 243-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernst M. Davis ◽  
M. Truett Garrett ◽  
Terri D. Skinner
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
High Flow ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Urban Stream ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Sewerage System ◽  
Tidal Reach

An urban coastal stream, above tidal reach, and three municipal wastewater treatment plant effluents were analyzed for fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci and enterococci to determine the effect of dechlorination on those bacterial populations. Analyses were conducted during low and high flow periods from stormwater inflow. Improvement in bacterial water quality was found, principally due to municipality efforts to correct illicit connections and other sewerage system problems. Fecal coliform genera were identified and quantified. Regrowth of dechlorinated effluent bacteria was minimal.

Removal of indicator bacteria, human enteric viruses, Giardia cysts, and Cryptosporidium oocysts at a large wastewater primary treatment facility

2001 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 188-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Payment ◽  
Robert Plante ◽  
Patrick Cejka
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Treatment Facility ◽  
Fecal Indicator ◽  
Fecal Streptococci ◽  
Human Enteric Viruses ◽  
Giardia Cysts

Pathogens and fecal indicator bacteria occurrence and removal were studied for a period of 6 months at the Montreal Urban Community wastewater treatment facility. With a capacity of about 7.6 million cubic metres per day (two billion U.S. gallons per day), it is the largest primary physico-chemical treatment plant in America. The plant discharges a nondisinfected effluent containing about 20 mg/L of suspended matter and 0.5 mg/L of total phosphorus on the basis of average annual concentrations. BDO5 (annual mean) is 75 mg/L before treatment and 32 mg/L after treatment. Samples were collected for a period of 6 months, and they demonstrated that the plant was not efficient at removing indicator bacteria and the pathogens tested. Fecal coliforms were the most numerous of the indicator bacteria and their removal averaged 25%. Fecal streptococci removal was 29%, while Escherichia coli removal was 12%. In untreated sewage, fecal coliforms, E. coli, and human enteric viruses were more numerous in summer and early autumn. Fecal streptococci counts remained relatively similar throughout the period. Clostridium perfringens removal averaged 51%. Giardia cysts levels were not markedly different throughout the study period, and 76% of the cysts were removed by treatment. Cryptosporidium oocyst counts were erratic, probably due to the methods, and removal was 27%. Human enteric viruses were detected in all samples of raw and treated wastewater with no removal observed (0%). Overall, the plant did not perform well for the removal of fecal indicator bacteria, human enteric viruses, or parasite cysts. Supplementary treatment and disinfection were recommended to protect public health. Various alternatives are being evaluated.

Effect of Suspended Particles on Disinfection of a Physicochemical Municipal Wastewater with Peracetic Acid

2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dario Falsanisi ◽  
Ronald Gehr ◽  
Lorenzo Liberti ◽  
Michele Notarnicola
Keyword(s):  
Peracetic Acid ◽  
Phosphorus Removal ◽  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Chemical Precipitation ◽  
Microbial Inactivation ◽  
Fecal Coliforms

Abstract The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of total suspended solids (TSS, which are claimed to be responsible for protecting embedded microorganisms) during disinfection of wastewater with peracetic acid (PAA). In particular, the focus was on a physicochemical effluent, having been treated with ferric chloride for TSS and phosphorus removal. Batch disinfection tests with various PAA dosages and contact times were carried out on the effluent from Montreal's wastewater treatment plant which uses only chemical precipitation and primary sedimentation. In addition to these samples, disinfection of “medium” and “highly” filtered effluents, obtained by sequential filtration through 120- and 10-µm nominal pore size membrane laboratory filters, was investigated. Modified second-order and Selleck model kinetics were used with moderate success to describe disinfectant consumption and microbial inactivation rates, respectively. This study showed that the overall amount of protection afforded by TSS to the microbial indicator considered (i.e., fecal coliforms in this case) was approximately 1.9 logs. TSS size was a key variable in this protection; approximately 1.3 logs and an additional 0.6 logs was the protection afforded by TSS greater than 120 µm, and between 10 µm and 120 µm, respectively. Fecal coliform inactivation of 3.8 to 7.3 logs after 40 minutes contact time could be achieved with a PAA dosage of 2 or 8 mg/L, respectively, in a highly filtered effluent.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Cr(VI) Reduction Using Indigenous Bacterial Consortium Isolated from a Municipal Wastewater Sludge: Batch and Kinetic Studies

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1100
Author(s):  
Buyisile Kholisa ◽  
Mpumelelo Matsena ◽  
Evans M. N. Chirwa
Keyword(s):  
Hexavalent Chromium ◽  
Rate Constants ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Bacterial Consortium ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Wastewater Sludge ◽  
Order Rate ◽  
Wide Range

Hexavalent Chromium (Cr(VI)) has long been known to be highly mobile and toxic when compared with the other stable oxidation state, Cr(III). Cr(VI)-soluble environmental pollutants have been detected in soils and water bodies receiving industrial and agricultural waste. The reduction of Cr(VI) by microbial organisms is considered to be an environmentally compatible, less expensive and sustainable remediation alternative when compared to conventional treatment methods, such as chemical neutralization and chemical precipitation of Cr. This study aims to isolate and identify the composition of the microbial consortium culture isolated from waste activated sludge and digested sludge from a local wastewater treatment plant receiving high loads of Cr(VI) from an abandoned chrome foundry in Brits (North Waste Province, South Africa). Furthermore, the Cr(VI) reduction capability and efficiency by the isolated bacteria were investigated under a range of operational conditions, i.e., pH, temperature and Cr(VI) loading. The culture showed great efficiency in reduction capability, with 100% removal in less than 4 h at a nominal loading concentration of 50 mg Cr(VI)/L. The culture showed resilience by achieving total removal at concentrations as high as 400 mg Cr(VI)/L. The consortia exhibited considerable Cr(VI) removal efficiency in the pH range from 2 to 11, with 100% removal being achieved at a pH value of 7 at a 37 ± 1 °C incubation temperature. The time course reduction data fitted well on both first and second-order exponential rate equation yielding first-order rate constants in the range 0.615 to 0.011 h−1 and second order rate constants 0.0532 to 5 × 10−5 L·mg−1·h−1 for Cr(VI) concentration of 50–400 mg/L. This study demonstrated the bacterial consortium from municipal wastewater sludge has a high tolerance and reduction ability over a wide range of experimental conditions. Thus, show promise that bacteria could be used for hexavalent chromium remediate in contaminated sites.

scholarly journals MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT WITH BENTONITE FROM MILOS ISLAND, GREECE

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 2532
Author(s):  
A. Bourliva ◽  
K. Michailidis ◽  
C. Sikalidis ◽  
A. Filippidis ◽  
N. Apostolidis
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Ammonium Ion ◽  
Active Surface Area ◽  
Wastewater Sample ◽  
Northern Greece ◽  
Wide Range

Bentonite clay minerals belonging to the smectite group have a wide range of chemical and industrial uses. The structure and chemical composition, exchangeable ion type and small crystal size of smectite are responsible for several properties, including a large chemically active surface area and a high cation exchange capacity. A wastewater treatment using bentonite from Milos island, Greece, was investigated. Raw wastewater sample (influent) from the wastewater treatment plant (WTP) of the city of Kilkis, Northern Greece was treated using bentonite in conjunction with chemical coagulants (polyaluminium chloride-PAC and cationic polyelectrolyte), in batch type experiments. Theremoval of suspended solids (SS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrate ion, ammonium ion, phosphate ion, and toxic metals were evaluated. The treatment gave overflowed clear water improved concerning the quality parameters. The bentonite adding prior to flocculation resulted in effective removal of heavy metals such as chromium and copper. Additionally, the bentonite removed nitrogen compounds with relatively high efficiency, while the clay presence highly improved the COD removal. The quality parameters after treatment were improved fulfilling the requirements for disposition as downstream, irrigation, swimming and fish waters.

APPLICATION OF MICROFILTRATION AND ULTRAFILTRATION FOR REUSING TREATED WASTEWATER; AS A SOLUTION TO EASE IRAN’S WATER SHORTAGE PROBLEMS

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 3662-3668
Author(s):  
Leila Babaei ◽  
A. Torabian ◽  
B. Aminzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Secondary Effluent ◽  
Allowable Level ◽  
Ozone Injection

Water shortage is a big problem in the Middle East. This paper investigates the possibility of reusing municipal wastewater by membrane filtration for non-potable consumption. The wastewater used for tests in this study was secondary effluent discharged from the secondary sedimentation pond of Ekbatan wastewater treatment plant in Tehran. These tests on reusing wastewater involved four main processes. Results showed that the best process was that ozone injection before MF and UF with COD removal efficiency of approximately 78 percent. In this case, removal efficiency of turbidity and TSS were 100 percent; additionally, traces of total and fecal Coliforms were completely removed. In the membrane processes, removal efficiency of TKN was about 40 percent. The removal efficiency of TP in all processes was about 7 percent, while it increased to 14 percent in the hybrid treatment. It can be concluded that all of further purification processes failed to achieve total phosphorus (TP) standards and thus in order to eliminate TP and reach allowable level, further researches are needed.<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Color

Two Year Survey of Indicator Bacteria and Enteroviruses during the Preparation of Drinking Water from Three Water Treatment Plants in Paris Suburbs

1986 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 107-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Joret ◽  
T. Dupin ◽  
A. Hassen ◽  
F. Agbalika ◽  
P. Hartemann
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
River Water ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Virus Removal ◽  
Coxsackievirus B4 ◽  
Water Treatment Plants

Three conventional drinking water treatment plants were sampled monthly during a two year period for the removal of indicator bacteria and enteroviruses. Most 20 ℓ samples of raw river water were positive for viruses (principally Coxsackievirus B4 and B6, and echoviruses) with average virus concentrations varying from 0-3.5 PFU/ℓ for the less polluted river water (103-104 fecal coliforms/100 mℓ) to 0.1-20 PFU/ℓ for the highly polluted source (104-105 fecal coliforms/100 mℓ). In spite of these high levels of bacterial contamination, no viruses were detected from the 72 samples of 1 000 ℓ finished water. These results are discussed in regard to the virus removal efficiency of each treatment step previously evaluated by both pilot plant and full-scale water treatment plant studies. The mean virus removal was found to be 0-85% for storage (3 day period) of river water, 64-98% for preozonation (0.8 mg/ℓ/2-3 minutes), 31-90% for clarification by coagulation, flocculation and decantation, and 77-99% for sand filtration (5m/h). Total coliform counts were found to be good indicators of treatment for the presence of viruses in postozonated (1.5 mg/ℓ/10 min) water.

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