scholarly journals Axenic Culture of a Candidate Division TM7 Bacterium from the Human Oral Cavity and Biofilm Interactions with Other Oral Bacteria

2014 ◽  
Vol 80 (20) ◽  
pp. 6480-6489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeria Soro ◽  
Lindsay C. Dutton ◽  
Susan V. Sprague ◽  
Angela H. Nobbs ◽  
Anthony J. Ireland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Genomic Sequence ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
Axenic Culture ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Human Oral Cavity ◽  
Candidate Division

ABSTRACTThe diversity of bacterial species in the human oral cavity is well recognized, but a high proportion of them are presently uncultivable. Candidate division TM7 bacteria are almost always detected in metagenomic studies but have not yet been cultivated. In this paper, we identified candidate division TM7 bacterial phylotypes in mature plaque samples from around orthodontic bonds in subjects undergoing orthodontic treatment. Successive rounds of enrichment in laboratory media led to the isolation of a pure culture of one of these candidate division TM7 phylotypes. The bacteria formed filaments of 20 to 200 μm in length within agar plate colonies and in monospecies biofilms on salivary pellicle and exhibited some unusual morphological characteristics by transmission electron microscopy, including a trilaminated cell surface layer and dense cytoplasmic deposits. Proteomic analyses of cell wall protein extracts identified abundant polypeptides predicted from the TM7 partial genomic sequence. Pleiomorphic phenotypes were observed when the candidate division TM7 bacterium was grown in dual-species biofilms with representatives of six different oral bacterial genera. The TM7 bacterium formed long filaments in dual-species biofilm communities withActinomyces orisorFusobacterium nucleatum. However, the TM7 isolate grew as short rods or cocci in dual-species biofilms withPorphyromonas gingivalis,Prevotella intermedia,Parvimonas micra, orStreptococcus gordonii, forming notably robust biofilms with the latter two species. The ability to cultivate TM7 axenically should majorly advance understanding of the physiology, genetics, and virulence properties of this novel candidate division oral bacterium.

Repertoire of bacterial species cultured from the human oral cavity and respiratory tract

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 1611-1624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxime DM Fonkou ◽  
Jean-Charles Dufour ◽  
Grégory Dubourg ◽  
Didier Raoult
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Human Oral Cavity

scholarly journals Polyphosphate-Accumulating Bacteria: Potential Contributors to Mineral Dissolution in the Oral Cavity

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley A. Breiland ◽  
Beverly E. Flood ◽  
Julia Nikrad ◽  
John Bakarich ◽  
Matthew Husman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Phosphate Uptake ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Mineral Dissolution ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Saturation State ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Carious Lesions

ABSTRACT Bacteria that accumulate polyphosphates have previously been shown to dynamically influence the solubility of phosphatic minerals in marine settings and wastewater. Here, we show that dental plaque, saliva, and carious lesions all contain abundant polyphosphate-accumulating bacteria. Saturation state modeling results, informed by phosphate uptake experiments using the model organism Lactobacillus rhamnosus , which is known to inhabit advanced carious lesions, suggest that polyphosphate accumulation can lead to undersaturated conditions with respect to hydroxyapatite under some oral cavity conditions. The cell densities of polyphosphate-accumulating bacteria we observed in some regions of oral biofilms are comparable to those that produce undersaturated conditions (i.e., those that thermodynamically favor mineral dissolution) in our phosphate uptake experiments with L. rhamnosus . These results suggest that the localized generation of undersaturated conditions by polyphosphate-accumulating bacteria constitutes a new potential mechanism of tooth dissolution that may augment the effects of metabolic acid production. IMPORTANCE Dental caries is a serious public health issue that can have negative impacts on overall quality of life and oral health. The role of oral bacteria in the dissolution of dental enamel and dentin that can result in carious lesions has long been solely ascribed to metabolic acid production. Here, we show that certain oral bacteria may act as a dynamic shunt for phosphate in dental biofilms via the accumulation of a polymer known as polyphosphate—potentially mediating phosphate-dependent conditions such as caries (dental decay).

scholarly journals Transition of Bacterial Diversity and Composition in Tongue Microbiota during the First Two Years of Life

mSphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinya Kageyama ◽  
Mikari Asakawa ◽  
Toru Takeshita ◽  
Yukari Ihara ◽  
Shunsuke Kanno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Bacterial Diversity ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Bacterial Composition ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Units ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing

ABSTRACTNewborns are constantly exposed to various microbes from birth; hence, diverse commensal bacteria colonize the oral cavity. However, how or when these bacteria construct a complex and stable ecosystem remains unclear. This prospective cohort study examined the temporal changes in bacterial diversity and composition in tongue microbiota during infancy. We longitudinally collected a total of 464 tongue swab samples from 8 infants (age of <6 months at baseline) for approximately 2 years. We also collected samples from 32 children (aged 0 to 2 years) and 73 adults (aged 20 to 29 years) cross-sectionally as control groups. Bacterial diversities and compositions were determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The tongue bacterial diversity in infancy, measured as the number of observed operational taxonomic units (OTUs), rapidly increased and nearly reached the same level as that in adults by around 80 weeks. The overall tongue bacterial composition in the transitional phase, 80 to 120 weeks, was more similar to that of adults than to that of the early exponential phase (EEP), 10 to 29 weeks, according to analysis of similarities. Dominant OTUs in the EEP corresponding toStreptococcus perorisandStreptococcus lactariusexponentially decreased immediately after EEP, around 30 to 49 weeks, whereas several OTUs corresponding toGranulicatella adiacens,Actinomyces odontolyticus, andFusobacterium periodonticumreciprocally increased during the same period. These results suggest that a drastic compositional shift of tongue microbiota occurs before the age of 1 year, and then bacterial diversity and overall bacterial composition reach levels comparable to those in adults by the age of 2 years.IMPORTANCEEvaluating the development of oral microbiota during infancy is important for understanding the subsequent colonization of bacterial species and the process of formation of mature microbiota in the oral cavity. We examined tongue microbiota longitudinally collected from 8 infants and found that drastic compositional shifts in tongue microbiota occur before the age of 1 year, and then bacterial diversity and overall bacterial composition reach levels comparable to those in adults by the age of 2 years. These results may be helpful for preventing the development of various diseases associated with oral microbiota throughout life.

scholarly journals Acquisition of Oral Microbes and Associated Systemic Responses of Newborn Nonhuman Primates

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Ebersole ◽  
S. C. Holt ◽  
J. E. Delaney
Keyword(s):  
Risk Measures ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Primate Model ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Oral Microbes ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Relationship Of

ABSTRACTThe acquisition and development of the complex oral microbiome remain ill defined. While selected species of oral bacteria have been examined in relation to their initial colonization in neonates, a more detailed understanding of the dynamics of the microbiome has been developed only in adults. The current investigation used a nonhuman primate model to document the kinetics of colonization of the oral cavities of newborns and infants by a range of oral commensals and pathogens. Differences in colonization were evaluated in newborns from mothers who were maintained on an oral hygiene regimen pre- and postparturition with those displaying naturally acquired gingivitis/periodontitis. The results demonstrate distinct profiles of acquisition of selected oral bacteria, with the transmission of targeted pathogens,Porphyromonas gingivalisandAggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, being passed on primarily from mothers with gingivitis/periodontitis. This colonization resulted in defined patterns of systemic antibody responses in the infants. The significant relative risk measures for infection with the pathogens, as well as the relationship of oral infection and blood serum antibody levels, were consistent with those of the newborns from mothers with gingivitis/periodontitis. These findings indicate that the early acquisition of potentially pathogenic oral bacterial species might impact the development of mucosal responses in the gingiva and may provide an enhanced risk for the development of periodontitis later in life.

scholarly journals Role of Neuraminidase-Producing Bacteria in Exposing Cryptic Carbohydrate Receptors forStreptococcus gordoniiAdherence

2018 ◽  
Vol 86 (7) ◽  
pp. e00068-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Wong ◽  
Margaret A. Grau ◽  
Anirudh K. Singh ◽  
Shireen A. Woodiga ◽  
Samantha J. King
Keyword(s):  
Sialic Acid ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Neuraminidase Treatment ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Oral Epithelial Cells ◽  
Oral Environment ◽  
Oral Epithelial

ABSTRACTStreptococcus gordoniiis an early colonizer of the oral cavity. Although a variety ofS. gordoniiadherence mechanisms have been described, current dogma is that the major receptor forS. gordoniiis sialic acid. However, as many bacterial species in the oral cavity produce neuraminidase that can cleave terminal sialic acid, it is unclear whetherS. gordoniirelies on sialic acid for adherence to oral surfaces or if this species has developed alternative binding strategies. Previous studies have examined adherence to immobilized glycoconjugates and identified binding to additional glycans, but no prior studies have defined the contribution of these different glycan structures in adherence to oral epithelial cells. We determined that the majority ofS. gordoniistrains tested did not rely on sialic acid for efficient adherence. In fact, adherence of some strains was significantly increased following neuraminidase treatment. Further investigation of representative strains that do not rely on sialic acid for adherence revealed binding not only to sialic acid via the serine-rich repeat protein GspB but also to β-1,4-linked galactose. Adherence to this carbohydrate occurs via an unknown adhesin distinct from those utilized byStreptococcus oralisandStreptococcus pneumoniae. Demonstrating the potential biological relevance of binding to this cryptic receptor, we established thatS. oralisincreasesS. gordoniiadherence in a neuraminidase-dependent manner. These data suggest thatS. gordoniihas evolved to simultaneously utilize both terminal and cryptic receptors in response to the production of neuraminidase by other species in the oral environment.

scholarly journals Murein Hydrolase LytF of Streptococcus sanguinis and the Ecological Consequences of Competence Development

2017 ◽  
Vol 83 (24) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nyssa Cullin ◽  
Sylvio Redanz ◽  
Kirsten J. Lampi ◽  
Justin Merritt ◽  
Jens Kreth
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Cell Morphology ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Tooth Surface ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Streptococcus Sanguinis ◽  
Murein Hydrolase ◽  
Biofilm Development

ABSTRACT The overall health of the oral cavity is dependent on proper homeostasis between health-associated bacterial colonizers and bacteria known to promote dental caries. Streptococcus sanguinis is a health-associated commensal organism, a known early colonizer of the acquired tooth pellicle, and is naturally competent. We have shown that LytF, a competence-controlled murein hydrolase, is capable of inducing the release of extracellular DNA (eDNA) from oral bacteria. Precipitated LytF and purified LytF were used as treatments against planktonic cultures and biofilms. Larger amounts of eDNA were released from cultures treated with protein samples containing LytF. Additionally, LytF could affect biofilm formation and cellular morphology. Biofilm formation was significantly decreased in the lytF-complemented strain, in which increased amounts of LytF are present. The same strain also exhibited cell morphology defects in both planktonic cultures and biofilms. Furthermore, the LytF cell morphology phenotype was reproducible in wild-type cells using purified LytF protein. In sum, our findings demonstrate that LytF can induce the release of eDNA from oral bacteria, and they suggest that, without proper regulation of LytF, cells display morphological abnormalities that contribute to biofilm malformation. In the context of the oral biofilm, LytF may play important roles as part of the competence and biofilm development programs, as well as increasing the availability of eDNA. IMPORTANCE Streptococcus sanguinis, a commensal organism in the oral cavity and one of the pioneer colonizers of the tooth surface, is associated with the overall health of the oral environment. Our laboratory showed previously that, under aerobic conditions, S. sanguinis can produce H2O2 to inhibit the growth of bacterial species that promote dental caries. This production of H2O2 by S. sanguinis also induces the release of eDNA, which is essential for proper biofilm formation. Under anaerobic conditions, S. sanguinis does not produce H2O2 but DNA is still released. Determining how S. sanguinis releases DNA is thus essential to understand biofilm formation in the oral cavity.

scholarly journals New Approaches for Isolation of Previously Uncultivated Oral Bacteria

2011 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 194-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. V. Sizova ◽  
T. Hohmann ◽  
A. Hazen ◽  
B. J. Paster ◽  
S. R. Halem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Cell Cultivation ◽  
Human Oral Cavity ◽  
Successful Recovery ◽  
Number Of Microorganisms ◽  
Enrichment Techniques

ABSTRACTA significant number of microorganisms from the human oral cavity remain uncultivated. This is a major impediment to the study of human health since some of the uncultivated species may be involved in a variety of systemic diseases. We used a range of innovations previously developed to cultivate microorganisms from the human oral cavity, focusing on anaerobic species. These innovations include (i)in vivocultivation to specifically enrich for species actively growing in the oral cavity (the “minitrap” method), (ii) single-cell long-term cultivation to minimize the effect of fast-growing microorganisms, and (iii) modifications of conventional enrichment techniques, using media that did not contain sugar, including glucose. To enable cultivation of obligate anaerobes, we maintained strict anaerobic conditions in most of our cultivation experiments. We report that, on a per cell basis, the most successful recovery was achieved using minitrap enrichment (11%), followed by single-cell cultivation (3%) and conventional plating (1%). Taxonomically, the richest collection was obtained using the single-cell cultivation method, followed by minitrap and conventional enrichment, comprising representatives of 13, 9, and 4 genera, respectively. Interestingly, no single species was isolated by all three methods, indicating method complementarity. An important result is the isolation and maintenance in pure culture of 10 strains previously only known by their molecular signatures, as well as representatives of what are likely to be three new microbial genera. We conclude that the ensemble of new methods we introduced will likely help close the gap between cultivated and uncultivated species from the human oral cavity.

scholarly journals Description of Alloprevotella rava gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from the human oral cavity, and reclassification of Prevotella tannerae Moore et al. 1994 as Alloprevotella tannerae gen. nov., comb. nov.

2013 ◽  
Vol 63 (Pt_4) ◽  
pp. 1214-1218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Downes ◽  
Floyd E. Dewhirst ◽  
Anne C. R. Tanner ◽  
William G. Wade
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Type Strain ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Human Oral Cavity ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Prevotella Melaninogenica ◽  
The Family

Five strains of anaerobic, Gram-negative bacilli isolated from the human oral cavity were subjected to a comprehensive range of phenotypic and genotypic tests and were found to comprise a homogeneous group. Phylogenetic analysis of full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that these strains represented a novel group within the family Prevotellaceae , and the most closely related species was Prevotella tannerae . P. tannerae and the novel taxon are deeply branched from the genus Prevotella , with sequence identities to the type strain of the type species of Prevotella , Prevotella melaninogenica , of 82.2 and 85.6 %, respectively. The novel genus Alloprevotella gen. nov. is proposed to accommodate the novel species Alloprevotella rava gen. nov., sp. nov. and the previously named Prevotella tannerae Moore et al. 1994 as Alloprevotella tannerae gen. nov., comb. nov. The type species is Alloprevotella tannerae. The type strain of Alloprevotella rava is 81/4-12T ( = DSM 22548T  = CCUG 58091T) and the type strain of Alloprevotella tannerae is ATCC 51259T  = CCUG 34292T  = CIP 104476T  = NCTC 13073T. Alloprevotella rava is weakly to moderately saccharolytic and produces moderate amounts of acetic acid and major amounts of succinic acid as end products of fermentation. Strains are sensitive to 20 % bile and hydrolyse gelatin. The principal cellular long-chain fatty acids are anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, C16 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH. The G+C content of the DNA of the type strain is 47 mol%.

scholarly journals Veillonellae: Beyond Bridging Species in Oral Biofilm Ecology

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Zhou ◽  
Daniel Manoil ◽  
Georgios N. Belibasakis ◽  
Georgios A. Kotsakis
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Large Species ◽  
Oral Biofilm ◽  
Human Oral Cavity ◽  
Oral Biofilms ◽  
Polymicrobial Disease

The genus Veillonella comprises 16 characterized species, among which eight are commonly found in the human oral cavity. The high abundance of Veillonella species in the microbiome of both supra- and sub-gingival biofilms, and their interdependent relationship with a multitude of other bacterial species, suggest veillonellae to play an important role in oral biofilm ecology. Development of oral biofilms relies on an incremental coaggregation process between early, bridging and later bacterial colonizers, ultimately forming multispecies communities. As early colonizer and bridging species, veillonellae are critical in guiding the development of multispecies communities in the human oral microenvironment. Their ability to establish mutualistic relationships with other members of the oral microbiome has emerged as a crucial factor that may contribute to health equilibrium. Here, we review the general characteristics, taxonomy, physiology, genomic and genetics of veillonellae, as well as their bridging role in the development of oral biofilms. We further discuss the role of Veillonella spp. as potential “accessory pathogens” in the human oral cavity, capable of supporting colonization by other, more pathogenic species. The relationship between Veillonella spp. and dental caries, periodontitis, and peri-implantitis is also recapitulated in this review. We finally highlight areas of future research required to better understand the intergeneric signaling employed by veillonellae during their bridging activities and interspecies mutualism. With the recent discoveries of large species and strain-specific variation within the genus in biological and virulence characteristics, the study of Veillonella as an example of highly adaptive microorganisms that indirectly participates in dysbiosis holds great promise for broadening our understanding of polymicrobial disease pathogenesis.

Significance of Asaccharolytic Eubacterium and Closely Related Bacterial Species in the Human Oral Cavity

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Futoshi Nakazawa ◽  
Hiroshi Miyakawa ◽  
Mari Fujita ◽  
Arihide Kamaguchi
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Human Oral Cavity
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