Campylobacter jejuniColonization in the Crow Gut Involves Many Deletions within the Cytolethal Distending Toxin Gene Cluster
ABSTRACTCampylobacterspp. are major causes of gastroenteritis worldwide. The virulence potential ofCampylobactershed in crow feces obtained from a roost area in Bothell, Washington, was studied and compared with that from isolates from other parts of Washington and from a different crow species 7,000 miles away in Kolkata, India.Campylobacterorganisms were isolated from 61% and 69% of the fecal samples obtained from Washington and Kolkata, respectively, and were confirmed to beC. jejuni. The cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) gene cluster from these isolates revealed a truncated sequence of approximately 1,350 bp. Sequencing of the gene cluster revealed two types of mutations: a 668-bp deletion acrosscdtAandcdtBand a 51-bp deletion withincdtB. Some strains had additional 20-bp deletions incdtB. In either case, a functional toxin is not expected; a functional toxin is produced by the expression of three tandem genes,cdtA,cdtB, andcdtC. Reverse transcriptase PCR with total RNA extracted from the isolates showed no expression ofcdtB. A toxin assay performed with these isolates on HeLa cells failed to show cytotoxic effects on the cells. However, the isolates were able to colonize the chicken ceca for a period of at least 4 weeks, similar to that of a clinical isolate. Other virulence gene markers, flagellin A and CadF, were present in 100% of the isolates. Our study suggests that crows carry the bacteriumC. jejunibut with a dysfunctional toxin protein that is expected to drastically reduce its potential to cause diarrhea.IMPORTANCECampylobacters are a major cause of gastroenteritis in humans. Since outbreaks have most often been correlated with poultry or unpasteurized dairy products, contact with farm animals, or contaminated water, historically, the majority of the studies have been with campylobacter isolates from poultry, domestic animals, and human patients. However, the bacterium has a broad host range that includes birds. These reservoirs need to be investigated, because the identification of the source and a determination of the transmission routes for a pathogen are important for the development of evidence-based disease control programs. In this study, two species of the human-commensal crow, from two different geographical regions separated by 7,000 miles of land and water, have been examined for their ability to cause disease by shedding campylobacters. Our results show that the crow may not play a significant role in campylobacteriosis, because the campylobacter organisms they shed produce a nonfunctional toxin.