scholarly journals A Genomic View of Lactobacilli and Pediococci Demonstrates that Phylogeny Matches Ecology and Physiology

2015 ◽  
Vol 81 (20) ◽  
pp. 7233-7243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinshui Zheng ◽  
Lifang Ruan ◽  
Ming Sun ◽  
Michael Gänzle
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Phylogenetic Groups ◽  
Mannitol Dehydrogenase ◽  
Apparent Lack ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Core ◽  
Metabolic Properties ◽  
Physiological Markers ◽  
Type Strains ◽  
Health Applications

ABSTRACTLactobacilli are used widely in food, feed, and health applications. The taxonomy of the genusLactobacillus, however, is confounded by the apparent lack of physiological markers for phylogenetic groups of lactobacilli and the unclear relationships between the diverse phylogenetic groups. This study used the core and pan-genomes of 174 type strains ofLactobacillusandPediococcusto establish phylogenetic relationships and to identify metabolic properties differentiating phylogenetic groups. The core genome phylogenetic tree separated homofermentative lactobacilli and pediococci from heterofermentative lactobacilli. Aldolase and phosphofructokinase were generally present in homofermentative but not in heterofermentative lactobacilli; a two-domain alcohol dehydrogenase and mannitol dehydrogenase were present in most heterofermentative lactobacilli but absent in most homofermentative organisms. Other genes were predominantly present in homofermentative lactobacilli (pyruvate formate lyase) or heterofermentative lactobacilli (lactaldehyde dehydrogenase and glycerol dehydratase). Cluster analysis of the phylogenomic tree and the average nucleotide identity grouped the genusLactobacillus sensu latointo 24 phylogenetic groups, including pediococci, with stable intra- and intergroup relationships. Individual groups may be differentiated by characteristic metabolic properties. The link between phylogeny and physiology that is proposed in this study facilitates future studies on the ecology, physiology, and industrial applications of lactobacilli.

scholarly journals Corrosion – inhibiting properties of molybdenum-containing pigments in coatings

2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tereza Hájková ◽  
Andrea Kalendova
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Protection ◽  
Particle Shape ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Core Shell ◽  
Pigment Volume Concentration ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Core ◽  
Isometric Particle ◽  
Protection Of Metals

Purpose – This paper aims to synthesise anticorrosion pigments containing molybdenum for paints intended for corrosion protection of metals. Design/methodology/approach – The anticorrosion pigments were prepared by high-temperature solid-state synthesis from the appropriate oxides, carbonates and calcium metasilicate. Stoichiometric molybdates and core-shell molybdates with a non-isometric particle shape containing Ca, Sr, Zn, Mg and Fe were synthesised. The pigments were examined by X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy. Paints based on an epoxy resin and containing the substances at a pigment volume concentration of 10 volume per cent were prepared. The paints were subjected to physico-mechanical tests and to tests in corrosion atmospheres. The corrosion test results were compared to those of the paint with a commercial pigment, which is used in many industrial applications. Findings – The molybdate structure of each pigment prepared was elucidated. The core-shell molybdates exhibit a non-isometric particle shape. The pigments prepared were found to impart a very good anticorrosion efficiency to the paints. A high anticorrosion efficiency was found with the pigments Fe2(MoO4)3 and Fe2(MoO4)3/CaSiO3 and with Mg and Zn molybdates. Practical implications – The pigments can be used for the formulation of paints intended for the corrosion protection of metals. The pigments also improve the paints’ physical properties. Originality/value – The use of the pigments in anticorrosion paints for the protection of metals is new. The benefits include the use and the procedure of synthesis of the anticorrosion pigments which are free from heavy metals and are acceptable from the aspect of environmental protection. Moreover, the core-shell molybdates, whose high efficiency is comparable to that of the stoichiometric molybdates, have lower molybdenum contents.

Synthesis and investigation of the properties of tungstate-based anticorrosion pigments in coatings

2015 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 307-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Kalendova ◽  
Tereza Hájková
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Protection ◽  
Particle Shape ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Core Shell ◽  
Pigment Volume Concentration ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Core ◽  
Protection Of Metals

Purpose – This paper aims to synthesize anticorrosion pigments containing tungsten for paints intended for corrosion protection of metals. Design/methodology/approach – The anticorrosion pigments were prepared by high-temperature, solid-state synthesis from the respective oxides, carbonates and calcium metasilicate. Stoichiometric tungstates and core-shell tungstates with a nonisometric particle shape containing Ca, Sr, Zn, Mg and Fe were synthesized. The pigments were examined by X-ray diffraction analysis and by scanning electron microscopy. Paints based on an epoxy resin and containing the substances at a pigment volume concentration (PVC) = 10 volume per cent were prepared. The paints were subjected to physico-mechanical tests and to tests in corrosion atmospheres. The corrosion test results were compared to those of the paint with a commercial pigment, which is used in many industrial applications. Findings – The tungstate structure of each pigment was elucidated. The core-shell tungstates exhibit a nonisometric particle shape. The pigments prepared were found to impart a very good anticorrosion efficiency to the paints. A high efficiency was demonstrated for the stoichiometric tungstates containing Fe and Zn and for core-shell tungstates containing Mg and Zn. Practical implications – The pigments can be used with advantage for the formulation of paints intended for corrosion protection of metals. The pigments also improve the paints’ physical properties. Originality/value – The use of the pigments in anticorrosion paints for the protection of metals is new. The benefits include the use and the procedure of synthesis of anticorrosion pigments which are free from heavy metals and are acceptable from the environmental protection point of view. Moreover, the core-shell tungstates, whose high efficiency is comparable to that of the stoichiometric tungstates, have lower tungsten content.

scholarly journals Amphritea ceti sp. nov., isolated from faeces of Beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas)

2014 ◽  
Vol 64 (Pt_12) ◽  
pp. 4068-4072 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young-Ok Kim ◽  
Sooyeon Park ◽  
Doo Nam Kim ◽  
Bo-Hye Nam ◽  
Sung-Min Won ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Beluga Whale ◽  
Delphinapterus Leucas ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Phenotypic Properties ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Beluga Whale Delphinapterus Leucas ◽  
Type Strains

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, non-flagellated and rod-shaped or ovoid bacterial strain, designated RA1T, was isolated from faeces collected from Beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) in Yeosu aquarium, South Korea. Strain RA1T grew optimally at 25 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Neighbour-joining, maximum-likelihood and maximum-parsimony phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain RA1T joins the cluster comprising the type strains of three species of the genus Amphritea , with which it exhibited 95.8–96.0 % sequence similarity. Sequence similarities to the type strains of other recognized species were less than 94.3 %. Strain RA1T contained Q-8 as the predominant ubiquinone and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c), C18 : 1ω7c and C16 : 0 as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain RA1T were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, two unidentified lipids and one unidentified aminolipid. The DNA G+C content of strain RA1T was 47.4 mol%. The differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain RA1T is separated from other species of the genus Amphritea . On the basis of the data presented, strain RA1T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Amphritea , for which the name Amphritea ceti sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RA1T ( = KCTC 42154T = NBRC 110551T).

scholarly journals Pharmacodynamics of Itraconazole against Aspergillus fumigatus in anIn VitroModel of the Human Alveolus: Perspectives on the Treatment of Triazole-Resistant Infection and Utility of Airway Administration

2012 ◽  
Vol 56 (8) ◽  
pp. 4146-4153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zaid Al-Nakeeb ◽  
Ajay Sudan ◽  
Adam R. Jeans ◽  
Lea Gregson ◽  
Joanne Goodwin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Fumigatus ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Exposure Response ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Resistant Infection ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Type Strains

ABSTRACTItraconazole is used for the prevention and treatment of infections caused byAspergillus fumigatus. An understanding of the pharmacodynamics of itraconazole against wild-type and triazole-resistant strains provides a basis for innovative therapeutic strategies for treatment of infections. Anin vitromodel of the human alveolus was used to define the pharmacodynamics of itraconazole. Galactomannan was used as a biomarker. The effect of systemic and airway administration of itraconazole was assessed, as was a combination of itraconazole administered to the airway and systemically administered 5FC. Systemically administered itraconazole against the wild type induced a concentration-dependent decline in galactomannan in the alveolar and endothelial compartments. No exposure-response relationships were apparent for the L98H, M220T, or G138C mutant. The administration of itraconazole to the airway resulted in comparable exposure-response relationships to those observed with systemic therapy. This was achieved without detectable concentrations of drug within the endothelial compartment. The airway administration of itraconazole resulted in a definite but submaximal effect in the endothelial compartment against the L98H mutant. The administration of 5FC resulted in a concentration-dependent decline in galactomannan in both the alveolar and endothelial compartments. The combination of airway administration of itraconazole and systemically administered 5FC was additive. Systemic administration of itraconazole is ineffective against Cyp51 mutants. The airway administration of itraconazole is effective for the treatment of wild-type strains and appears to have some activity against the L98H mutants. Combination with other agents, such as 5FC, may enable the attainment of near-maximal antifungal activity.

scholarly journals Sphingobacterium yanglingense sp. nov., isolated from the nodule surface of soybean

2014 ◽  
Vol 64 (Pt_11) ◽  
pp. 3862-3866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shi Peng ◽  
Dong Dan Hong ◽  
Yang Bing Xin ◽  
Li Ming Jun ◽  
Wei Ge Hong
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Polar Lipids ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Gram Staining ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical Characteristics ◽  
Gene Sequence Analysis ◽  
Type Strains

A Gram-staining-negative, non-motile, catalase- and oxidase-positive strain, designated CCNWSP36-1T, was isolated from the nodule surface of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] cultivar Zhonghuang 13. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis clearly showed that the isolate represented a member of the genus Sphingobacterium . On the basis of pairwise comparisons of 16S rRNA gene sequences, strain CCNWSP36-1T showed 96.8 % similarity to Sphingobacterium nematocida CCTCC AB 2010390T and less than 95.2 % similarity to other members of the genus Sphingobacterium . Growth of strain CCNWSP36-1T occurred at 10–40 °C and at pH 5.0–9.0. The NaCl range (w/v) for growth was 0–4 %. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was MK-7. The polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and several unidentified polar lipids. Sphingolipid was present. The major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0 and summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 41.1 mol%. As the physiological and biochemical characteristics of strain CCNWSP36-1T and the type strains of its closest phylogenetic neighbours showed clear differences, a novel species, Sphingobacterium yanglingense, is proposed. The type strain is CCNWSP36-1T ( = ACCC 19328T = JCM 30166T).

Catenulispora graminis sp. nov., a rhizobacterium from bamboo (Phyllostachys nigro var. henonis) rhizosphere soil

2012 ◽  
Vol 62 (Pt_11) ◽  
pp. 2589-2592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyo-Jin Lee ◽  
Song-Ih Han ◽  
Kyung-Sook Whang
Keyword(s):  
Type Species ◽  
Rhizosphere Soil ◽  
Major Fatty Acid ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Phenotypic Data ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Dna Relatedness ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Isoprenoid Quinones ◽  
Type Strains

A novel actinobacterium, designated strain BR-34T, was isolated from rhizosphere soil of bamboo (Phyllostachys nigro var. henonis) sampled in Damyang, Korea. The strain was found to have morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics typical of the genus Catenulispora . The strain contained iso-C16 : 0 as the major fatty acid and MK-9(H4), MK-9(H6) and MK-9(H8) as major isoprenoid quinones. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain BR-34T formed a cluster separate from members of the genus Catenulispora and was related most closely to Catenulispora acidiphila ID139908T (97.4 % similarity), Catenulispora rubra Aac-30T (97.3 %), Catenulispora yoronensis TT N02-20T (97.3 %) and Catenulispora subtropica TT 99-48T (97 %). However, the level of DNA–DNA relatedness between strain BR-34T and C. acidiphila ID139908T was only 45.32 %. Based on DNA–DNA relatedness, morphological and phenotypic data, strain BR-34T could be distinguished from the type strains of phylogenetically related species. It is therefore considered to represent a novel species of the genus Catenulispora , for which the name Catenulispora graminis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BR-34T ( = KACC 15070T = NBRC 107755T).

Flavobacterium akiainvivens sp. nov., from decaying wood of Wikstroemia oahuensis, Hawai‘i, and emended description of the genus Flavobacterium

2013 ◽  
Vol 63 (Pt_9) ◽  
pp. 3280-3286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris Kuo ◽  
Jimmy Saw ◽  
Durrell D. Kapan ◽  
Stephanie Christensen ◽  
Kenneth Y. Kaneshiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type Species ◽  
Original Description ◽  
Gliding Motility ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Phenotypic Differences ◽  
Whole Cells ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Decaying Wood ◽  
Type Strains

Strain IK-1T was isolated from decaying tissues of the shrub Wikstroemia oahuensis collected on O‘ahu, Hawai‘i. Cells were rods that stained Gram-negative. Gliding motility was not observed. The strain was oxidase-negative and catalase-positive. Zeaxanthin was the major carotenoid. Flexirubin-type pigments were not detected. The most abundant fatty acids in whole cells of IK-1T grown on R2A were iso-C15 : 0 and one or both of C16 : 1ω7c and C16 : 1ω6c. Based on comparisons of the nucleotide sequence of the 16S rRNA gene, the closest neighbouring type strains were Flavobacterium rivuli WB 3.3-2T and Flavobacterium subsaxonicum WB 4.1-42T, with which IK-1T shares 93.84 and 93.67 % identity, respectively. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 44.2 mol%. On the basis of distance from its nearest phylogenetic neighbours and phenotypic differences, the species Flavobacterium akiainvivens sp. nov. is proposed to accommodate strain IK-1T ( = ATCC BAA-2412T = CIP 110358T) as the type strain. The description of the genus Flavobacterium is emended to reflect the DNA G+C contents of Flavobacterium akiainvivens IK-1T and other species of the genus Flavobacterium described since the original description of the genus.

Integrating genomics into the taxonomy and systematics of the Bacteria and Archaea

2014 ◽  
Vol 64 (Pt_2) ◽  
pp. 316-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jongsik Chun ◽  
Fred A. Rainey
Keyword(s):  
Genomic Sequence ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
New Taxon ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Microbial World ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Type Strains

The polyphasic approach used today in the taxonomy and systematics of the Bacteria and Archaea includes the use of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic data. The use of 16S rRNA gene sequence data has revolutionized our understanding of the microbial world and led to a rapid increase in the number of descriptions of novel taxa, especially at the species level. It has allowed in many cases for the demarcation of taxa into distinct species, but its limitations in a number of groups have resulted in the continued use of DNA–DNA hybridization. As technology has improved, next-generation sequencing (NGS) has provided a rapid and cost-effective approach to obtaining whole-genome sequences of microbial strains. Although some 12 000 bacterial or archaeal genome sequences are available for comparison, only 1725 of these are of actual type strains, limiting the use of genomic data in comparative taxonomic studies when there are nearly 11 000 type strains. Efforts to obtain complete genome sequences of all type strains are critical to the future of microbial systematics. The incorporation of genomics into the taxonomy and systematics of the Bacteria and Archaea coupled with computational advances will boost the credibility of taxonomy in the genomic era. This special issue of International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology contains both original research and review articles covering the use of genomic sequence data in microbial taxonomy and systematics. It includes contributions on specific taxa as well as outlines of approaches for incorporating genomics into new strain isolation to new taxon description workflows.

scholarly journals Chitinophaga longshanensis sp. nov., a mineral-weathering bacterium isolated from weathered rock

2015 ◽  
Vol 65 (Pt_2) ◽  
pp. 418-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shan Gao ◽  
Wen-Bin Zhang ◽  
Xia-Fang Sheng ◽  
Lin-Yan He ◽  
Zhi Huang
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Mineral Weathering ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Phenotypic Properties ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Weathered Rock ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Type Strains

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, yellow-pigmented, non-motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterial strain, Z29T, was isolated from the surface of weathered rock (potassic trachyte) from Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, PR China. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences suggested that strain Z29T belongs to the genus Chitinophaga in the family Chitinophagaceae . Levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strain Z29T and the type strains of recognized species of the genus Chitinophaga ranged from 92.7 to 98.2 %. The main fatty acids of strain Z29T were iso-C15 : 0, C16 : 1ω5c and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH. It also contained menaquinone 7 (MK-7) as the respiratory quinone and homospermidine as the main polyamine. The polar lipid profile contained phosphatidylethanolamine, unknown aminolipids, unknown phospholipids and unknown lipids. The total DNA G+C content of strain Z29T was 51.3 mol%. Phenotypic properties and chemotaxonomic data supported the affiliation of strain Z29T with the genus Chitinophaga . The low level of DNA–DNA relatedness (ranging from 14.6 to 29.8 %) to the type strains of other species of the genus Chitinophaga and differential phenotypic properties demonstrated that strain Z29T represents a novel species of the genus Chitinophaga , for which the name Chitinophaga longshanensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Z29T ( = CCTCC AB 2014066T = LMG 28237T).

Does the hiring of chief risk officers align with the COSO/ISO enterprise risk management frameworks?

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 274-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erastus Karanja
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Enterprise Risk Management ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Press Releases ◽  
Apparent Lack ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Business Operations ◽  
Enterprise Risk ◽  
The Press ◽  
Iso 31000

Purpose There are two main industry-sanctioned enterprise risk management (ERM) models, that is, COSO 2004 and ISO 31000:2009, that firms refer to when implementing ERM programs. Taken together, the two ERM models specify that firms should implement ERM programs to meet a strategic need, improve operations and reporting or to comply with government regulations or industry best practices. In addition, the focus of ERM implementation should be either the subsidiary, business unit, division, firm/entity or global level. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether firms are aligning their ERM implementations with these tenets: strategy, operations, reporting, compliance and the level of implementation. Design/methodology/approach The proxy for ERM implementation is the hiring of a Chief Risk Officer (CRO). The research data come from a sample of 122 US firms that issued a press release following the hiring of a CRO between 2010 and 2014. The press releases were retrieved and aggregated through content analysis in LexisNexis Academic. Findings The results reveal that many ERM implementations are occurring at the firm/entity level, and with the exception of reporting, firms consider ERM to be a strategic firm resource capable of improving business operations and compliance initiatives. Originality/value There is a dearth of research studies specifically investigating whether ERM programs adopted by firms are aligned with the specification of COSO 2004 and ISO 31000:2009 frameworks. The apparent lack of a clear understanding of the alignment between the firm ERM programs and the industry’s ERM frameworks may limit the development and implementation of ERM and the eventual realization of the benefits associated with a successful ERM implementation.

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