scholarly journals Effects of Temperature and Moisture on Development of Fusarium graminearum Perithecia in Maize Stalk Residues

2015 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 184-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Manstretta ◽  
Vittorio Rossi
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Dispersal Patterns ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Predominant Component ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Ascospore Production ◽  
Maize Stalks ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACTFusarium graminearumis the predominant component of the Fusarium head blight complex of wheat.F. graminearumascospores, which initiate head infection, mature in perithecia on crop residues and become airborne. The effects of temperature (T) and moisture on perithecium production and maturation and on ascospore production on maize stalk residues were determined. In the laboratory, perithecia were produced at temperatures between 5 and 30°C (the optimum was 21.7°C) but matured only at 20 and 25°C. Perithecia were produced when relative humidity (RH) was ≥75% but matured only when RH was ≥85%; perithecium production and maturation increased with RH. Equations describing perithecium production and maturation over time as a function ofTand RH (R2> 0.96) were developed. Maize stalks were also placed outdoors on three substrates: a grass lawn exposed to rain; a constantly wet, spongelike foam exposed to rain; and a grass lawn protected from rain. No perithecia were produced on stalks protected from rain. Perithecium production and maturation were significantly higher on the constantly wet foam than on the intermittently wet lawn (both exposed to rain). Ascospore numbers but not their dispersal patterns were also affected by the substrate.

Fusarium head blight of small grains in Pennsylvania: unravelling species diversity, toxin types, growth and triazole sensitivity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maira R. Duffeck ◽  
Ananda Y. Bandara ◽  
Dilooshi K. Weerasooriya ◽  
Alyssa Collins ◽  
Philip J. Jensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
The North ◽  
Reproduction Traits ◽  
Small Grains ◽  
Ascospore Production ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

Fusarium graminearum is the main causal species of Fusarium head blight (FHB) globally. Recent changes in the trichothecene (toxin) types in the North American FHB pathogens support the need for continued surveillance. In this study, 461 isolates were obtained from symptomatic spikes of wheat, spelt, barley, and rye crops during 2018 and 2019. These were all identified to species and toxin types using molecular-based approaches. An additional set of 77 F. graminearum isolates obtained from overwintering crop residues during Winter 2012 were molecularly identified to toxin types. A subset of 31 F. graminearum isolates (15 15ADON and 16 3ADON) were assessed for mycelial growth, macroconidia, perithecia, and ascospore production, and sensitivity to two triazole fungicides. Ninety percent of isolates obtained from symptomatic spikes (n = 418) belonged to F. graminearum, with another four species found at a lower frequency (n = 39). F. graminearum isolates from symptomatic spikes were mainly of the 15ADON (95%), followed by 3ADON (4%), NIV (0.7%), and NX-2 (0.3%) toxin types. All F. graminearum isolates obtained from overwintering residue were of the 15ADON type. Toxin types could not be differentiated based on multivariate analysis of growth and reproduction traits. All isolates were sensitive to tebuconazole and metconazole fungicides in vitro. This study confirms the dominance of F. graminearum and suggests ecological and environmental factors that lead to similar composition of toxin types in Northern U.S. Our results are useful to assess the sustainability of FHB management practices and provide a baseline for future FHB surveys.

scholarly journals The Dynamin-Like GTPase FgSey1 Plays a Critical Role in Fungal Development and Virulence in Fusarium graminearum

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuefa Chong ◽  
Chenyu Wang ◽  
Yao Wang ◽  
Yixiao Wang ◽  
Liyuan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Fungal Development ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACT Fusarium graminearum, the main pathogenic fungus causing Fusarium head blight (FHB), produces deoxynivalenol (DON), a key virulence factor, which is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Sey1/atlastin, a dynamin-like GTPase protein, is known to be required for homotypic fusion of ER membranes, but the functions of this protein are unknown in pathogenic fungi. Here, we characterized Sey1/atlastin homologue FgSey1 in F. graminearum. Like Sey1/atlastin, FgSey1 is located in the ER. The FgSEY1 deletion mutant exhibited significantly reduced vegetative growth, asexual development, DON biosynthesis, and virulence. Moreover, the ΔFgsey1 mutant was impaired in the formation of normal lipid droplets (LDs) and toxisomes, both of which participate in DON biosynthesis. The GTPase, helix bundle (HB), transmembrane segment (TM), and cytosolic tail (CT) domains of FgSey1 are essential for its function, but only the TM domain is responsible for its localization. Furthermore, the mutants FgSey1K63A and FgSey1T87A lacked GTPase activity and failed to rescue the defects of the ΔFgsey1 mutant. Collectively, our data suggest that the dynamin-like GTPase protein FgSey1 affects the generation of LDs and toxisomes and is required for DON biosynthesis and pathogenesis in F. graminearum. IMPORTANCE Fusarium graminearum is a major plant pathogen that causes Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheats worldwide. In addition to reducing the plant yield, F. graminearum infection of wheats also results in the production of deoxynivalenol (DON) mycotoxins, which are harmful to humans and animals and therefore cause great economic losses through pollution of food products and animal feed. At present, effective strategies for controlling FHB are not available. Therefore, understanding the regulation mechanisms of fungal development, pathogenesis, and DON biosynthesis is important for the development of effective control strategies of this disease. In this study, we demonstrated that a dynamin-like GTPase protein Sey1/atlastin homologue, FgSey1, is required for vegetative growth, DON production, and pathogenicity in F. graminearum. Our results provide novel information on critical roles of FgSey1 in fungal pathogenicity; therefore, FgSey1 could be a potential target for effective control of the disease caused by F. graminearum.

scholarly journals Genomic Identification of the TOR Signaling Pathway as a Target of the Plant Alkaloid Antofine in the Phytopathogen Fusarium graminearum

mBio ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Mogg ◽  
Christopher Bonner ◽  
Li Wang ◽  
Johann Schernthaner ◽  
Myron Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Extensive Study ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Tor Signaling ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Chemical Genomic

ABSTRACT Antofine, a phenanthroindolizidine alkaloid, is a bioactive natural product isolated from milkweeds that exhibits numerous biological activities, including anticancer, antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the direct targets and mode of action of antofine have not been determined. In this report, we show that antofine displays antifungal properties against the phytopathogen Fusarium graminearum, the cause of Fusarium head blight disease (FHB). FHB does devastating damage to agriculture, causing billions of dollars in economic losses annually. We therefore sought to understand the mode of action of antofine in F. graminearum using insights from yeast chemical genomic screens. We used haploinsufficiency profiling (HIP) to identify putative targets of antofine in yeast and identified three candidate targets, two of which had homologs in F. graminearum. The Fusarium homologues of two targets, glutamate dehydrogenase (FgGDH) and resistance to rapamycin deletion 2 (FgRRD2), can bind antofine. Of the two genes, only the Fgrrd2 knockout displayed a loss of virulence in wheat, indicating that RRD2 is an antivirulence target of antofine in F. graminearum. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that antofine disrupts the interaction between FgRRD2 and FgTap42, which is part of the Tap42-phosphatase complex in the target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway, a central regulator of cell growth in eukaryotes and a pathway of extensive study for controlling numerous pathologies. IMPORTANCE Fusarium head blight caused by the fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum is a devastating disease of cereal crops worldwide, with limited effective chemical treatments available. Here we show that the natural alkaloid compound antofine can inhibit fusarium head blight in wheat. Using yeast genomic screening, we identified the TOR pathway component RRD2 as a target of antofine that is also required for F. graminearum pathogenicity.

scholarly journals Estimating the Production and Release of Ascospores from a Field-Scale Source of Fusarium graminearum Inoculum

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 497-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron J. Prussin ◽  
Nicole A. Szanyi ◽  
Patricia I. Welling ◽  
Shane D. Ross ◽  
David G. Schmale
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Atmospheric Transport ◽  
Artificial Substrates ◽  
Corn Stalk ◽  
Field Scale ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Spore Trap ◽  
Ascospore Production ◽  
Substrate Types

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating disease of wheat and barley caused by the fungus Fusarium graminearum. The fungus produces spores that may be transported over long distances in the atmosphere. In order to predict the atmospheric transport of F. graminearum, the production and release of ascospores must be known. We conducted a series of laboratory and field experiments to estimate perithecia production and ascospore release from a field-scale source of F. graminearum inoculum. Perithecia were generated on artificial (carrot agar) and natural (corn stalk) substrates. Artificial substrates produced 15 ± 0.4 perithecia/cm2, and natural substrates produced 44 ± 2 perithecia/cm2. Eighty perithecia were excised from both substrate types and allowed to release ascospores every 24 h. Perithecia generated from artificial and natural substrates released a mean of 104 ± 5 and 276 ± 16 ascospores over 10 days, respectively. A volumetric spore trap was placed inside a 1-acre clonal source of inoculum in 2011 and 2012. Results indicated that ascospores were released predominantly during the night (1900 to 0700). Estimates of ascospore production for our field-scale sources of inoculum were approximately 400 million ascospores/day for 10 days. Mathematical models can use estimates of ascospore production to assist in predicting the transport of F. graminearum.

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Characterization of PX Domain-Containing Proteins Involved in Membrane Trafficking-Dependent Growth and Pathogenicity of Fusarium graminearum

mBio ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Lou ◽  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Guanghui Wang ◽  
Wenqin Fang ◽  
Shumin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Membrane Trafficking ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Px Domain ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Dependent Growth

Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused predominantly by Fusarium graminearum , is an economically devastating disease of a wide range of cereal crops. Our previous study identified F. graminearum Vps17, Vps5, Snx41, and Snx4 as PX domain-containing proteins that were involved in membrane trafficking mediating the fungal development and pathogenicity, but the identity and biological roles of the remaining members of this protein family remain unknown in this model phytopathogen.

scholarly journals Genome Sequence of Fusarium graminearum ITEM 124 (ATCC 56091), a Mycotoxigenic Plant Pathogen

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (45) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Zapparata ◽  
Daniele Da Lio ◽  
Stefania Somma ◽  
Isabel Vicente Muñoz ◽  
Luca Malfatti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Genomics ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Whole Genome Sequence ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Yield And Quality

ABSTRACT Fusarium graminearum is among the main causal agents of Fusarium head blight (FHB), or scab, of wheat and other cereals, caused by a complex of Fusarium species, worldwide. Besides causing economic losses in terms of crop yield and quality, F. graminearum poses a severe threat to animal and human health. Here, we present the first draft whole-genome sequence of the mycotoxigenic Fusarium graminearum strain ITEM 124, also providing useful information for comparative genomics studies.

scholarly journals A Novel Gene, ROA, Is Required for Normal Morphogenesis and Discharge of Ascospores in Gibberella zeae

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1495-1503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyunghun Min ◽  
Jungkwan Lee ◽  
Jin-Cheol Kim ◽  
Sang Gyu Kim ◽  
Young Ho Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residues ◽  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Green Fluorescence Protein ◽  
Dispersal Distance ◽  
Gibberella Zeae ◽  
Multiple Roles ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Novel Gene ◽  
Fluorescence Protein

ABSTRACT Head blight, caused by Gibberella zeae, is a significant disease among cereal crops, including wheat, barley, and rice, due to contamination of grain with mycotoxins. G. zeae is spread by ascospores forcibly discharged from sexual fruiting bodies forming on crop residues. In this study, we characterized a novel gene, ROA, which is required for normal sexual development. Deletion of ROA (Δroa) resulted in an abnormal size and shape of asci and ascospores but did not affect vegetative growth. The Δroa mutation triggered round ascospores and insufficient cell division after spore delimitation. The asci of the Δroa strain discharged fewer ascospores from the perithecia but achieved a greater dispersal distance than those of the wild-type strain. Turgor pressure within the asci was calculated through the analysis of osmolytes in the epiplasmic fluid. Deletion of the ROA gene appeared to increase turgor pressure in the mutant asci. The higher turgor pressure of the Δroa mutant asci and the mutant spore shape contributed to the longer distance dispersal. When the Δroa mutant was outcrossed with a Δmat1-2 mutant, a strain that contains a green fluorescence protein (GFP) marker in place of the MAT1-2 gene, unusual phenotypic segregation occurred. The ratio of GFP to non-GFP segregation was 1:1; however, all eight spores had the same shape. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that ROA plays multiple roles in maintaining the proper morphology and discharge of ascospores in G. zeae.

scholarly journals Fitness Attributes of Fusarium graminearum Isolates from Wheat in New York Possessing a 3-ADON or 15-ADON Trichothecene Genotype

2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (5) ◽  
pp. 513-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierri Spolti ◽  
Emerson M. Del Ponte ◽  
Jaime A. Cummings ◽  
Yanhong Dong ◽  
Gary C. Bergstrom
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Wheat Cultivar ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Wheat Kernels ◽  
Ascospore Production

In all, 50 isolates of Fusarium graminearum from wheat spikes in New York, including 25 isolates each of the 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15-ADON) and 3-ADON genotype, were tested to determine whether 3-ADON isolates are more fit for saprophytic survival and pathogenicity on wheat spikes than are 15-ADON isolates. The isolates were characterized and compared for 14 different attributes of saprophytic fitness and pathogenic fitness on a susceptible wheat variety. Isolates of the two genotypes could not be differentiated for most of these traits. Three principle components—ascospore production on corn stalks, total trichothecene amount in wheat kernels, and incidence of diseased spikelets up from the point of inoculation—accounted for 29.4, 18.9, and 10.8% of the variation among the isolates, respectively. A bootstrapping procedure grouped the isolates into two distinct groups, with 27 and 23 isolates each, with isolates from both genotypes represented in similar proportions (15-ADON/3-ADON, n = 14/13 and 11/12). Within the contemporary population of F. graminearum causing wheat head blight in New York, isolates with a 3-ADON genotype did not possess any detectable advantage over isolates with a 15-ADON genotype in saprophytic fitness or in pathogenic fitness on a susceptible wheat cultivar.

scholarly journals Genome Sequence of Fusarium graminearum Strain MDC_Fg1, Isolated from Bread Wheat Grown in France

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (19) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarek Alouane ◽  
Hélène Rimbert ◽  
Francis Fabre ◽  
Florence Cambon ◽  
Thierry Langin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Whole Genome Sequence ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Content Type ◽  
French Isolate ◽  
Highly Virulent

Fusarium graminearum is a major fungal pathogen that induces Fusarium head blight (FHB), a devastating disease of small-grain cereals worldwide. This announcement provides the whole-genome sequence of a highly virulent and toxin-producing French isolate, MDC_Fg1.

scholarly journals Genome Sequence of Fusarium graminearum Strain CML3066, Isolated from a Wheat Spike in Southern Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (19) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana K. Machado Wood ◽  
Robert King ◽  
Martin Urban ◽  
Camila P. Nicolli ◽  
Emerson M. Del Ponte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Wheat Scab ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Brazilian Strain ◽  
Small Grains ◽  
Wheat Spike

Fusarium graminearum is a global fungal pathogen of wheat and other small grains, causing Fusarium head blight (FHB) disease, also known as wheat scab. We report here the annotated genome of a deoxynivalenol/15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol-producing Brazilian strain called CML3066, isolated from FHB-symptomatic wheat spikes collected in 2009.

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