Mycobiome Profiles in Breast Milk from Healthy Women Depend on Mode of Delivery, Geographic Location, and Interaction with Bacteria

ABSTRACTRecent studies report the presence of fungal species in breast milk of healthy mothers, suggesting a potential role in infant mycobiome development. In the present work, we aimed to determine whether the healthy human breast milk mycobiota is influenced by geographical location and mode of delivery, as well as to investigate its interaction with bacterial profiles in the same samples. A total of 80 mature breast milk samples from 4 different countries were analyzed by Illumina sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region, joining the 18S and 5.8S regions of the fungal rRNA region. Basidiomycota and Ascomycota were found to be the dominant phyla, withMalasseziaandDavidiellabeing the most prevalent genera across countries. A core formed byMalassezia, Davidiella, Sistotrema, andPenicilliumwas shared in the milk samples from the different origins, although specific shifts in mycobiome composition were associated with geographic location and delivery mode. The presence of fungi in the breast milk samples was further confirmed by culture and isolate characterization, and fungal loads were estimated by quantitative PCR (qPCR) targeting the fungal ITS1 region. Cooccurrence network analysis of bacteria and fungi showed complex interactions that were influenced by geographical location, mode of delivery, maternal age, and pregestational body mass index. The presence of a breast milk mycobiome was confirmed in all samples analyzed, regardless of the geographic origin.IMPORTANCEDuring recent years, human breast milk has been documented as a potential source of bacteria for the newborn. Recently, we have reported the presence of fungi in breast milk from healthy mothers. It is well known that environmental and perinatal factors can affect milk bacteria; however, the impact on milk fungi is still unknown. The current report describes fungal communities (mycobiota) in breast milk samples across different geographic locations and the influence of the mode of delivery. We also provide novel insights on bacterium-fungus interactions, taking into account environmental and perinatal factors. We identified a core of four genera shared across locations, consisting ofMalassezia, Davidiella, Sistotrema, andPenicillium, which have been reported to be present in the infant gut. Our data confirm the presence of fungi in breast milk across continents and support the potential role of breast milk in the initial seeding of fungal species in the infant gut.

Download Full-text

Human Breast Milk NMR Metabolomic Profile across Specific Geographical Locations and Its Association with the Milk Microbiota

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu10101355 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 1355 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Carlos Gómez-Gallego ◽

Jose Morales ◽

Daniel Monleón ◽

Elloise du Toit ◽

Himanshu Kumar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Human Milk ◽

Mode Of Delivery ◽

Geographical Location ◽

Resonance Spectroscopy ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Human Breast ◽

The Impact ◽

Geographical Locations

The composition of human breast milk is highly variable, and it can be influenced by genetics, diet, lifestyle, and other environmental factors. This study aimed to investigate the impact of geographical location and mode of delivery on the nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) metabolic profile of breast milk and its relationship with the milk microbiome. Human milk metabolic and microbiota profiles were determined using NMR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, respectively, in 79 healthy women from Finland, Spain, South Africa, and China. Up to 68 metabolites, including amino acids, oligosaccharides, and fatty acid-associated metabolites, were identified in the milk NMR spectra. The metabolite profiles showed significant differences between geographical locations, with significant differences (p < 0.05) in the levels of galactose, lacto-N-fucopentaose III, lacto-N-fucopentaose I and 2-fucosyllactose, 3-fucosyllactose, lacto-N-difucohexaose II, lacto-N-fucopentaose III, 2-hydroxybutyrate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, proline, N-acetyl lysine, methyl-histidine, dimethylamine, kynurenine, urea, creatine and creatine phosphate, formate, lactate, acetate, phosphocholine, acetylcholine, LDL, VLDL, ethanolamine, riboflavin, hippurate, spermidine, spermine and uridine. Additionally, the effect of caesarean section on milk metabolome was dependent on the geographical region. Specific interrelations between human milk metabolites and microbiota were also identified. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacilli were most significantly associated with the milk metabolites, being either positively or negatively correlated depending on the metabolite. Our results reveal specific milk metabolomic profiles across geographical locations and also highlight the potential interactions between human milk’s metabolites and microbes.

Download Full-text

Human Breast Milk Contains Bovine lgG. Relationship to Infant Colic?

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.87.4.439 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 87 (4) ◽

pp. 439-444

Author(s):

Patrick S. Clyne ◽

Anthony Kulczycki

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Human Milk ◽

Milk Protein ◽

Cow’S Milk ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Human Breast ◽

Cow's Milk ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Infant Colic ◽

Β Lactoglobulin

Previous studies have suggested that an unidentified cow's milk protein, other than β-lactoglobulin and casein, might play a pathogenetic role in infant colic. Therefore, a radioimmunoassay was used to analyze human breast milk and infant formula samples for the presence of bovine IgG. Milk samples from 88 of the 97 mothers tested contained greater than 0.1 µg/mL of bovine IgG. In a study group of 59 mothers with infants in the colic-prone 2- to 17-week age group, the 29 mothers of colicky infants had higher levels of bovine IgG in their breast milk (median 0.42 µg/mL) than the 30 mothers of noncolicky infants (median 0.32 µg/mL) (P < .02). The highest concentrations of bovine IgG observed in human milk were 8.5 and 8.2 µg/mL. Most cow's milk-based infant formulas contained 0.6 to 6.4 µg/mL of bovine IgG, a concentration comparable with levels found in many human milk samples. The results suggest that appreciable quantities of bovine IgG are commonly present in human milk, that significantly higher levels are present in milk from mothers of colicky infants, and that bovine IgG may possibly be involved in the pathogenesis of infant colic.

Download Full-text

Excretion of Iohexol and Metrizoate in Human Breast Milk

Acta Radiologica ◽

10.1177/028418518702800505 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 28 (5) ◽

pp. 523-526 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

S. T. Nielsen ◽

I. Matheson ◽

J. N. Rasmussen ◽

K. Skinnemoen ◽

E. Andrew ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Low Dose ◽

Decay Curve ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Human Breast ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Lactating Women ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Slow Decay ◽

Contrast Medium Injection

Six lactating women undergoing contrast media examination had milk and blood taken to determine the rate and extent of excretion of iohexol (Omnipaque) (four mothers) and metrizoate (Isopaque) (two mothers). Blood samples were taken up to 45 minutes and milk samples up to 48 hours after the contrast medium injection. The excretion was low, reaching a maximum at 3 to 6 hours and showing a slow decay curve (t 1/2 = 15 to 108 hours). One mother, who was weaning her baby, showed a different excretion pattern. The amount excreted during 24 hours was about 0.5 per cent of the weight adjusted maternal dose for both iohexol and metrizoate. It is not likely, that such a low dose of poorly absorbed drug would cause any adverse effects in the infant, unless it is hypersensitive to the drug already. The authors consider breast feeding to be acceptable for mothers receiving iohexol or metrizoate.

Download Full-text

Nano-HPLC-HRMS Analysis to Evaluate Leptin Level in Milk Samples: A Pilot Study

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10176135 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (17) ◽

pp. 6135

Author(s):

Federica Dal Bello ◽

Enrica Mecarelli ◽

Daniela Gastaldi ◽

Francesco Savino ◽

Claudio Medana

Keyword(s):

Pilot Study ◽

Breast Milk ◽

Infant Formula ◽

Analytical Method ◽

Critical Role ◽

Bovine Milk ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Human Breast ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Limit Of Quantitation

Leptin is a 16 kDa lipophilic protein hormone secreted by adipocytes and its most significant function is to inform the brain with negative feedback that regulates food intake. Recently the protein found in human breast milk was related to breast feeding and onset of obesity, and the evidence of a low probability to develop pediatric obesity in children fed with breast milk was also confirmed. Since leptin could have a critical role, its quantitation both in human breast, bovine milk and in infant formula products is interesting. For this reason, we developed an analytical method based on immunoaffinity purification followed by an analysis with nano-High Pressure Liquid Chromatography coupled with High Resolution Mass Spectrometry analyzer (nano-HPLC-HRMS) to identify and quantify leptin in milk samples and performed a pilot study using samples of human breast milk, bovine milk and infant formulas. With an obtained lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) of 100 ng mL−1 we quantified leptin in human breast milk finding an average of 6.70 ng mL−1. Our results show that leptin was under LLOQ both in bovine milk and in infant formula products. In conclusion, the developed analytical method here described was suitable to quantify leptin in milk samples with a good sensitivity and selectivity, and without the use of radioactive reagents.

Download Full-text

Ochratoxin A: Is it present in human breast milk samples obtained mothers from Ankara, Turkey

Toxicology Letters ◽

10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.06.498 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 189 ◽

pp. S232 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Aylin Gürbay ◽

Gözde Girgin ◽

Suna Atasayar Sabuncuoğlu ◽

Gönül Şahin ◽

Murat Yurdakök ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Ochratoxin A ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Human Breast ◽

Milk Samples

Download Full-text

PCDDs, PCDFs and Co-PCBs in human breast milk samples collected in Tokyo, Japan

Acta Paediatrica ◽

10.1111/j.1651-2227.2004.tb02723.x ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 93 (8) ◽

pp. 1098-1102 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

M Tajimi ◽

M Watanabe ◽

I Oki ◽

T Ojima ◽

Y Nakamura

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Human Breast ◽

Milk Samples

Download Full-text

COVID-19 mRNA vaccine is not detected in human milk

10.1101/2021.03.05.21252998 ◽

2021 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yarden Golan ◽

Mary Prahl ◽

Arianna Cassidy ◽

Christine Y. Lin ◽

Nadav Ahituv ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trials ◽

High Risk ◽

Breast Milk ◽

Human Milk ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Human Breast ◽

Phase 3 ◽

Milk Samples

AbstractSeveral countries have recently approved the use of mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 under an emergency use authorization. However, no pregnant or lactating individuals were included in the Phase 3 clinical trials of these vaccines despite belonging to a group at high risk for severe complications of COVID-19 infection. We show here that the mRNA from anti-COVID BNT162b2 (Pfizer) and mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccines is not detected in human breast milk samples collected 4-48 hours post-vaccine. These results strengthen the recommendation of ABM and WHO that lactating individuals who receive the anti-COVID-19 mRNA-based vaccine should continue to breastfeed their infants uninterrupted.

Download Full-text

Comparison of DAD and FLD Detection for Identification of Selected Bisphenols in Human Breast Milk Samples and Their Quantitative Analysis by LC-MS/MS

Journal of AOAC International ◽

10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa027 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 103 (4) ◽

pp. 1029-1042

Author(s):

Tomasz Tuzimski ◽

Szymon Szubartowski ◽

Renata Gadzała-Kopciuch ◽

Andrzej Miturski ◽

Monika Wójtowicz-Marzec ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Array Detector ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Human Breast ◽

Bisphenol S ◽

Fluorescence Detector ◽

Detection Techniques ◽

Milk Samples

Abstract Background Determination of bisphenols released from packaging material is undoubtedly a difficult and tricky task, requiring the chemical analyst to develop an individual approach to obtain reliable analytical information. Objective QuECHERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe)/dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) technique and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with modern detection techniques such as diode-array detector (DAD), ﬂuorescence detector (FLD) or tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for the determination of bisphenols such as bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol B (BPB), 2-[[4-[2-[4-(Oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)phenyl]propan-2yl]phenoxy] methyl]oxirane (BADGE), 3-[4-[2-[4-(Oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)phenyl]propan-2-yl]phenoxy]propane-1,2-diol (BADGE*H2O), 3-[4-[2-[4-(2,3-Dihydroxypropoxy)phenyl]propan-2-yl]phenoxy]propane-1,2-diol (BADGE*2H2O), 1-Chloro-3-[4-[2-[4-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropoxy)phenyl] propan-2-yl]phenoxy]propan-2-ol (BADGE*2HCl) in human breast milk samples have been performed. Methods For the analysis of total analytes, prior to the extraction with acetonitrile, a deconjugation step was implemented in a tube by adding 1 mL of the enzymatic solution with the β-Glucuronidase to 5 mL of sample. The mix was homogenized and incubated for 17 h at 37°C. Ten milliliters of acetonitrile, and a QuEChERS salt packet with 4 g anhydrous MgSO4 and 1 g NaCl were added. During the d-SPE step the extract was transferred into tube with 30 mg Z-Sep and 50 mg PSA (and also 150 mg MgSO4 for LC-MS/MS analysis). MeOH–water (20:80, v/v) were added to the dry residue and the extract was reconstituted in 150 µL (25-fold analytes pre-concentration is achieved). Next bisphenols were identified by HPLC-DAD-FLD and quantified by LC-MS/MS equipment. Conclusions During the bisphenols HPLC-DAD-FLD analysis, from 6 min a reinforcement of 15 was used, which allowed analytes to be identified at 750 pg/mL. Application of LC-MS/MS allowed quantification of bisphenols in the range from 2.12 to 116.22 ng/mL in a total 27 human breast milk samples. Highlights First QuEChERS/d-SPE coupled with HPLC-DAD-FLD or LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of bisphenols and its analogues in breast milk Faster and cheaper alternative to traditional extraction methods The method was applied for the first biomonitoring of bisphenols and its analogues in breast milk.

Download Full-text

Comparison of dioxin and PCB concentrations in human breast milk samples from Hong Kong and the Netherlands

Food Additives & Contaminants ◽

10.1080/0265203021000031528 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 65-69 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

S. D. Soechitram ◽

S. M. Chan ◽

E. A. S Nelson ◽

A. Brouwer ◽

P. J. J. Sauer

Keyword(s):

Hong Kong ◽

Breast Milk ◽

The Netherlands ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Human Breast ◽

Milk Samples

Download Full-text

Characteristics of Human Breast Milk Based on Infant’s Gender

Journal of Basic and Applied Research in Biomedicine ◽

10.51152/jbarbiomed.v5i1.21 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 8-10

Author(s):

Moudah Alhindi ◽

Hadohum Musallam ◽

Esam Elhefian

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Human Milk ◽

Physicochemical Properties ◽

Infant Formula ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Human Breast ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Complex Fluid ◽

Infant Sex ◽

Calcium And Magnesium

Human milk is a complex fluid, which contains a number of constituents such as fats, proteins and vitamins, in addition to other compounds. These nutrients are needed for infant protection against infections and diseases. This study was undertaken to evaluate some physicochemical properties and biochemical constituents content of human milk samples (based on the gender of the breast feeding infant). This includes acidity, density and viscosity, as well as lactose, protein, calcium and magnesium contents. Results showed that the highest value of viscosity as well as the highest percentages of protein and acidity were recorded for human breast milk for a boy (2.212 cP, 1.237% and 0.02% respectively) while close values for density and other biochemical contents were recorded for both types of samples. However, only the change in viscosity was found to be significant (p?0.05). Variations in some properties of human milk depending on the infant' sex could be of benefit for developing infant formula taking infant’s gender into consideration.

Download Full-text