scholarly journals The Fitness Advantage of Commercial Wine Yeasts in Relation to the Nitrogen Concentration, Temperature, and Ethanol Content under Microvinification Conditions

2013 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 704-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Estéfani García-Ríos ◽  
Alicia Gutiérrez ◽  
Zoel Salvadó ◽  
Francisco Noé Arroyo-López ◽  
José Manuel Guillamon
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Wine Yeast ◽  
Wine Industry ◽  
Wine Yeasts ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Fitness Advantage ◽  
Yeast Strains ◽  
Industrial Strains ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations

ABSTRACTThe effect of the main environmental factors governing wine fermentation on the fitness of industrial yeast strains has barely received attention. In this study, we used the concept of fitness advantage to measure how increasing nitrogen concentrations (0 to 200 mg N/liter), ethanol (0 to 20%), and temperature (4 to 45°C) affects competition among four commercial wine yeast strains (PDM, ARM, RVA, and TTA). We used a mathematical approach to model the hypothetical time needed for the control strain (PDM) to out-compete the other three strains in a theoretical mixed population. The theoretical values obtained were subsequently verified by competitive mixed fermentations in both synthetic and natural musts, which showed a good fit between the theoretical and experimental data. Specifically, the data show that the increase in nitrogen concentration and temperature values improved the fitness advantage of the PDM strain, whereas the presence of ethanol significantly reduced its competitiveness. However, the RVA strain proved to be the most competitive yeast for the three enological parameters assayed. The study of the fitness of these industrial strains is of paramount interest for the wine industry, which uses them as starters of their fermentations. Here, we propose a very simple method to model the fitness advantage, which allows the prediction of the competitiveness of one strain with respect to different abiotic factors.

scholarly journals The genetic improvement of grapevine cultivars and wine yeast strains: Novel approaches to the ancient art of winemaking

2003 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-43
Author(s):  
I. S. Pretorius
Keyword(s):  
Wine Yeast ◽  
Wine Industry ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Wine Production ◽  
Yeast Strains ◽  
Quantum Leap ◽  
Grape Quality ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Grape Varieties ◽  
Grape Cultivars

The widening gap between wine production and wine consumption, the shift of consumer preferences away from basic commodity wine to top quality wine, and the gruelling competition brought about by economic globalisation call for a total revolution in  the magical world of wine. In the process of transforming the wine industry from a production-driven industry to a market-orientated enterprise, there is an increasing dependence on, amongst others, biotechnological innovation to launch the wine industry with a quantum leap across the formidable market challenges of the 21st century. Market-orientated designer grape cultivars and wine yeast strains are currently being genetically programmed with surgical precision for the cost-competitive production of high quality grapes and wine with relatively minimal resource inputs and a low environmental impact. With regard to Grapevine Biotechnology, this entails the establishment of stress tolerant and disease resistant varieties of Vitis vinifera with increased productivity, efficiency, sustainability and environmental friendliness, especially regarding improved pest and disease control, water use efficiency and grape quality. With regard to Wine Yeast Biotechnology, the emphasis is on the development of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains with improved fermentation, processing and biopreservation abilities, and capacities for an increase in the wholesomeness and sensory quality of wine. The successful commercialisation of transgenic grape cultivars and wine yeasts depends on a number of scientific, technical, safety, ethical, legal, economic and marketing factors, and it therefore will be unwise to entertain high expectations in the short term. However, in the light of the phenomenal potential advantages of tailor-made grape varieties and yeast strains, it would be equally self-destructive in the long term if this strategically important “life insurance policy” is not taken out by the wine industry. This overview highlights the most important examples of the way in which V. vinifera grape varieties and S. cerevisiae wine yeast strains are currently being designed with surgical precision on the basis of market demand for the cost-effective, sustainable and environmentally friendly production of healthy, top quality grapes and wine.

scholarly journals Comparative Transcriptomic Approach To Investigate Differences in Wine Yeast Physiology and Metabolism during Fermentation

2009 ◽  
Vol 75 (20) ◽  
pp. 6600-6612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debra Rossouw ◽  
Roberto Olivares-Hernandes ◽  
Jens Nielsen ◽  
Florian F. Bauer
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Metabolic Regulation ◽  
Wine Yeast ◽  
Molecular Networks ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Phenotypic Differences ◽  
Yeast Strains ◽  
Industrial Strains ◽  
Different Strains

ABSTRACT Commercial wine yeast strains of the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been selected to satisfy many different, and sometimes highly specific, oenological requirements. As a consequence, more than 200 different strains with significantly diverging phenotypic traits are produced globally. This genetic resource has been rather neglected by the scientific community because industrial strains are less easily manipulated than the limited number of laboratory strains that have been successfully employed to investigate fundamental aspects of cellular biology. However, laboratory strains are unsuitable for the study of many phenotypes that are of significant scientific and industrial interest. Here, we investigate whether a comparative transcriptomics and phenomics approach, based on the analysis of five phenotypically diverging industrial wine yeast strains, can provide insights into the molecular networks that are responsible for the expression of such phenotypes. For this purpose, some oenologically relevant phenotypes, including resistance to various stresses, cell wall properties, and metabolite production of these strains were evaluated and aligned with transcriptomic data collected during alcoholic fermentation. The data reveal significant differences in gene regulation between the five strains. While the genetic complexity underlying the various successive stress responses in a dynamic system such as wine fermentation reveals the limits of the approach, many of the relevant differences in gene expression can be linked to specific phenotypic differences between the strains. This is, in particular, the case for many aspects of metabolic regulation. The comparative approach therefore opens new possibilities to investigate complex phenotypic traits on a molecular level.

scholarly journals Comparison of Two Alternative Dominant Selectable Markers for Wine Yeast Transformation

2004 ◽  
Vol 70 (12) ◽  
pp. 7018-7023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Cebollero ◽  
Ramon Gonzalez
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Strain ◽  
Wine Yeast ◽  
Selection Marker ◽  
Selectable Markers ◽  
Yeast Strains ◽  
Strain Transformation ◽  
Wine Yeast Strain ◽  
Industrial Strains ◽  
Resistance Markers ◽  
Selection For

ABSTRACT Genetic improvement of industrial yeast strains is restricted by the availability of selectable transformation markers. Antibiotic resistance markers have to be avoided for public health reasons, while auxotrophy markers are generally not useful for wine yeast strain transformation because most industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains are prototrophic. For this work, we performed a comparative study of the usefulness of two alternative dominant selectable markers in both episomic and centromeric plasmids. Even though the selection for sulfite resistance conferred by FZF1-4 resulted in a larger number of transformants for a laboratory strain, the p-fluoro-dl-phenylalanine resistance conferred by ARO4-OFP resulted in a more suitable selection marker for all industrial strains tested. Both episomic and centromeric constructions carrying this marker resulted in transformation frequencies close to or above 103 transformants per μg of DNA for the three wine yeast strains tested.

scholarly journals Biotechnological processes for regulating the quality and safety of wine products

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 06007
Author(s):  
Olga Sheludko ◽  
Nataliya Ageeva
Keyword(s):  
Wine Yeast ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Wine Industry ◽  
Oxidative Enzymes ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Quality And Safety ◽  
Successful Development ◽  
Wine Production ◽  
Yeast Strains ◽  
Biotechnological Processes

The production of a competitive wine industry in Russia is an important task for the successful development of the country’s agro-industrial complex. The purpose of this research is to consider the ways of harmonious development of competitive Russian winemaking, based on the advanced bioecotechnologies of developed countries. This paper presents biotechnological processes and classes of enzymes or individual representatives. Established that both the enzymes of the grape and the enzyme systems of wine yeast are involved in the processes of wine production. During delivery of grapes for processing, means of inactivation of the activity of oxidative enzymes such as sulfur dioxide, liquid nitrogen, carbon dioxide should be used. Improvement and acceleration of clarification of grape must have to be done with the use of pectinesterases, polymethylgalacturonases, polygalacturonases, pectin transeliminases. In order to obtain wines stability to protein turbidity, the use of the technology of two-stage fermentation with deep protein transformation is recommended. Depending on the tasks of malolactic fermentation (MF) or its prevention, yeast strains that prevent the development of MF and strains that support the development of MF have been isolated. A relationship between the content of various groups of phenolic compounds and the activity of MF was established.

scholarly journals Glucose, l-Malic Acid and pH Effect on Fermentation Products in Biological Deacidification

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (Special Issue 1) ◽  
pp. S319-S322 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kunicka-Styczyńska
Keyword(s):  
Malic Acid ◽  
Ph Effect ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
Optimal Parameters ◽  
Wine Yeasts ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Fermentation Products ◽  
Yeast Strains ◽  
Industrial Strains ◽  
Selection Of

Industrial wine yeasts <I>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</I> Syrena, an interspecies hybrid (<I>S. cerevisiae × S. bayanus</I>) HW2-3 and <I>Schizosaccharomyces pombe</I> met 3–15 h<sup>+>/sup> were examined to determine changes in fermentation profiles in different environmental conditions in YG medium with different concentrations of glucose (2, 6, 40 or 100 g/l), L-malic acid (4, 7 or 11 g/l) and at pH 3.0, 3.5 and 5.0. The results were obtained by HPLC method (organic acids, acetaldehyde, glycerol, diacetyl) and enzymatically (L-malic acid, ethanol). In anaerobic conditions (100 g/l glucose), the optimal parameters for L-malic acid decomposition for <I>S. cerevisiae</I> Syrena and the hybrid HW2-3 were 11 g/l L-malic acid and pH 3.0 and 3.5, respectively. <I>S. pombe</I> expressed the highest demalication activity at 40 and 100 g/l glucose, 7 g/l L-malic acid and pH 3.0. The fermentation profiles of selected metabolites of yeast were unique for specific industrial strains. These profiles may help in the proper selection of yeast strains to fermentation and make it possible to predict the organoleptic changes in the course of fruit must fermentation.

scholarly journals Comparative Evaluation of the Dynamics of Alcohol Production of Wine Yeast Strains Isolated in Tokaj Region

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Zoltán Kállai ◽  
Zsuzsa Antunovics ◽  
Gyula Oros
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Evaluation ◽  
Type Strain ◽  
Fermentation Process ◽  
Ethanol Concentration ◽  
Wine Yeast ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Wine Yeasts ◽  
Alcohol Production ◽  
Yeast Strains ◽  
Final Ethanol Concentration

The dynamics of ethanol production of wine yeasts were examined in model experiments as well as in the winery. The ethanol concentration in young wines fermented by local strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, S. uvarumor Starmerella bacillaris (21, 2 and 2, respectively) did not vary considerably (c.v. 1.9 %). All of them produced significantly higher amount of ethanol than the type strain [ATCC 26108] of S. cerevisiae. However, their performance during the fermentation process diverged significantly. Thus the lag phase varied between 33 and 123 hours, while the time requested to produce half of the final ethanol concentration varied between 67 and 294 hours.

scholarly journals Yeast Cell Wall Chitin Reduces Wine Haze Formation

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (13) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thulile Ndlovu ◽  
Benoit Divol ◽  
Florian F. Bauer
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Yeast Cell ◽  
Wine Yeast ◽  
Wine Industry ◽  
Yeast Cell Wall ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Concentration Dependent Manner ◽  
Yeast Strains ◽  
Protein Haze ◽  
Haze Formation

ABSTRACT Protein haze formation in bottled wines is a significant concern for the global wine industry, and wine clarification before bottling is therefore a common but expensive practice. Previous studies have shown that wine yeast strains can reduce haze formation through the secretion of certain mannoproteins, but it has been suggested that other yeast-dependent haze protective mechanisms exist. On the other hand, the addition of chitin has been shown to reduce haze formation, likely because grape chitinases have been shown to be the major contributors to haze. In this study, Chardonnay grape must fermented by various yeast strains resulted in wines with different protein haze levels, indicating differences in haze-protective capacities of the strains. The cell wall chitin levels of these strains were determined, and a strong correlation between cell wall chitin levels and haze protection capability was observed. To further evaluate the mechanism of haze protection, Escherichia coli -produced green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged grape chitinase was shown to bind efficiently to yeast cell walls in a cell wall chitin concentration-dependent manner, while commercial chitinase was removed from synthetic wine in quantities that also correlated with the cell wall chitin levels of the strains. Our findings suggest a new mechanism of reducing wine haze, and we propose a strategy for optimizing wine yeast strains to improve wine clarification. IMPORTANCE In this study, we establish a new mechanism by which wine yeast strains can impact the protein haze formation of wines, and we demonstrate that yeast cell wall chitin binds grape chitinase in a chitin concentration-dependent manner. We also show that yeast can remove this haze-forming protein from wine. Chitin has in the past been shown to efficiently reduce wine haze formation when added to the wine in high concentration as a clarifying agent. Our data suggest that the selection of yeast strains with high levels of cell wall chitin can reduce protein haze. We also investigate how yeast cell wall chitin levels are affected by environmental conditions.

scholarly journals Patterns of Genetic Diversity and the Invasion of Commercial Starters in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Vineyard Populations of Santorini Island

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 561
Author(s):  
Ioanna Chalvantzi ◽  
Georgios Banilas ◽  
Chrysoula Tassou ◽  
Aspasia Nisiotou
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Wine Yeast ◽  
Wine Industry ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Industry Research ◽  
Industrial Strains ◽  
Grape Wine ◽  
Natural Strains

Autochthonous Saccharomyces cerevisiae vineyard populations are important components of the grape/wine system. Besides their direct impact on winemaking, they also constitute an untapped reservoir of genotypes with special technological attributes for the wine industry. Research so far on S. cerevisiae populations has focused on spatial distribution on large scales, yet little is known about the genetic variability of populations within viticultural zones and their temporal genotypic variation. Here, S. cerevisiae populations from different vineyards in Santorini, a small Aegean island, were genotyped and their genetic diversity was assessed within and between vineyards during two consecutive years. Despite the relative geographical isolation of the island, a relatively high genetic diversity was uncovered. The vast majority of genotypes were vineyard-specific, while in one of the vintages, significant differences in the genotypic composition of vineyards were detected. Overall, higher differences were detected between vintages rather than among vineyards. Notably, only four genotypes were common for the two vintages, three of which were commercial S. cerevisiae strains, probably “escapees” from wineries. Nevertheless, the populations of the two vintages were not genetically distinct. Present results highlight the magnitude of genetic diversity in natural wine yeast populations on a small spatial scale, yet the invasion of commercial starters may constitute a potential risk for loss of local yeast biodiversity. However, present results show that industrial strains do not necessarily dominate over the natural strains or their high abundance may be temporary.

scholarly journals An Overview of CRISPR-Based Technologies in Wine Yeasts to Improve Wine Flavor and Safety

Fermentation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Alice Vilela
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Wine Yeast ◽  
Wine Yeasts ◽  
Wine Quality ◽  
Yeast Strains ◽  
Off Flavors ◽  
Natural Isolates ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Wine Flavor ◽  
New Yeast

Modern industrial winemaking is based on the use of specific starters of wine strains. Commercial wine strains present several advantages over natural isolates, and it is their use that guarantees the stability and reproducibility of industrial winemaking technologies. For the highly competitive wine market with new demands for improved wine quality and wine safety, it has become increasingly critical to develop new yeast strains. In the last decades, new possibilities arose for creating upgraded wine yeasts in the laboratory, resulting in the development of strains with better fermentation abilities, able to improve the sensory quality of wines and produce wines targeted to specific consumers, considering their health and nutrition requirements. However, only two genetically modified (GM) wine yeast strains are officially registered and approved for commercial use. Compared with traditional genetic engineering methods, CRISPR/Cas9 is described as efficient, versatile, cheap, easy-to-use, and able to target multiple sites. This genetic engineering technique has been applied to Saccharomyces cerevisiae since 2013. In this review, we aimed to overview the use of CRISPR/Cas9 editing technique in wine yeasts to combine develop phenotypes able to increase flavor compounds in wine without the development of off-flavors and aiding in the creation of “safer wines.”

Selective hybridization of wine yeasts for higher yields of glycerol

1987 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosanne Eustace ◽  
R. J. Thornton
Keyword(s):  
Wine Yeast ◽  
Wine Yeasts ◽  
Glycerol Production ◽  
Breeding Stock ◽  
Yeast Strains ◽  
Selective Hybridization ◽  
Glycerol 3 Phosphate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Hybridization Programme ◽  
Two Hybrid ◽  
Generation Hybrid

Wines that are lacking in body may be improved by the presence of greater amounts of glycerol. Wine yeast strains vary in their ability to produce glycerol. A programme of hybridizing yeast strains while selecting for increased production of glycerol was undertaken. Three generations of hybridization resulted in yeast strains which produced 10–11 g glycerol/L compared with 3.0–6.6 g/L produced by the wine yeast strains of the original breeding stock. Industrial-scale winemaking confirmed the ability of two hybrid strains to produce similar amounts of glycerol to those observed in laboratory-scale fermentations. The activity of the enzyme glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was measured in crude extracts of two breeding stock wine yeasts and in two final generation hybrid strains. The observed activities were lower in the products of the hybridization programme than in the original wine yeast strains. Two alternative explanations are suggested. (i) Selective hybridization may select for the alleles of the gene which codes for an alcohol dehydrogenase I isozyme which has a lower activity resulting in increased glycerol production. (ii) Phospholipid synthesis is reduced and the glycerol-3-phosphate, which is the major precursor of phospholipids in yeasts, accumulates as glycerol.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document