scholarly journals The genetic improvement of grapevine cultivars and wine yeast strains: Novel approaches to the ancient art of winemaking

2003 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-43
Author(s):  
I. S. Pretorius
Keyword(s):  
Wine Yeast ◽  
Wine Industry ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Wine Production ◽  
Yeast Strains ◽  
Quantum Leap ◽  
Grape Quality ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Grape Varieties ◽  
Grape Cultivars

The widening gap between wine production and wine consumption, the shift of consumer preferences away from basic commodity wine to top quality wine, and the gruelling competition brought about by economic globalisation call for a total revolution in  the magical world of wine. In the process of transforming the wine industry from a production-driven industry to a market-orientated enterprise, there is an increasing dependence on, amongst others, biotechnological innovation to launch the wine industry with a quantum leap across the formidable market challenges of the 21st century. Market-orientated designer grape cultivars and wine yeast strains are currently being genetically programmed with surgical precision for the cost-competitive production of high quality grapes and wine with relatively minimal resource inputs and a low environmental impact. With regard to Grapevine Biotechnology, this entails the establishment of stress tolerant and disease resistant varieties of Vitis vinifera with increased productivity, efficiency, sustainability and environmental friendliness, especially regarding improved pest and disease control, water use efficiency and grape quality. With regard to Wine Yeast Biotechnology, the emphasis is on the development of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains with improved fermentation, processing and biopreservation abilities, and capacities for an increase in the wholesomeness and sensory quality of wine. The successful commercialisation of transgenic grape cultivars and wine yeasts depends on a number of scientific, technical, safety, ethical, legal, economic and marketing factors, and it therefore will be unwise to entertain high expectations in the short term. However, in the light of the phenomenal potential advantages of tailor-made grape varieties and yeast strains, it would be equally self-destructive in the long term if this strategically important “life insurance policy” is not taken out by the wine industry. This overview highlights the most important examples of the way in which V. vinifera grape varieties and S. cerevisiae wine yeast strains are currently being designed with surgical precision on the basis of market demand for the cost-effective, sustainable and environmentally friendly production of healthy, top quality grapes and wine.

scholarly journals Biotechnological processes for regulating the quality and safety of wine products

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 06007
Author(s):  
Olga Sheludko ◽  
Nataliya Ageeva
Keyword(s):  
Wine Yeast ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Wine Industry ◽  
Oxidative Enzymes ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Quality And Safety ◽  
Successful Development ◽  
Wine Production ◽  
Yeast Strains ◽  
Biotechnological Processes

The production of a competitive wine industry in Russia is an important task for the successful development of the country’s agro-industrial complex. The purpose of this research is to consider the ways of harmonious development of competitive Russian winemaking, based on the advanced bioecotechnologies of developed countries. This paper presents biotechnological processes and classes of enzymes or individual representatives. Established that both the enzymes of the grape and the enzyme systems of wine yeast are involved in the processes of wine production. During delivery of grapes for processing, means of inactivation of the activity of oxidative enzymes such as sulfur dioxide, liquid nitrogen, carbon dioxide should be used. Improvement and acceleration of clarification of grape must have to be done with the use of pectinesterases, polymethylgalacturonases, polygalacturonases, pectin transeliminases. In order to obtain wines stability to protein turbidity, the use of the technology of two-stage fermentation with deep protein transformation is recommended. Depending on the tasks of malolactic fermentation (MF) or its prevention, yeast strains that prevent the development of MF and strains that support the development of MF have been isolated. A relationship between the content of various groups of phenolic compounds and the activity of MF was established.

scholarly journals Factor endowments, markets and vertical integration. The development of commercial wine production in Argentina, Australia and California, c1870-1914

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Structure ◽  
Vertical Integration ◽  
New World ◽  
Wine Industry ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Wine Production ◽  
Factor Endowments ◽  
Grape Quality

AbstractGrape quality and the nature of market demand played a major role in determining the organizational structure of the wine industry in the three decades prior to 1914. In contrast to Europe where grape growing and winemaking were specialist activities, in the New World winemaking and selling were often integrated. This encouraged the appearance of large industrial wineries producing wines that could be branded. Differences within the New World itself can be attributable to the nature of demand and, in particular, to whether wine was considered an article of primary consumption (Argentina), or whether it competed with other, more popular alcoholic beverages such as beer and spirits (Australia and California).

scholarly journals The Fitness Advantage of Commercial Wine Yeasts in Relation to the Nitrogen Concentration, Temperature, and Ethanol Content under Microvinification Conditions

2013 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 704-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Estéfani García-Ríos ◽  
Alicia Gutiérrez ◽  
Zoel Salvadó ◽  
Francisco Noé Arroyo-López ◽  
José Manuel Guillamon
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Wine Yeast ◽  
Wine Industry ◽  
Wine Yeasts ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Fitness Advantage ◽  
Yeast Strains ◽  
Industrial Strains ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations

ABSTRACTThe effect of the main environmental factors governing wine fermentation on the fitness of industrial yeast strains has barely received attention. In this study, we used the concept of fitness advantage to measure how increasing nitrogen concentrations (0 to 200 mg N/liter), ethanol (0 to 20%), and temperature (4 to 45°C) affects competition among four commercial wine yeast strains (PDM, ARM, RVA, and TTA). We used a mathematical approach to model the hypothetical time needed for the control strain (PDM) to out-compete the other three strains in a theoretical mixed population. The theoretical values obtained were subsequently verified by competitive mixed fermentations in both synthetic and natural musts, which showed a good fit between the theoretical and experimental data. Specifically, the data show that the increase in nitrogen concentration and temperature values improved the fitness advantage of the PDM strain, whereas the presence of ethanol significantly reduced its competitiveness. However, the RVA strain proved to be the most competitive yeast for the three enological parameters assayed. The study of the fitness of these industrial strains is of paramount interest for the wine industry, which uses them as starters of their fermentations. Here, we propose a very simple method to model the fitness advantage, which allows the prediction of the competitiveness of one strain with respect to different abiotic factors.

scholarly journals Application of yeast with reduced alcohol yield for sparkling wine production

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 02021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Schmitt ◽  
S. Broschart ◽  
C.-D. Patz ◽  
D. Rauhut ◽  
M. Friedel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yeast Strain ◽  
Wine Industry ◽  
Sparkling Wine ◽  
Alcohol Content ◽  
Wine Production ◽  
Alcohol Production ◽  
Volatile Acidity ◽  
Yeast Strains ◽  
Lower Alcohol ◽  
Commercial Yeast

Two commercial yeast strains with reduced alcohol production in comparison with a commercial yeast strain with common alcohol yield were assed for their suitability in sparkling wine production according to the traditional bottle fermentation. The different yeast strains were applied for the first fermentation. As expected the base wine differed in terms alcohol. Furthermore the yeast with lower alcohol content showed higher values of glycerol, higher arginine content and in the same time reduced levels of proline after fermentation. However those samples showed increased volatile acidity values, compared to the control wines. The later bottle fermentation with a uniform yeast strain showed similar fermentation kinetics for all four lots. Sensory evaluation showed no clear differences between the sparkling wines that were stored 9 months on the lees. The base wines nevertheless clearly differed from each other. Besides the increased production of volatile acidity, the tested yeast strains with lower alcohol production appear very promising for the sparkling wine industry to face the generally rising alcohol contents worldwide.

scholarly journals The effect of yeast strains on the formation of aroma complex of base wines from 'Tsitronnyi Magaracha' grape variety

2021 ◽  
pp. 66-71
Author(s):  
Максим Юрьевич Шаламитский ◽  
Татьяна Николаевна Танащук ◽  
Виктор Афанасьевич Загоруйко ◽  
София Николаевна Червяк
Keyword(s):  
Yeast Species ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Higher Alcohols ◽  
Grape Variety ◽  
Organoleptic Evaluation ◽  
Wine Production ◽  
Terpene Alcohols ◽  
Yeast Strains ◽  
Grape Varieties ◽  
Selection Of

Одним из важных современных направлений виноделия является получение высококачественных вин с узнаваемой сортовой индивидуальностью. В данном аспекте наиболее привлекательными для потребителя являются вина из мускатных сортов винограда. Pабота посвящена изучению влияния штаммов дрожжей рода Saccharomyces на формирование сортового аромата виноматериалов из винограда сорта Цитронный Магарача и отбору перспективных штаммов для их производства. Объектами исследования являлись виноматериалы, приготовленные с использованием 20 штаммов дрожжей вида S. cerevisiae. В результате хроматографического анализа было идентифицировано 17 компонентов, относящихся к различным группам химических соединений: высшим спиртам, сложным эфирам, терпеновым спиртам. Исследуемые штаммы способствовали накоплению в виноматериалах терпеновых спиртов в концентрации от 0,46 до 1,51 мг/л, высших спиртов - от 153,86 до 263,89 мг/л, сложных эфиров - от 3,96 до 19,09 мг/л. По результатам органолептической оценки опытных образцов для производства вин из винограда сорта Цитронный Магарача рекомендованы два коллекционных штамма Алиготе М (I-76) и Мускат 4 (Р) (I-637) из КМВ «Магарач». Использование данных штаммов позволило получить виноматериалы с ярким развитым ароматом цветочно-фруктового направления с проявлением тонов цитрусовых и розы. Отмечено, что штамм Алиготе М (I-76) способствовал обогащению виноматериалов терпеновыми спиртами и сложными эфирами, штамм Мускат 4 (Р) (I-637) - сложными эфирами. One of the important modern trends in winemaking is the production of high quality wines with recognizable varietal identity. In this aspect, the most attractive for consumers are the wines from muscat grape varieties. The work is devoted to the study of the effect of yeast strains of the Saccharomyces genus on the formation of varietal aroma of base wines from grapes of 'Tsitronnyi Magaracha' variety and selection of promising strains for their production. The objects of the study were base wines prepared using 20 strains of S. cerevisiae yeast species. As a result of chromatographic analysis, 17 components of various groups of chemical compounds were identified: higher alcohols, esters, terpene alcohols. The studied strains contributed to the accumulation of terpene alcohols in concentration from 0.46 to 1.51 mg/l, higher alcohols - from 153.86 to 263.89 mg/l, esters - from 3.96 to 19.09 mg/l. According to the results of organoleptic evaluation of experimental samples for wine production from grapes of 'Tsitronnyi Magaracha' variety, two strains 'Aligote M' (I-76) and 'Muscat 4' (P) (I-637) from the Magarach Collection of Microorganisms of Winemaking are recommended. The use of these strains have made it possible to obtain base wines with advanced rich aroma of a floral-fruity direction with demonstration of citrus and rose hues. It was noted that the strain 'Aligote M' (I-76) contributed to the enrichment of base wines with terpene alcohols and esters, the strain 'Muscat 4' (P) (I-637) - with esters.

scholarly journals Yeast Cell Wall Chitin Reduces Wine Haze Formation

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (13) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thulile Ndlovu ◽  
Benoit Divol ◽  
Florian F. Bauer
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Yeast Cell ◽  
Wine Yeast ◽  
Wine Industry ◽  
Yeast Cell Wall ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Concentration Dependent Manner ◽  
Yeast Strains ◽  
Protein Haze ◽  
Haze Formation

ABSTRACT Protein haze formation in bottled wines is a significant concern for the global wine industry, and wine clarification before bottling is therefore a common but expensive practice. Previous studies have shown that wine yeast strains can reduce haze formation through the secretion of certain mannoproteins, but it has been suggested that other yeast-dependent haze protective mechanisms exist. On the other hand, the addition of chitin has been shown to reduce haze formation, likely because grape chitinases have been shown to be the major contributors to haze. In this study, Chardonnay grape must fermented by various yeast strains resulted in wines with different protein haze levels, indicating differences in haze-protective capacities of the strains. The cell wall chitin levels of these strains were determined, and a strong correlation between cell wall chitin levels and haze protection capability was observed. To further evaluate the mechanism of haze protection, Escherichia coli -produced green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged grape chitinase was shown to bind efficiently to yeast cell walls in a cell wall chitin concentration-dependent manner, while commercial chitinase was removed from synthetic wine in quantities that also correlated with the cell wall chitin levels of the strains. Our findings suggest a new mechanism of reducing wine haze, and we propose a strategy for optimizing wine yeast strains to improve wine clarification. IMPORTANCE In this study, we establish a new mechanism by which wine yeast strains can impact the protein haze formation of wines, and we demonstrate that yeast cell wall chitin binds grape chitinase in a chitin concentration-dependent manner. We also show that yeast can remove this haze-forming protein from wine. Chitin has in the past been shown to efficiently reduce wine haze formation when added to the wine in high concentration as a clarifying agent. Our data suggest that the selection of yeast strains with high levels of cell wall chitin can reduce protein haze. We also investigate how yeast cell wall chitin levels are affected by environmental conditions.

scholarly journals Non-Conventional Grape Varieties and Yeast Starters for First and Second Fermentation in Sparkling Wine Production Using the Traditional Method

Fermentation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 321
Author(s):  
María Laura Raymond Eder ◽  
Alberto Luis Rosa
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Method ◽  
Pinot Noir ◽  
Sparkling Wine ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Wine Production ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Yeast Strains ◽  
Fundamental Research ◽  
Sensory Profiles ◽  
Grape Varieties

Sparkling wine production using the traditional method involves a second fermentation of still wines in bottles, followed by prolonged aging on lees. The key factors affecting the organoleptic profiles of these wines are the grape varieties, the chemical and sensory attributes of the base wines elaborated, the yeast strains used for first and second fermentation, and the winery practices. While Chardonnay and Pinot noir are gold standard grape varieties in sparkling wine production, other valuable grape cultivars are used worldwide to elaborate highly reputable sparkling wines. Fundamental research on the chemical and sensory profiles of innovative sparkling wines produced by the traditional method, using non-conventional grape varieties and novel yeast strains for first and/or second fermentation, is accompanying their market diversification. In this review, we summarize relevant aspects of sparkling wine production using the traditional method and non-conventional grape varieties and yeast starters.

MODERN TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE VINE AND WINE INDUSTRY IN RUSSIA

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Е.А. ЕГОРОВ ◽  
Ж.А. ШАДРИНА ◽  
Г.А. КОЧЬЯН
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Wine Industry ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Wine Production ◽  
Current State ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Efficiency Increase ◽  
Grape Varieties

Обосновано приоритетное развитие виноградовинодельческой отрасли как экономического базиса территориальных образований. Акцентировано внимание на аспектах повышения уровня продуктовой самообеспеченности и обусловленного этим импортозамещения. Проведен ретроспективный анализ современного состояния виноградовинодельческого подкомплекса России, выявлены основные тенденции его развития. Приведены индикаторы повышения эффективности отрасли виноградарства согласно Государственной программе развития сельского хозяйства и регулирования рынков сельскохозяйственной продукции, сырья и продовольствия на 2013–2020 годы, и дана оценка вероятности их выполнения. Проведен анализ факторов, влияющих на уровень экономической эффективности производства винодельческой продукции. Отмечена проблема понижения эффективности производства ввиду снижения индекса покупательной способности денег. Дана оценка производству винопродукции из отечественного и импортного виноматериалов. Обоснована необходимость расширения выпуска винопродукции из сортов винограда отечественной селекции. Определены приоритетные направления повышения эффективности производства винопродукции. The priority development of the vine and wine industry as an economic basis of territories is substantiated. Attention is focused on the aspects of the level increasing of product self-sufficiency and import substitution, resulted of it. A retrospective analysis of the current state of the vine and wine subcomplex of Russia was carried out, and the main trends of its development were revealed. The indicators for the viticulture development in accordance with the State Program Agricultural Development and markets Regulation of Agricultural Products, Raw material and Foodstuffs for 2013–2020 are presented and estimation of probability of their fulfilment is given. The factors influencing the level of economic efficiency of wine production are analyzed. The problem of reducing the actual production efficiency due to a decrease in the index of money purchasing power is noted. The estimation of wine production from own and imported wine materials is given. The necessity of wine production from grape varieties of domestic breeding is substantiated. The priority directions for efficiency increase of wine production are determined.

scholarly journals Yeast strain effect on the composition of organic acids of wines

2020 ◽  
pp. 174-178
Author(s):  
Ирина Валериевна Пескова ◽  
Елена Викторовна Остроухова ◽  
Наталия Юрьевна Луткова ◽  
Ольга Владимировна Зайцева ◽  
Елена Владимировна Иванова
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
Yeast Strain ◽  
Strain Effect ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Wine Production ◽  
Yeast Strains ◽  
Organic Wine ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Grape Varieties

Содержание и состав органических кислот, играющих важную роль в формировании вкуса и аромата вина, во многом зависит от штамма дрожжей. Это позволяет рассматривать микроорганизмы как средство биомодуляции кислотности вин. Целью настоящих исследований являлось изучение комплекса нелетучих органических кислот белых столовых сухих вин из винограда сортов Алиготе, Кокур белый и Мускат белый, полученных с использованием шести штаммов дрожжей рода Saccharomyces. Анализ комплекса органических кислот вин осуществляли с использованием ВЭЖХ. Показано, что, несмотря на превалирующую роль сорта винограда в формировании комплекса органических кислот, титруемой и активной кислотности вина, штамм дрожжей также влияет на его формирование. Выявлены особенности комплекса органических кислот вин, полученных на разных штаммах: высокая доля яблочной (33%) и молочной (16%) кислот в винах, полученных соответственно на штаммах Мускат венгерский и Судак; высокая концентрация янтарной кислоты в винах, полученных на штаммах Ленинградская и Мускат венгерский - 1,38 и 1,18 г/дм соответственно, и низкая 0,83 г/дм - на штамме Судак. Полученные результаты послужат базисом в исследованиях по биомодуляции состава органических кислот путем использования разных штаммов дрожжей, как одного из факторов снижения доз диоксида серы в аспекте производства винопродукции с органическим статусом. The content and composition of organic acids, playing an important role in the formation of wine taste and aroma, largely depend on the yeast strain. It allows us to consider microorganisms as a resource of biomodulation of wine acidity. The purpose of this research was to study the complex of nonvolatile organic acids of white table dry wines made of ‘Aligote’, ‘Kokur Belyi’ and ‘Muscat Blanc’ grape varieties obtained using six strains of the Saccharomyces yeast species. The analysis of the complex of organic acid of wines was carried out using HPLC. It was shown that, despite the predominating role of grape varieties in the formation of organic acids complex, titratable and active acidity of wine, the yeast strain was also effecting its formation. The features of the complex of organic acids of wines obtained with different strains were revealed: high proportion of malic (33%) and lactic (16%) acids in wines obtained respectively with strains ‘Muscat Vengerskiy’ and ‘Sudak’; high concentration of succinic acid in wines obtained with strains ‘Leningradskaya’ and ‘Muscat Vengerskiy” - 1.38 and 1.18 g/dm, respectively, and low 0.83 g/dm with the strain ‘Sudak’. The results obtained will serve as a basis for research of biomodulation of the composition of organic acids by using different yeast strains as one of the factors of reducing the dosage of sulfur dioxide in the aspect of organic wine production.

scholarly journals Effect of Isomixing on Grape Must Fermentations of ATF1–Overexpressing Wine Yeast Strains

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 717
Author(s):  
Niël van Wyk ◽  
Florian Michling ◽  
Dennis Bergamo ◽  
Sylvia Brezina ◽  
Isak S. Pretorius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Benefit ◽  
Wine Yeast ◽  
Sparkling Wine ◽  
Wine Production ◽  
Grape Must ◽  
Yeast Strains ◽  
Volatile Aroma ◽  
Fermentation Parameters ◽  
Grape Must Fermentation ◽  
Wine Bottle

Speeding up grape must fermentation would be of great economic benefit. We subjected Saccharomyces cerevisiae VIN13 and two recombinant VIN13-strains expressing ATF1 alleles under two different promoters (either PGK1 or HXT7) to four styles of grape must fermentations; we then assessed the effect of constantly stirring a must fermentation (isomixing). The four different fermentation setups were as follows: isomixed, closed in an ANKOM Rf Gas productions system; isomixed, open in a stirred tall tube cylinder; static, closed constituting a conventional fermentation in a wine bottle equipped with an airlock and static; and static, open in a tall tube cylinder (without stirring). We report on major fermentation parameters and the volatile aroma compositions generated in the finished wines. The primary fermentations of the strains subjected to constant stirring finished after 7 days, whereas the static fermentations reached dryness after 19 days. The wines derived from isomixed fermentations produced approximately 0.7% less ethanol compared to the unstirred fermentations. The speed that the isomixed fermentation took to reach completion may provide an alternative to static fermentations in the preparation of base wines for sparkling wine production. The observed increase of volatiles of isomixed fermentations merits further investigation.

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