scholarly journals Shewanella spp. Use Acetate as an Electron Donor for Denitrification but Not Ferric Iron or Fumarate Reduction

2013 ◽  
Vol 79 (8) ◽  
pp. 2818-2822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sukhwan Yoon ◽  
Robert A. Sanford ◽  
Frank E. Löffler
Keyword(s):  
Electron Donor ◽  
Electron Acceptor ◽  
Iron Reduction ◽  
Ferric Iron ◽  
Acetate Oxidation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Anoxic Conditions ◽  
Fumarate Reduction

ABSTRACTLactate but not acetate oxidation was reported to support electron acceptor reduction byShewanellaspp. under anoxic conditions. We demonstrate that the denitrifiersShewanella loihicastrain PV-4 andShewanella denitrificansOS217 utilize acetate as an electron donor for denitrification but not for fumarate or ferric iron reduction.

scholarly journals Vibrio cholerae VciB Mediates Iron Reduction

2017 ◽  
Vol 199 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric D. Peng ◽  
Shelley M. Payne
Keyword(s):  
Electron Transport ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Ferrous Iron ◽  
Electron Transport Chain ◽  
Iron Reduction ◽  
Iron Transport ◽  
Ferric Iron ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Transport Chain

ABSTRACT Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of the severe diarrheal disease cholera. V. cholerae thrives within the human host, where it replicates to high numbers, but it also persists within the aquatic environments of ocean and brackish water. To survive within these nutritionally diverse environments, V. cholerae must encode the necessary tools to acquire the essential nutrient iron in all forms it may encounter. A prior study of systems involved in iron transport in V. cholerae revealed the existence of vciB, which, while unable to directly transport iron, stimulates the transport of iron through ferrous (Fe2+) iron transport systems. We demonstrate here a role for VciB in V. cholerae in which VciB stimulates the reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+, which can be subsequently transported into the cell with the ferrous iron transporter Feo. Iron reduction is independent of functional iron transport but is associated with the electron transport chain. Comparative analysis of VciB orthologs suggests a similar role for other proteins in the VciB family. Our data indicate that VciB is a dimer located in the inner membrane with three transmembrane segments and a large periplasmic loop. Directed mutagenesis of the protein reveals two highly conserved histidine residues required for function. Taken together, our results support a model whereby VciB reduces ferric iron using energy from the electron transport chain. IMPORTANCE Vibrio cholerae is a prolific human pathogen and environmental organism. The acquisition of essential nutrients such as iron is critical for replication, and V. cholerae encodes a number of mechanisms to use iron from diverse environments. Here, we describe the V. cholerae protein VciB that increases the reduction of oxidized ferric iron (Fe3+) to the ferrous form (Fe2+), thus promoting iron acquisition through ferrous iron transporters. Analysis of VciB orthologs in Burkholderia and Aeromonas spp. suggest that they have a similar activity, allowing a functional assignment for this previously uncharacterized protein family. This study builds upon our understanding of proteins known to mediate iron reduction in bacteria.

scholarly journals Reductive Dehalogenation of Trichloroacetic Acid byTrichlorobacter thiogenes gen. nov., sp. nov

2000 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 2297-2301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helene De Wever ◽  
James R. Cole ◽  
Michael R. Fettig ◽  
Deborah A. Hogan ◽  
James M. Tiedje
Keyword(s):  
Electron Donor ◽  
Reductive Dechlorination ◽  
Trichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Doubling Time ◽  
Ferric Iron ◽  
Physiological Characteristics ◽  
Reductive Dehalogenation ◽  
Redox Cycle ◽  
Acetate Oxidation

ABSTRACT A bacterium able to grow via reductive dechlorination of trichloroacetate was isolated from anaerobic soil enrichments. The isolate, designated strain K1, is a member of the δ proteobacteria and is related to other known sulfur and ferric iron reducers. In anaerobic mineral media supplemented with acetate and trichloroacetate, its doubling time was 6 h. Alternative electron donor and acceptors were acetoin and sulfur or fumarate, respectively. Trichloroacetate dehalogenation activity was constitutively present, and the dechlorination product was dichloroacetate and chloride. Trichloroacetate conversion seemed to be coupled to a novel sulfur-sulfide redox cycle, which shuttled electrons from acetate oxidation to trichloroacetate reduction. In view of its unique physiological characteristics, the name Trichlorobacter thiogenes is suggested for strain K1.

scholarly journals Paludibaculum fermentans gen. nov., sp. nov., a facultative anaerobe capable of dissimilatory iron reduction from subdivision 3 of the Acidobacteria

2014 ◽  
Vol 64 (Pt_8) ◽  
pp. 2857-2864 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina S. Kulichevskaya ◽  
Natalia E. Suzina ◽  
W. Irene C. Rijpstra ◽  
Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté ◽  
Svetlana N. Dedysh
Keyword(s):  
Type Species ◽  
Iron Reduction ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Anoxic Conditions ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Dissimilatory Iron Reduction ◽  
Novel Genus And Species ◽  
Northern Russia

A facultatively anaerobic, non-pigmented, non-spore-forming bacterium was isolated from a littoral wetland of a boreal lake located on Valaam Island, northern Russia, and designated strain P105T. Cells of this isolate were Gram-negative, non-motile rods coated by S-layers with p2 lattice symmetry. Sugars were the preferred growth substrates. Under anoxic conditions, strain P105T was capable of fermentation and dissimilatory Fe(III) reduction. End products of fermentation were acetate, propionate and H2. Strain P105T was a mildly acidophilic, mesophilic organism, capable of growth at pH 4.0–7.2 (optimum pH 5.5–6.0) and at 4–35 °C (optimum at 20–28 °C). The major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0 and C16 : 1ω7c; the cells also contained significant amounts of 13,16-dimethyl octacosanedioic acid (isodiabolic acid). The major polar lipids were phosphocholine and phosphoethanolamine; the quinone was MK-8. The G+C content of the DNA was 60.5 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain P105T belongs to subdivision 3 of the Acidobacteria and is only distantly related (90 % sequence similarity) to the only currently characterized member of this subdivision, Bryobacter aggregatus . The novel isolate differs from Bryobacter aggregatus in its cell morphology and ability to grow under anoxic conditions and in the presence of iron- and nitrate-reducing capabilities as well as quinone and polar lipid compositions. These differences suggest that strain P105T represents a novel genus and species, for which the name Paludibaculum fermentans gen. nov., sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain of Paludibaculum fermentans is P105T ( = DSM 26340T = VKM B-2878T).

scholarly journals Ferrihydrite-Dependent Growth of Sulfurospirillum deleyianum through Electron Transfer via Sulfur Cycling

2004 ◽  
Vol 70 (10) ◽  
pp. 5744-5749 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina L. Straub ◽  
Bernhard Schink
Keyword(s):  
Electron Acceptor ◽  
Ferrous Iron ◽  
Iron Reduction ◽  
Ferric Iron ◽  
Sulfide Oxidation ◽  
Microbial Reduction ◽  
Sulfur Cycle ◽  
Sulfur Cycling ◽  
Sulfur Source ◽  
Sulfur Species

ABSTRACT Observations in enrichment cultures of ferric iron-reducing bacteria indicated that ferrihydrite was reduced to ferrous iron minerals via sulfur cycling with sulfide as the reductant. Ferric iron reduction via sulfur cycling was investigated in more detail with Sulfurospirillum deleyianum, which can utilize sulfur or thiosulfate as an electron acceptor. In the presence of cysteine (0.5 or 2 mM) as the sole sulfur source, no (microbial) reduction of ferrihydrite or ferric citrate was observed, indicating that S. deleyianum is unable to use ferric iron as an immediate electron acceptor. However, with thiosulfate at a low concentration (0.05 mM), growth with ferrihydrite (6 mM) was possible and sulfur was cycled up to 60 times. Also, spatially distant ferrihydrite in agar cultures was reduced via diffusible sulfur species. Due to the low concentrations of thiosulfate, S. deleyianum produced only small amounts of sulfide. Obviously, sulfide delivered electrons to ferrihydrite with no or only little precipitation of black iron sulfides. Ferrous iron and oxidized sulfur species were produced instead, and the latter served again as the electron acceptor. These oxidized sulfur species have not yet been identified. However, sulfate and sulfite cannot be major products of ferrihydrite-dependent sulfide oxidation, since neither compound can serve as an electron acceptor for S. deleyianum. Instead, sulfur (elemental S or polysulfides) and/or thiosulfate as oxidized products could complete a sulfur cycle-mediated reduction of ferrihydrite.

scholarly journals Geobacter soli sp. nov., a dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing bacterium isolated from forest soil

2014 ◽  
Vol 64 (Pt_11) ◽  
pp. 3786-3791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shungui Zhou ◽  
Guiqin Yang ◽  
Qin Lu ◽  
Min Wu
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soil ◽  
Electron Donor ◽  
Electron Acceptor ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Geobacter Sulfurreducens ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
Strictly Anaerobic ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Physiological Tests

A novel Fe(III)-reducing bacterium, designated GSS01T, was isolated from a forest soil sample using a liquid medium containing acetate and ferrihydrite as electron donor and electron acceptor, respectively. Cells of strain GSS01T were strictly anaerobic, Gram-stain-negative, motile, non-spore-forming and slightly curved rod-shaped. Growth occurred at 16–40 °C and optimally at 30 °C. The DNA G+C content was 60.9 mol%. The major respiratory quinone was MK-8. The major fatty acids were C16 : 0, C18 : 0 and C16 : 1ω7c/C16 : 1ω6c. Strain GSS01T was able to grow with ferrihydrite, Fe(III) citrate, Mn(IV), sulfur, nitrate or anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate, but not with fumarate, as sole electron acceptor when acetate was the sole electron donor. The isolate was able to utilize acetate, ethanol, glucose, lactate, butyrate, pyruvate, benzoate, benzaldehyde, m-cresol and phenol but not toluene, p-cresol, propionate, malate or succinate as sole electron donor when ferrihydrite was the sole electron acceptor. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain GSS01T was most closely related to Geobacter sulfurreducens PCAT (98.3 % sequence similarity) and exhibited low similarities (94.9–91.8 %) to the type strains of other species of the genus Geobacter . The DNA–DNA relatedness between strain GSS01T and G. sulfurreducens PCAT was 41.4±1.1 %. On the basis of phylogenetic analysis, phenotypic characterization and physiological tests, strain GSS01T is believed to represent a novel species of the genus Geobacter , and the name Geobacter soli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is GSS01T ( = KCTC 4545T = MCCC 1K00269T).

scholarly journals A NovelShewanellaIsolate Enhances Corrosion by Using Metallic Iron as the Electron Donor with Fumarate as the Electron Acceptor

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (20) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jo Philips ◽  
Niels Van den Driessche ◽  
Kim De Paepe ◽  
Antonin Prévoteau ◽  
Jeffrey A. Gralnick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Electron Donor ◽  
Electron Acceptor ◽  
Metallic Iron ◽  
Hydrogen Generation ◽  
Formation Rate ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Hydrogen Formation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Reducing Properties

ABSTRACTThe involvement ofShewanellaspp. in biocorrosion is often attributed to their Fe(III)-reducing properties, but they could also affect corrosion by using metallic iron as an electron donor. Previously, we isolatedShewanellastrain 4t3-1-2LB from an acetogenic community enriched with Fe(0) as the sole electron donor. Here, we investigated its use of Fe(0) as an electron donor with fumarate as an electron acceptor and explored its corrosion-enhancing mechanism. Without Fe(0), strain 4t3-1-2LB fermented fumarate to succinate and CO2, as was shown by the reaction stoichiometry and pH. With Fe(0), strain 4t3-1-2LB completely reduced fumarate to succinate and increased the Fe(0) corrosion rate (7.0 ± 0.6)-fold in comparison to that of abiotic controls (based on the succinate-versus-abiotic hydrogen formation rate). Fumarate reduction by strain 4t3-1-2LB was, at least in part, supported by chemical hydrogen formation on Fe(0). Filter-sterilized spent medium increased the hydrogen generation rate only 1.5-fold, and thus extracellular hydrogenase enzymes appear to be insufficient to explain the enhanced corrosion rate. Electrochemical measurements suggested that strain 4t3-1-2LB did not excrete dissolved redox mediators. Exchanging the medium and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging indicated that cells were attached to Fe(0). It is possible that strain 4t3-1-2LB used a direct mechanism to withdraw electrons from Fe(0) or favored chemical hydrogen formation on Fe(0) through maintaining low hydrogen concentrations. In coculture with anAcetobacteriumstrain, strain 4t3-1-2LB did not enhance acetogenesis from Fe(0). This work describes a strong corrosion enhancement by aShewanellastrain through its use of Fe(0) as an electron donor and provides insights into its corrosion-enhancing mechanism.IMPORTANCEShewanellaspp. are frequently found on corroded metal structures. Their role in microbial influenced corrosion has been attributed mainly to their Fe(III)-reducing properties and, therefore, has been studied with the addition of an electron donor (lactate).Shewanellaspp., however, can also use solid electron donors, such as cathodes and potentially Fe(0). In this work, we show that the electron acceptor fumarate supported the use of Fe(0) as the electron donor byShewanellastrain 4t3-1-2LB, which caused a (7.0 ± 0.6)-fold increase of the corrosion rate. The corrosion-enhancing mechanism likely involved cell surface-associated components in direct contact with the Fe(0) surface or maintenance of low hydrogen levels by attached cells, thereby favoring chemical hydrogen formation by Fe(0). This work sheds new light on the role ofShewanellaspp. in biocorrosion, while the insights into the corrosion-enhancing mechanism contribute to the understanding of extracellular electron uptake processes.

scholarly journals Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium (DNRA) and Denitrification Pathways Are Leveraged by Cyclic AMP Receptor Protein (CRP) Paralogues Based on Electron Donor/Acceptor Limitation in Shewanella loihica PV-4

2020 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuangyuan Liu ◽  
Jingcheng Dai ◽  
Hehong Wei ◽  
Shuyang Li ◽  
Pei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Carbon Source ◽  
Cyclic Amp ◽  
Electron Donor ◽  
Electron Acceptor ◽  
Nitrite Reductase ◽  
Nitrate Reduction ◽  
Receptor Protein ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction

ABSTRACT Under anoxic conditions, many bacteria, including Shewanella loihica strain PV-4, could use nitrate as an electron acceptor for dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) and/or denitrification. Previous and current studies have shown that DNRA is favored under higher ambient carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratios, whereas denitrification is upregulated under lower C/N ratios, which is consistent with our bioenergetics calculations. Interestingly, computational analyses indicate that the common cyclic AMP receptor protein (designated CRP1) and its paralogue CRP2 might both be involved in the regulation of two competing dissimilatory nitrate reduction pathways, DNRA and denitrification, in S. loihica PV-4 and several other denitrifying Shewanella species. To explore the regulatory mechanism underlying the dissimilatory nitrate reduction (DNR) pathways, nitrate reduction of a series of in-frame deletion mutants was analyzed under different C/N ratios. Deletion of crp1 could accelerate the reduction of nitrite to NO under both low and high C/N ratios. CRP1 is not required for denitrification and actually suppresses production of NO and N2O gases. Deletion of either of the NO-forming nitrite reductase genes nirK or crp2 blocked production of NO gas. Furthermore, real-time PCR and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) demonstrated that the transcription levels of DNRA-relevant genes such as nap-β (napDABGH), nrfA, and cymA were upregulated by CRP1, while nirK transcription was dependent on CRP2. There are tradeoffs between the different physiological roles of nitrate/lactate, as nitrogen nutrient/carbon source and electron acceptor/donor and CRPs may leverage dissimilatory nitrate reduction pathways for maximizing energy yield and bacterial survival under ambient environmental conditions. IMPORTANCE Some microbes utilize different dissimilatory nitrate reduction (DNR) pathways, including DNR to ammonia (DNRA) and denitrification pathways, for anaerobic respiration in response to ambient carbon/nitrogen ratio changes. Large-scale industrial nitrogen fixation and fertilizer application raise the concern of emission of N2O, a stable gas with potent global warming potential, as consequence of microbial respiration, thereby aggravating global warming and climate change. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism underlying the choice of two competing DNR pathways. We demonstrate that the global regulator CRP1, which is widely encoded in bacteria, is required for DNRA in S. loihica PV-4 strain, while the CRP2 paralogue is required for transcription of the nitrite reductase gene nirK for denitrification. Sufficient carbon source lead to the predominance of DNRA, while carbon source/electron donor deficiency may result in an incomplete denitrification process, raising the concern of high levels of N2O emission from nitrate-rich and carbon source-poor waters and soils.

scholarly journals Extracellular Electron Transfer: Respiratory or Nutrient Homeostasis?

2020 ◽  
Vol 202 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars J. C. Jeuken ◽  
Kiel Hards ◽  
Yoshio Nakatani
Keyword(s):  
Electron Transfer ◽  
Iron Reduction ◽  
Ferric Iron ◽  
Shewanella Oneidensis ◽  
Geobacter Sulfurreducens ◽  
Extracellular Electron Transfer ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Nutrient Homeostasis

ABSTRACT Exoelectrogens are able to transfer electrons extracellularly, enabling them to respire on insoluble terminal electron acceptors. Extensively studied exoelectrogens, such as Geobacter sulfurreducens and Shewanella oneidensis, are Gram negative. More recently, it has been reported that Gram-positive bacteria, such as Listeria monocytogenes and Enterococcus faecalis, also exhibit the ability to transfer electrons extracellularly, although it is still unclear whether this has a function in respiration or in redox control of the environment, for instance, by reducing ferric iron for iron uptake. In this issue of Journal of Bacteriology, Hederstedt and colleagues report on experiments that directly compare extracellular electron transfer (EET) pathways for ferric iron reduction and respiration and find a clear difference (L. Hederstedt, L. Gorton, and G. Pankratova, J Bacteriol 202:e00725-19, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.00725-19), providing further insights and new questions into the function and metabolic pathways of EET in Gram-positive bacteria.

scholarly journals Concurrent Haloalkanoate Degradation and Chlorate Reduction by Pseudomonas chloritidismutans AW-1T

2017 ◽  
Vol 83 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Peng ◽  
Ying Zheng ◽  
Jasper J. Koehorst ◽  
Peter J. Schaap ◽  
Alfons J. M. Stams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Donor ◽  
Electron Acceptor ◽  
Inorganic Compounds ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Halogenated Compounds ◽  
Metabolic Potential ◽  
Haloacid Dehalogenase ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Donor And Acceptor

ABSTRACT Haloalkanoates are environmental pollutants that can be degraded aerobically by microorganisms producing hydrolytic dehalogenases. However, there is a lack of information about the anaerobic degradation of haloalkanoates. Genome analysis of Pseudomonas chloritidismutans AW-1T, a facultative anaerobic chlorate-reducing bacterium, showed the presence of two putative haloacid dehalogenase genes, the l-DEX gene and dehI, encoding an l-2-haloacid dehalogenase (l-DEX) and a halocarboxylic acid dehydrogenase (DehI), respectively. Hence, we studied the concurrent degradation of haloalkanoates and chlorate as a yet-unexplored trait of strain AW-1T. The deduced amino acid sequences of l-DEX and DehI revealed 33 to 37% and 26 to 86% identities with biochemically/structurally characterized l-DEX and the d- and dl-2-haloacid dehalogenase enzymes, respectively. Physiological experiments confirmed that strain AW-1T can grow on chloroacetate, bromoacetate, and both l- and d-α-halogenated propionates with chlorate as an electron acceptor. Interestingly, growth and haloalkanoate degradation were generally faster with chlorate as an electron acceptor than with oxygen as an electron acceptor. In line with this, analyses of l-DEX and DehI dehalogenase activities using cell-free extract (CFE) of strain AW-1T grown on dl-2-chloropropionate under chlorate-reducing conditions showed up to 3.5-fold higher dehalogenase activity than the CFE obtained from AW-1T cells grown on dl-2-chloropropionate under aerobic conditions. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR showed that the l-DEX gene was expressed constitutively independently of the electron donor (haloalkanoates or acetate) or acceptor (chlorate or oxygen), whereas the expression of dehI was induced by haloalkanoates. Concurrent degradation of organic and inorganic halogenated compounds by strain AW-1T represents a unique metabolic capacity in a single bacterium, providing a new piece of the puzzle of the microbial halogen cycle. IMPORTANCE Halogenated organic and inorganic compounds are important environmental pollutants that have carcinogenic and genotoxic effects on both animals and humans. Previous research studied the degradation of organic and inorganic halogenated compounds separately but not concurrently. This study shows concurrent degradation of halogenated alkanoates and chlorate as an electron donor and acceptor, respectively, coupled to growth in a single bacterium, Pseudomonas chloritidismutans AW-1T. Hence, besides biogenesis of molecular oxygen from chlorate reduction enabling a distinctive placement of strain AW-1T between aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms, we can now add another unique metabolic potential of this bacterium to the roster. The degradation of different halogenated compounds under anoxic conditions by a single bacterium is also of interest for the natural halogen cycle in different aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems where ample natural production of halogenated compounds has been documented.

scholarly journals Isolation of Acetogenic Bacteria That Induce Biocorrosion by Utilizing Metallic Iron as the Sole Electron Donor

2014 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Souichiro Kato ◽  
Isao Yumoto ◽  
Yoichi Kamagata
Keyword(s):  
Electron Donor ◽  
Metallic Iron ◽  
Methanogenic Archaea ◽  
Community Analysis ◽  
Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion ◽  
Microbial Community Analysis ◽  
Iron Corrosion ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Anoxic Conditions ◽  
Acetogenic Bacteria

ABSTRACTCorrosion of iron occurring under anoxic conditions, which is termed microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) or biocorrosion, is mostly caused by microbial activities. Microbial activity that enhances corrosion via uptake of electrons from metallic iron [Fe(0)] has been regarded as one of the major causative factors. In addition to sulfate-reducing bacteria and methanogenic archaea in marine environments, acetogenic bacteria in freshwater environments have recently been suggested to cause MIC under anoxic conditions. However, no microorganisms that perform acetogenesis-dependent MIC have been isolated or had their MIC-inducing mechanisms characterized. Here, we enriched and isolated acetogenic bacteria that induce iron corrosion by utilizing Fe(0) as the sole electron donor under freshwater, sulfate-free, and anoxic conditions. The enriched communities produced significantly larger amounts of Fe(II) than the abiotic controls and produced acetate coupled with Fe(0) oxidation prior to CH4production. Microbial community analysis revealed thatSporomusasp. andDesulfovibriosp. dominated in the enrichments. Strain GT1, which is closely related to the acetogenSporomusa sphaeroides, was eventually isolated from the enrichment. Strain GT1 grew acetogenetically with Fe(0) as the sole electron donor and enhanced iron corrosion, which is the first demonstration of MIC mediated by a pure culture of an acetogen. Other well-known acetogenic bacteria, includingSporomusa ovataandAcetobacteriumspp., did not grow well on Fe(0). These results indicate that very few species of acetogens have specific mechanisms to efficiently utilize cathodic electrons derived from Fe(0) oxidation and induce iron corrosion.

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