scholarly journals Long-Term Study of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Prevalence and Distribution in New Zealand Shellfish

2015 ◽  
Vol 81 (7) ◽  
pp. 2320-2327 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. Cruz ◽  
D. Hedderley ◽  
G. C. Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Potential Hazard ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The North ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Food Borne

ABSTRACTThe food-borne pathogenVibrio parahaemolyticushas been reported as being present in New Zealand (NZ) seawaters, but there have been no reported outbreaks of food-borne infection from commercially grown NZ seafood. Our study determined the current incidence ofV. parahaemolyticusin NZ oysters and Greenshell mussels and the prevalence ofV. parahaemolyticustdhandtrhstrains. Pacific (235) and dredge (21) oyster samples and mussel samples (55) were obtained from commercial shellfish-growing areas between December 2009 and June 2012. TotalV. parahaemolyticusnumbers and the presence of pathogenic genestdhandtrhwere determined using the FDA most-probable-number (MPN) method and confirmed using PCR analysis. In samples from the North Island of NZ,V. parahaemolyticuswas detected in 81% of Pacific oysters and 34% of mussel samples, while the numbers ofV. parahaemolyticustdhandtrhstrains were low, with just 3/215 Pacific oyster samples carrying thetdhgene.V. parahaemolyticusorganisms carryingtdhandtrhwere not detected in South Island samples, andV. parahaemolyticuswas detected in just 1/21 dredge oyster and 2/16 mussel samples. Numbers ofV. parahaemolyticusorganisms increased when seawater temperatures were high, the season when most commercial shellfish-growing areas are not harvested. The numbers ofV. parahaemolyticusorganisms in samples exceeded 1,000 MPN/g only when the seawater temperatures exceeded 19°C, so this environmental parameter could be used as a trigger warning of potential hazard. There is some evidence that the totalV. parahaemolyticusnumbers increased compared with those reported from a previous 1981 to 1984 study, but the analytical methods differed significantly.

scholarly journals Rapid Proliferation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus, and Vibrio cholerae during Freshwater Flash Floods in French Mediterranean Coastal Lagoons

2015 ◽  
Vol 81 (21) ◽  
pp. 7600-7609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Esteves ◽  
Dominique Hervio-Heath ◽  
Thomas Mosser ◽  
Claire Rodier ◽  
Marie-George Tournoud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽  
Vibrio Vulnificus ◽  
Coastal Lagoons ◽  
Flash Floods ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Abrupt Decrease ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACTVibrio parahaemolyticus,Vibrio vulnificus, andVibrio choleraeof the non-O1/non-O139 serotype are present in coastal lagoons of southern France. In these Mediterranean regions, the rivers have long low-flow periods followed by short-duration or flash floods during and after heavy intense rainstorms, particularly at the end of the summer and in autumn. These floods bring large volumes of freshwater into the lagoons, reducing their salinity. Water temperatures recorded during sampling (15 to 24°C) were favorable for the presence and multiplication of vibrios. In autumn 2011, before heavy rainfalls and flash floods, salinities ranged from 31.4 to 36.1‰ and concentrations ofV. parahaemolyticus,V. vulnificus, andV. choleraevaried from 0 to 1.5 × 103most probable number (MPN)/liter, 0.7 to 2.1 × 103MPN/liter, and 0 to 93 MPN/liter, respectively. Following heavy rainstorms that generated severe flash flooding and heavy discharge of freshwater, salinity decreased, reaching 2.2 to 16.4‰ within 15 days, depending on the site, with a concomitant increase inVibrioconcentration to ca. 104MPN/liter. The highest concentrations were reached with salinities between 10 and 20‰ forV. parahaemolyticus, 10 and 15‰ forV. vulnificus, and 5 and 12‰ forV. cholerae. Thus, an abrupt decrease in salinity caused by heavy rainfall and major flooding favored growth of human-pathogenicVibriospp. and their proliferation in the Languedocian lagoons. Based on these results, it is recommended that temperature and salinity monitoring be done to predict the presence of theseVibriospp. in shellfish-harvesting areas of the lagoons.

scholarly journals Effects of Intertidal Harvest Practices on Levels of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus Bacteria in Oysters

2016 ◽  
Vol 82 (15) ◽  
pp. 4517-4522 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Jones ◽  
T. P. Kinsey ◽  
L. W. Johnson ◽  
R. Porso ◽  
B. Friedman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Jersey ◽  
Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽  
Vibrio Vulnificus ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
The United States ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Handling Practices

ABSTRACTVibrio parahaemolyticusandVibrio vulnificuscan grow rapidly in shellfish subjected to ambient air conditions, such as during intertidal exposure. In this study, levels of total and pathogenic (tdh+and/ortrh+)V. parahaemolyticusand totalV. vulnificuswere determined in oysters collected from two study locations where intertidal harvest practices are common. Samples were collected directly off intertidal flats, after exposure (ambient air [Washington State] or refrigerated [New Jersey]), and after reimmersion by natural tidal cycles. Samples were processed using a most-probable-number (MPN) real-time PCR method for total and pathogenicV. parahaemolyticusorV. vulnificus. In Washington State, the mean levels ofV. parahaemolyticusincreased 1.38 log MPN/g following intertidal exposure and dropped 1.41 log MPN/g after reimmersion for 1 day, but the levels were dependent upon the container type utilized. PathogenicV. parahaemolyticuslevels followed a similar trend. However,V. vulnificuslevels increased 0.10 log MPN/g during intertidal exposure in Washington but decreased by >1 log MPN/g after reimmersion. In New Jersey, initial levels of all vibrios studied were not significantly altered during the refrigerated sorting and containerizing process. However, there was an increase in levels after the first day of reimmersion by 0.79, 0.72, 0.92, and 0.71 log MPN/g for total,tdh+andtrh+V. parahaemolyticus, andV. vulnificus, respectively. The levels of all targets decreased to those similar to background after a second day of reimmersion. These data indicate that the intertidal harvest and handling practices for oysters that were studied in Washington and New Jersey do not increase the risk of illness fromV. parahaemolyticusorV. vulnificus.IMPORTANCEVibrio parahaemolyticusandVibrio vulnificusare the leading causes of seafood-associated infectious morbidity and mortality in the United States.Vibriospp. can grow rapidly in shellfish subjected to ambient air conditions, such as during periods of intertidal exposure. When oysters are submersed with the incoming tide, the vibrios can be purged. However, data on the rates of increase and purging during intertidal harvest are scarce, which limits the accuracy of risk assessments. The objective of this study was to help fill these data gaps by determining the levels of total and pathogenic (tdh+and/ortrh+)V. parahaemolyticusandV. vulnificusin oysters from two locations where intertidal harvest practices are common, using the current industry practices. The data generated provide insight into the responses ofVibriospp. to relevant practices of the industry and public health, which can be incorporated into risk management decisions.

scholarly journals Genetic Markers for Rapid PCR-Based Identification of Gull, Canada Goose, Duck, and Chicken Fecal Contamination in Water

2011 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 503-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyatt C. Green ◽  
Linda K. Dick ◽  
Brent Gilpin ◽  
Mansour Samadpour ◽  
Katharine G. Field
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Fecal Contamination ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Content Type ◽  
16S Rna ◽  
Pcr Assays

ABSTRACTAvian feces contaminate waterways but contribute fewer human pathogens than human sources. Rapid identification and quantification of avian contamination would therefore be useful to prevent overestimation of human health risk. We used subtractive hybridization of PCR-amplified gull fecal 16S RNA genes to identify avian-specific fecal rRNA gene sequences. The subtracters were rRNA genes amplified from human, dog, cat, cow, and pig feces. Recovered sequences were related toEnterobacteriaceae(47%),Helicobacter(26%),Catellicoccus(11%),Fusobacterium(11%), andCampylobacter(5%). Three PCR assays, designated GFB, GFC, and GFD, were based on recovered sequence fragments. Quantitative PCR assays for GFC and GFD were developed using SYBR green. GFC detected down to 0.1 mg gull feces/100 ml (corresponding to 2 gull enterococci most probable number [MPN]/100 ml). GFD detected down to 0.1 mg chicken feces/100 ml (corresponding to 13Escherichia coliMPN/100 ml). GFB and GFC were 97% and 94% specific to gulls, respectively. GFC cross-reacted with 35% of sheep samples but occurred at about 100,000 times lower concentrations in sheep. GFD was 100% avian specific and occurred in gulls, geese, chickens, and ducks. In the United States, Canada, and New Zealand, the three markers differed in their geographic distributions but were found across the range tested. These assays detected four important bird groups contributing to fecal contamination of waterways: gulls, geese, ducks, and chickens. Marker distributions across North America and in New Zealand suggest that they will have broad applicability in other parts of the world as well.

Pathogenic Vibrio Species in Dutch Shellfish Destined for Direct Human Consumption

2010 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 734-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
FRANCISKA M. SCHETS ◽  
HAROLD H. J. L. van den BERG ◽  
SASKIA A. RUTJES ◽  
ANA MARIA de RODA HUSMAN
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽  
Vibrio Species ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Gastrointestinal Infections ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
The North ◽  
Pathogenic Vibrio ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Production Areas

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a common cause of shellfish-related gastroenteritis all over the world. V. parahaemolyticus and Vibrio alginolyticus have previously been detected in water samples from the Oosterschelde, a large inlet on the North Sea, which is used for both recreational purposes and shellfish production. In 2006, oysters (Crassostrea gigas) from a noncommercial oyster bed in the Oosterschelde and oysters bought in Dutch fish shops were tested for the presence of pathogenic Vibrio species; in 2007 and 2008, oysters (C. gigas) and mussels (Mytilus edulis) from Oosterschelde production areas were examined. Total Vibrio numbers were related to water temperatures to study joint patterns. Vibrio was found in oysters and mussels from the production areas, and levels ranged from 6 to 622 most probable number (MPN) per g in oysters and 6 to 62 MPN/g in mussels. Vibrio levels in oysters from fish shops were 231 to >333 MPN/g, whereas levels in noncommercial oysters ranged from 231 to >2,398 MPN/g. About 80% of the isolated strains were V. alginolyticus, and approximately 10% were identified as V. parahaemolyticus. Vibrio counts in shellfish samples increased with increasing water temperature and declined when water temperatures dropped; Vibrio was not detected when water temperatures declined to <13.5°C. Based on the obtained results and the known high V. parahaemolyticus dose (<104 cells per serving of oysters) required for infection, it is concluded that the risk of gastrointestinal infections with V. parahaemolyticus through consumption of shellfish from the Oosterschelde production sites is presumably low.

scholarly journals Detection and Quantification of Total and Pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Anadara subcrenata in the Zhoushan Archipelago

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bing Wu ◽  
Hongxia Gong ◽  
Hui Zhang ◽  
Jiabei Chen ◽  
Hongling Wang
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Retail Markets ◽  
Pathogenic Vibrio ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Positive Rate ◽  
Pcr Method ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Zhoushan Archipelago

This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of total and pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Anadara subcrenata sampled from aquafarms and retail markets in the Zhoushan islands during June 2013 to March 2015, using the most probable number-polymerase chain reaction (MPN-PCR) method. Total V. parahaemolyticus was detected in 265 (83.86%) samples with the density 0.3 to 2400 MPN/g. In total, 30.70% and 17.41% of the samples exceeded 100 MPN/g and 1,000 MPN/g, respectively. Both highest positive rate (98.99%) and highest prevalence (median = 210.0 MPN/g) were recorded in summer. Samples from aquafarms had a higher positive rate and median than those from retail markets. Pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus was detected both in aquafarms and retail markets in all seasons but not in winter. Among the 265 tlh-positive samples, 20 (7.55%) of the samples harbored tdh, and 5 (1.89%) of the samples harbored both tdh and trh. These results indicate that the Zhoushan archipelago is severely contaminated with V. parahaemolyticus in Anadara subcrenata; these results are applicable in risk assessment and to control the risk of food-borne disease caused by V. parahaemolyticus.

scholarly journals Seasonal and Geographical Differences in Total and Pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus Levels in Seawater and Oysters from the Delaware and Chesapeake Bays Determined Using Several Methods

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (23) ◽  
Author(s):  
Salina Parveen ◽  
John Jacobs ◽  
Gulnihal Ozbay ◽  
Lathadevi K. Chintapenta ◽  
Esam Almuhaideb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chesapeake Bay ◽  
Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽  
Vibrio Vulnificus ◽  
Seawater Temperature ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Delaware Bay ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Pathogenic Vibrio

ABSTRACT Oyster and seawater samples were collected from five sites in the Chesapeake Bay, MD, and three sites in the Delaware Bay, DE, from May to October 2016 and 2017. Abundances and detection frequencies for total and pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus were compared using the standard most-probable-number–PCR (MPN-PCR) assay and a direct-plating (DP) method on CHROMagar Vibrio for total (tlh+) and pathogenic (tdh+ and trh+) V. parahaemolyticus genes and total (vvhA) and pathogenic (vcgC) V. vulnificus genes. The colony overlay procedure for peptidases (COPP) assay was evaluated for total Vibrionaceae. DP had high false-negative rates (14 to 77%) for most PCR targets and was deemed unsatisfactory. Logistic regression models of the COPP assay showed high concordances with MPN-PCR for tdh+ and trh+ V. parahaemolyticus and vvhA+ V. vulnificus in oysters (85.7 to 90.9%) and seawater (81.1 to 92.7%) when seawater temperature and salinity were factored into the model, suggesting that the COPP assay could potentially serve as a more rapid method to detect vibrios in oysters and seawater. Differences in total Vibrionaceae and pathogenic Vibrio abundances between state sampling sites over different collection years were contrasted for oysters and seawater by MPN-PCR. Abundances of tdh+ and trh+ V. parahaemolyticus were ∼8-fold higher in Delaware oysters than in Maryland oysters, whereas abundances of vcgC+ V. vulnificus were nearly identical. For Delaware oysters, 93.5% were both tdh+ and trh+, compared to only 19.2% in Maryland. These results indicate that pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus was more prevalent in the Delaware Bay than in the Chesapeake Bay. IMPORTANCE While V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus cause shellfish-associated morbidity and mortality among shellfish consumers, current regulatory assays for vibrios are complex, time-consuming, labor-intensive, and relatively expensive. In this study, the rapid, simple, and inexpensive COPP assay was identified as a possible alternative to MPN-PCR for shellfish monitoring. This paper shows differences in total Vibrionaceae and pathogenic vibrios found in seawater and oysters from the commercially important Delaware and Chesapeake Bays. Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from the Delaware Bay were more likely to contain commonly recognized pathogenicity genes than those from the Chesapeake Bay.

scholarly journals Longitudinal Study of Total and Pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus (tdh+ and/or trh+) in Two Natural Extraction Areas of Mytilus chilensis in Southern Chile

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Bacian ◽  
Cristobal Verdugo ◽  
Katherine García ◽  
Josu Perez-Larruscain ◽  
Ignacio de Blas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Potential Hazard ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Pathogenic Vibrio ◽  
Interaction Factor

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is the leading cause of seafood-associated bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. Although different studies have focused on its pattern of variation over time, knowledge about the environmental factors driving the dynamics of this pathogen, within the Chilean territory, is still lacking. This study determined the prevalence of total and pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus strains (tdh and/or trh genes) in mussels (Mytilus chilensis) collected from two natural growing areas between 2017 and 2018, using selective agar and PCR analysis. V. parahaemolyticus was detected in 45.6% (93/204) of pooled samples from the Valdivia River Estuary. The pathogenic strains carrying the tdh and/or trh gene were detected in 11.8% (24/204): tdh in 9.8% (20/204), trh in 0.5% (1/204), and 1.5% (3/204) presented both genes. In Reloncaví Fjord, V. parahaemolyticus was detected in 14.4% (30/209) of the samples, pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus carrying the trh gene was detected in 0.5% (1/209) of the samples, while the tdh gene was not detected in the samples from this area. The total count of mauve-purple colonies typical of V. parahaemolyticus on CHROMagar was positively associated by multivariate analysis with area, water temperature, and salinity. Similarly, V. parahaemolyticus detection rates by PCR had a positive correlation with the area and water temperature. The chances of detecting total V. parahaemolyticus in the Valdivia River Estuary are significantly higher than in the Reloncaví Fjord, but inversely, during spring-summer months, the interaction factor between the area and temperature indicated that the chances of detecting V. parahaemolyticus are higher in the Reloncaví Fjord. Interestingly, this period coincides with the season when commercial and natural-growing shellfish are harvested. On the other hand, pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus tdh+ was significantly correlated with an increase of water temperature. These environmental parameters could be used to trigger a warning on potential hazard, which would influence human health and economic losses in aquaculture systems.

Selectivity and Specificity of a Chromogenic Medium for Detecting Vibrio parahaemolyticus†

2005 ◽  
Vol 68 (7) ◽  
pp. 1454-1456 ◽  
Author(s):  
YI-CHENG SU ◽  
JINGYUN DUAN ◽  
WEN-HSIN WU
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽  
Bile Salts ◽  
Vibrio Vulnificus ◽  
Enterobacter Cloacae ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Chromogenic Medium ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Vibrio Fluvialis ◽  
Vibrio Mimicus ◽  
Vibrio Spp

The thiosulfate–citrate–bile salts–sucrose agar (TCBS) used in the most-probable-number method for detecting Vibrio parahaemolyticus cannot differentiate growth of V. parahaemolyticus from Vibrio vulnificus or Vibrio mimicus. This study examined the selectivity and specificity of Bio-Chrome Vibrio medium (BCVM), a chromogenic medium that detects V. parahaemolyticus on the basis of the formation of distinct purple colonies on the medium. A panel consisting of 221 strains of bacteria, including 179 Vibrio spp. and 42 non-Vibrio spp., were examined for their ability to grow and produce colored colonies on BCVM. Growth of Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Aeromonas was inhibited by both BCVM and TCBS. All 148 strains of V. parahaemolyticus grew on BCVM, and 145 of them produced purple colonies. The remaining 31 Vibrio spp., except one strain of Vibrio fluvialis, were either unable to grow or produced blue-green or white colonies on BCVM. Bio-Chrome Vibrio medium was capable of differentiating V. parahaemolyticus from other species, including V. vulnificus and V. mimicus. Further studies are needed to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of BCVM for detecting V. parahaemolyticus in foods.

Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Long Island Oysters

1982 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANTHONY A. TEPEDINO
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽  
Long Island ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Ileal Loop ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Number Range

Twelve of 36 samples of Long Island oysters were found to contain Vibrio parahaemolyticus with a most probable number range of 3.6 to 23 organisms/g. Six of 10 isolates tested were weakly Kanagawa positive. None was pathogenic by the rabbit ileal loop test.

scholarly journals Repeated Anaerobic Microbial Redox Cycling of Iron

2011 ◽  
Vol 77 (17) ◽  
pp. 6036-6042 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron J. Coby ◽  
Flynn Picardal ◽  
Evgenya Shelobolina ◽  
Huifang Xu ◽  
Eric E. Roden
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Redox Cycling ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Analysis ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Floodplain Sediments

ABSTRACTSome nitrate- and Fe(III)-reducing microorganisms are capable of oxidizing Fe(II) with nitrate as the electron acceptor. This enzymatic pathway may facilitate the development of anaerobic microbial communities that take advantage of the energy available during Fe-N redox oscillations. We examined this phenomenon in synthetic Fe(III) oxide (nanocrystalline goethite) suspensions inoculated with microflora from freshwater river floodplain sediments. Nitrate and acetate were added at alternate intervals in order to induce repeated cycles of microbial Fe(III) reduction and nitrate-dependent Fe(II) oxidation. Addition of nitrate to reduced, acetate-depleted suspensions resulted in rapid Fe(II) oxidation and accumulation of ammonium. High-resolution transmission electron microscopic analysis of material from Fe redox cycling reactors showed amorphous coatings on the goethite nanocrystals that were not observed in reactors operated under strictly nitrate- or Fe(III)-reducing conditions. Microbial communities associated with N and Fe redox metabolism were assessed using a combination of most-probable-number enumerations and 16S rRNA gene analysis. The nitrate-reducing and Fe(III)-reducing cultures were dominated by denitrifyingBetaproteobacteria(e.g.,Dechloromonas) and Fe(III)-reducingDeltaproteobacteria(Geobacter), respectively; these same taxa were dominant in the Fe cycling cultures. The combined chemical and microbiological data suggest that bothGeobacterand variousBetaproteobacteriaparticipated in nitrate-dependent Fe(II) oxidation in the cycling cultures. Microbially driven Fe-N redox cycling may have important consequences for both the fate of N and the abundance and reactivity of Fe(III) oxides in sediments.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document