scholarly journals Q fever.

1993 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
L G Reimer
Keyword(s):  
Q Fever ◽  
Febrile Illness ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Prolonged Treatment ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Modes Of Transmission ◽  
Pregnant Sheep ◽  
The Family ◽  
Domestic Livestock

Q fever is an acute febrile illness first described in 1935 and now seen in many parts of the world. Human infection follows exposure to animals, especially domestic livestock. Recent outbreaks in metropolitan areas have implicated cats as the carrier of disease to humans. The etiologic agent, Coxiella burnetti, belongs to the family Rickettsiaceae, although it has distinct genetic characteristics and modes of transmission. Most recent attention has been focused on a number of large outbreaks of Q fever associated with medical research involving pregnant sheep. Although most infections are self-limited, some patients require prolonged treatment. Recent vaccines have had encouraging success in the prevention of disease in individuals at high risk of exposure.

Alphaviruses

2010 ◽  
pp. 557-561
Author(s):  
E.E. Ooi ◽  
L.R. Petersen ◽  
D.J. Gubler
Keyword(s):  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Febrile Illness ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
The Family ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Complex Transmission ◽  
Diagnosis Of Infection

There are 29 registered alphaviruses belonging to the family Togaviridae, 16 of which are known to cause human infection. They are RNA viruses with global geographical distribution and complex transmission cycles between wild or domestic animals or birds and one or more mosquito species; humans are infected by mosquito bites. They cause a spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from nonspecific febrile illness to acute encephalitis and death. Diagnosis of infection is made serologically by detection of IgM and IgG antibodies, virus isolation, and polymerase chain reaction, or by immunohistochemistry on tissue samples....

Alphaviruses

2020 ◽  
pp. 821-826
Author(s):  
Ann M. Powers ◽  
E.E. Ooi ◽  
L.R. Petersen ◽  
D.J. Gubler
Keyword(s):  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Febrile Illness ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
The Family ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Complex Transmission ◽  
Diagnosis Of Infection

There are 31 registered alphaviruses belonging to the family Togaviridae, 16 of which are known to cause human infection. They are RNA viruses with global geographical distribution and complex transmission cycles, usually between wild or domestic animals and one or more mosquito species; humans are infected by mosquito bites and are often incidental hosts that do not contribute to the maintenance of the virus. They cause a spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from non-specific febrile illness to chronic arthralgia to acute encephalitis and death. Diagnosis of infection is made by several methods including serologically by detection of IgM and/or IgG antibodies, virus isolation, molecularly using reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction, or by immunohistochemistry on tissue samples.

scholarly journals Multiple Types of Novel Enteric Bopiviruses (Picornaviridae) with the Possibility of Interspecies Transmission Identified from Cloven-Hoofed Domestic Livestock (Ovine, Caprine and Bovine) in Hungary

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Zoltán László ◽  
Péter Pankovics ◽  
Gábor Reuter ◽  
Attila Cságola ◽  
Ádám Bálint ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Novel Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Interspecies Transmission ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
The Family ◽  
Domestic Livestock

Most picornaviruses of the family Picornaviridae are relatively well known, but there are certain “neglected” genera like Bopivirus, containing a single uncharacterised sequence (bopivirus A1, KM589358) with very limited background information. In this study, three novel picornaviruses provisionally called ovipi-, gopi- and bopivirus/Hun (MW298057-MW298059) from enteric samples of asymptomatic ovine, caprine and bovine respectively, were determined using RT-PCR and dye-terminator sequencing techniques. These monophyletic viruses share the same type II-like IRES, NPGP-type 2A, similar genome layout (4-3-4) and cre-localisations. Culture attempts of the study viruses, using six different cell lines, yielded no evidence of viral growth in vitro. Genomic and phylogenetic analyses show that bopivirus/Hun of bovine belongs to the species Bopivirus A, while the closely related ovine-origin ovipi- and caprine-origin gopivirus could belong to a novel species “Bopivirus B” in the genus Bopivirus. Epidemiological investigation of N = 269 faecal samples of livestock (ovine, caprine, bovine, swine and rabbit) from different farms in Hungary showed that bopiviruses were most prevalent among <12-month-old ovine, caprine and bovine, but undetectable in swine and rabbit. VP1 capsid-based phylogenetic analyses revealed the presence of multiple lineages/genotypes, including closely related ovine/caprine strains, suggesting the possibility of ovine–caprine interspecies transmission of certain bopiviruses.

AN EPIDEMIC OF ASEPTIC MENINGITIS SYNDROME DUE TO ECHO VIRUS TYPE 6

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 418-431
Author(s):  
David T. Karzon ◽  
Norman S. Hayner ◽  
Warren Winkelstein ◽  
Almen L. Barron
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Aseptic Meningitis ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Febrile Illness ◽  
Acute Onset ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Echo Virus

The clinical features of 130 cases of aseptic meningitis syndrome associated with ECHO virus type 6 infection were studied. Characteristically, the onset was acute with the development of fever, headache, muscle pains, and vomiting. A biphasic course was present in 8% of the cases. The physical findings included mild to moderate stiffness or spasm of the neck, back, and posterior thigh muscles. Disturbance in sensorium, cranial nerve involvement, and bulbar signs were conspicuously absent. Absence of deep tendon and superficial reflexes occurred in 16% of the cases. Evidence of mild muscle weakness occurred in 39% of cases, more commonly in the axial rather than peripheral muscles. Most of these patients had bilateral weakness of the anterior neck muscles, but included in the group were five with bilateral weakness of the back or abdominal muscles and six with some involvement of the extremities. Neuromuscular changes were mild and frequently questionable. Where follow-up was available, the changes were usually found to be transient. The effect of age upon the clinical picture was analyzed. Only 3 of 130 patients were less than 4 years of age. Young children had a more acute onset and were admitted to the hospital more promptly than older children and adults. The incidence of pleurodynia was 38% in adults and only 5% in patients less than 20 years of age. The cerebrospinal fluid revealed pleocytosis, with lymphocyte counts ranging from a few cells to 930/mm3. The protein values exceeded 40 mg/100 ml in 48% of the cases, the highest value being 102 mg/100 ml. An undifferentiated febrile illness in household associates of patients with aseptic meningitis, characterized by headache, vomiting and muscle pain, was associated with a high recovery rate of ECHO 6 virus. This is presumably the forme fruste of the fully developed aseptic meningitis syndrome. ECHO 6 virus was recovered from four patients in whom there was evidence of neurologic involvement beyond that seen in the aseptic meningitis syndrome. ECHO 6 virus was the probable etiologic agent in two of these cases. A 15-year-old girl with mild encephalitis marked by disorientation, hallucinations, and weakness of the legs yielded ECHO 6 from her alimentary tract. ECHO 6 was recovered from the cerebrospinal fluid and alimentary tract of a 15-year-old boy with features of the Guillain-Barré syndrome.

scholarly journals Questing one Brazilian query: reporting 16 cases of Q fever from Minas Gerais, Brazil

2006 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo Sérgio Gonçalves da Costa ◽  
Marco Emilio Brigatte ◽  
Dirceu Bartolomeu Greco
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Fever Of Unknown Origin ◽  
Q Fever ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Febrile Illness ◽  
Unknown Origin ◽  
Clinical Form ◽  
Chronic Q Fever

Q fever has been considered non-existing in Brazil where reports of clinical cases still cannot be found. This case-series of 16 patients is a result of a systematic search for such illness by means of clinical and serologic criteria. Serologic testing was performed by the indirect microimmunofluorescence technique using phase I/II C. burnetii antigens. Influenza-like syndrome was the most frequent clinical form (eight cases - 50%), followed by pneumonia, FUO (fever of unknown origin), mono-like syndrome (two cases - 12.5% each), lymphadenitis (one case - 6.3%) and spondylodiscitis associated with osteomyelitis (one case - 6.3%). The ages varied from four to 67 years old with a median of 43.5. All but one patient had positive serologic tests for phase II IgG whether or not associated with IgM positivity compatible with acute infection. One patient had both phase I and phase II IgG antibodies compatible with chronic Q fever. Seroconvertion was detected in 10 patients. Despite the known limitations of serologic diagnosis, the cases here reported should encourage Brazilian doctors to include Q fever as an indigenous cause of febrile illness.

scholarly journals Odour of domestic dogs infected with Leishmania infantum is attractive to female but not male sand flies: Evidence for parasite manipulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. e1009354
Author(s):  
Monica E. Staniek ◽  
James G. C. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Leishmania Infantum ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
T Test ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Lutzomyia Longipalpis ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Control Female ◽  
Behavioural Experiments ◽  
Paired T Test

Globally visceral leishmaniasis (VL) causes thousands of human deaths every year. In South America, the etiologic agent, Leishmania infantum, is transmitted from an infected canine reservoir to human hosts by the bite of the sand fly vector; predominantly Lutzomyia longipalpis. Previous evidence from model rodent systems have suggested that the odour of infected hosts is altered by the parasite making them more attractive to the vector leading to an increased biting rate and improved transmission prospects for the pathogen. However, there has been no assessment of the effect of Le infantum infection on the attractiveness of dogs, which are the natural reservoirs for human infection. Hair collected from infected and uninfected dogs residing in a VL endemic city in Brazil was entrained to collect the volatile chemical odours present in the headspace. Female and male Lu. longipalpis sand flies were offered a choice of odour entrained from infected and uninfected dogs in a series of behavioural experiments. Odour of uninfected dogs was equally attractive to male or female Lu. longipalpis when compared to a solvent control. Female Lu. longipalpis were significantly more attracted to infected dog odour than uninfected dog odour in all 15 experimental replicates (average 45.7±0.87 females attracted to infected odour; 23.9±0.82 to uninfected odour; paired T-test, P = 0.000). Male Lu. longipalpis did not significantly prefer either infected or uninfected odour (average 36.1±0.4 males to infected odour; 35.7±0.6 to uninfected odour; paired T-test, P = 0.722). A significantly greater proportion of females chose the infected dog odour compared to the males (paired T-test, P = 0.000). The results showed that the odour of dogs infected with Le. infantum was significantly more attractive to blood-seeking female sand flies than it was to male sand flies. This is strong evidence for parasite manipulation of the host odour in a natural transmission system and indicates that infected dogs may have a disproportionate significance in maintaining infection in the canine and human population.

scholarly journals A Scoping Insight on Potential Prophylactics, Vaccines and Therapeutic Weaponry for the Ongoing Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic- A Comprehensive Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priyanka Dash ◽  
Subhashree Mohapatra ◽  
Sayantan Ghosh ◽  
Bismita Nayak
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Therapeutic Strategy ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Fast Response ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Prolonged Treatment ◽  
Rdrp Activity ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Plasma Therapy ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy

The emergence of highly virulent CoVs (SARS-CoV-2), the etiologic agent of novel ongoing “COVID-19” pandemics has been marked as an alarming case of pneumonia posing a large global healthcare crisis of unprecedented magnitude. Currently, the COVID-19 outbreak has fueled an international demand in the biomedical field for the mitigation of the fast-spreading illness, all through the urgent deployment of safe, effective, and rational therapeutic strategies along with epidemiological control. Confronted with such contagious respiratory distress, the global population has taken significant steps towards a more robust strategy of containment and quarantine to halt the total number of positive cases but such a strategy can only delay the spread. A substantial number of potential vaccine candidates are undergoing multiple clinical trials to combat COVID-19 disease, includes live-attenuated, inactivated, viral-vectored based, sub-unit vaccines, DNA, mRNA, peptide, adjuvant, plant, and nanoparticle-based vaccines. However, there are no licensed anti-COVID-19 drugs/therapies or vaccines that have proven to work as more effective therapeutic candidates in open-label clinical trial studies. To counteract the infection (SARS-CoV-2), many people are under prolonged treatment of many chemical drugs that inhibit the PLpro activity (Ribavirin), viral proteases (Lopinavir/Ritonavir), RdRp activity (Favipiravir, Remdesivir), viral membrane fusion (Umifenovir, Chloroquine phosphate (CQ), Hydroxychloroquine phosphate (HCQ), IL-6 overexpression (Tocilizumab, Siltuximab, Sarilumab). Mesenchymal Stem Cell therapy and Convalescent Plasma Therapy have emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy against SARS-CoV-2 virion. On the other hand, repurposing previously designed antiviral agents with tolerable safety profile and efficacy could be the only promising approach and fast response to the novel virion. In addition, research institutions and corporations have commenced the redesign of the available therapeutic strategy to manage the global crisis. Herein, we present succinct information on selected anti-COVID-19 therapeutic medications repurposed to combat SARS-CoV-2 infection. Finally, this review will provide exhaustive detail on recent prophylactic strategies and ongoing clinical trials to curb this deadly pandemic, outlining the major therapeutic areas for researchers to step in.

scholarly journals Independent infections of porcine deltacoronavirus among Haitian children

Nature ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Lednicky ◽  
Massimiliano S. Tagliamonte ◽  
Sarah K. White ◽  
Maha A. Elbadry ◽  
Md. Mahbubul Alam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Febrile Illness ◽  
Cell Receptor ◽  
Receptor Binding Domain ◽  
Mutational Signature ◽  
Host Cell Receptor ◽  
The Family ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Animal Contact ◽  
Human Infections ◽  
Animal Reservoirs

AbstractCoronaviruses have caused three major epidemics since 2003, including the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. In each case, the emergence of coronavirus in our species has been associated with zoonotic transmissions from animal reservoirs1,2, underscoring how prone such pathogens are to spill over and adapt to new species. Among the four recognized genera of the family Coronaviridae, human infections reported so far have been limited to alphacoronaviruses and betacoronaviruses3–5. Here we identify porcine deltacoronavirus strains in plasma samples of three Haitian children with acute undifferentiated febrile illness. Genomic and evolutionary analyses reveal that human infections were the result of at least two independent zoonoses of distinct viral lineages that acquired the same mutational signature in the genes encoding Nsp15 and the spike glycoprotein. In particular, structural analysis predicts that one of the changes in the spike S1 subunit, which contains the receptor-binding domain, may affect the flexibility of the protein and its binding to the host cell receptor. Our findings highlight the potential for evolutionary change and adaptation leading to human infections by coronaviruses outside of the previously recognized human-associated coronavirus groups, particularly in settings where there may be close human–animal contact.

scholarly journals Viruses in food products

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (103) ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
O. S. Kalinina
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Food Contaminants ◽  
Rotavirus A ◽  
Industrial Processing ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
The Family ◽  
Contaminated Food

Data on viral food contaminants that are actually or potentially capable of realizing the food route of infection are presented. The main sources of infection of food with viruses are named: human waste / faeces, contaminated food processing facilities, animals-carriers of zooanthroponotic infections. The groups of viruses transmitted through food are characterized: 1) gastroenteritis pathogens – Sapporo and Norwalk viruses from the family Caliciviridae; Rotavirus A from the family Reoviridae; Mammastroviruses 1, 6, 8 and 9 from the family Astroviridae; Human mastadenovirus F from the family Adenoviridae; Aichivirus A from the family Picornaviridae; 2) Hepatovirus A from the family Picornaviridae and Orthohepevirus A from the family Hepeviridae (with replication in the liver); 3) viruses with replication in the human intestine, which after generalization of the infection affect the CNS – Еnteroviruses B and C from the family Picornaviridae. The stability and survival time of viruses in the environment and food are shown. The main ways of transmission of viruses that are able to enter the human body through infected foods are considered. Influenza A (H1N1) virus has been identified as a possible contaminant in pork and chicken, which without heat treatment can pose a potential risk of human infection. The ability of classical and African swine fever pathogens to remain viable after industrial processing of meat or raw meat has been shown. Families of viruses whose zoopathogenic representatives can contaminate meat products (beef, pork, chicken) are named: Parvoviridae, Anelloviridae, Circoviridae, Polyomaviridae, Smacoviridae. To determine the possible latent infection of people with these viruses, it is necessary to test sera for the presence of specific antibodies. The detection of gyroviruses of the family Anelloviridae and huchismacoviruses of the family Smacoviridae in human faeces may be due to the consumption of infected chicken meat. Data on extraction and concentration methods and methods of virus detection in contaminated food products: PCR (reverse transcription and real-time), ELISA, IСA, electron microscopy, virus isolation in transplanted cell cultures with subsequent identification in serological reactions, NR, IFА, ELISA) or PCR.

Wound Management of a Pediatric Spina Bifida Patient Secondary to a Canine-Inflicted Fifth-Digit Amputation: A Case Report

2021 ◽  
Vol 111 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brittany A. Lovett ◽  
Cristóbal S. Berry-Cabán ◽  
Deanna E. Duran ◽  
Sharon P. McKiernan
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Spina Bifida ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Further Education ◽  
Wound Management ◽  
Treatment Facility ◽  
Medical Treatment Facility ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of

We present a case of a pediatric patient with a history of spina bifida who presented to the emergency department of a large Army medical treatment facility with a partially amputated right fifth digit she sustained while sleeping with the family canine. There are several reports in the popular press that suggest that an animal, particularly a dog, can detect human infection, and it is hypothesized that the toe chewing was triggered by a wound infection. This case provides an opportunity to provide further education in caring for foot wounds in patients with spina bifida.

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