scholarly journals How To Become a Top Model: Impact of Animal Experimentation on Human Salmonella Disease Research

2011 ◽  
Vol 79 (5) ◽  
pp. 1806-1814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renée M. Tsolis ◽  
Mariana N. Xavier ◽  
Renato L. Santos ◽  
Andreas J. Bäumler
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Animal Experimentation ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Disease Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Future Work

ABSTRACTSalmonellaserotypes are a major cause of human morbidity and mortality worldwide. Over the past decades, a series of animal models have been developed to advance vaccine development, provide insights into immunity to infection, and study the pathogenesis of humanSalmonelladisease. The successive introduction of new animal models, each suited to interrogate previously neglected aspects ofSalmonelladisease, has ushered in important conceptual advances that continue to have a strong and sustained influence on the ideas driving research onSalmonellaserotypes. This article reviews important milestones in the use of animal models to study humanSalmonelladisease and identify research needs to guide future work.

An overview of central nervous system transplantation in human disease

1999 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. E3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Breeze ◽  
Marjorie C. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Cell Loss ◽  
Fetal Tissue ◽  
Animal Experimentation ◽  
Cortical Injury ◽  
The Past ◽  
Neural Grafting ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Tissue Grafts

Although its roots date back over a century, the field of neurotransplantation has been shaped mostly by advances over the past 30 years. Animal models of nigrostriatal disconnection in the 1970s allowed investigators to explore the feasibility of neural grafting. By the end of that decade, functional and behavioral effects had been demonstrated using fetal tissue grafts. In the 1980s, animal experimentation continued, as did clinical trials involving patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Both autologous adrenal medullary tissue and fetal allografts were tested in the clinical setting, with the latter proving to yield superior results. Animal models of striatal cell loss provided the impetus for limited clinical trials in patients with Huntington's disease by the early 1990s, and work with both diseases continues today. Although much has been learned, neural grafting remains experimental. Broader applications are being explored even now, though, as transplant techniques are applied to animal models of dementia, spinal cord injury, cortical injury, and pain. Some very limited human trials have already begun in some of these areas. In this review some of the advances in the field are highlighted.

30 years of Chinese educational management: achievements, characteristics and problems

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 340-348
Author(s):  
Miantao Sun
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Educational Management ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Past ◽  
Disciplinary System ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review the achievements of Chinese educational management in the past 30 years, conclude the characteristics of Chinese educational management and indicate the problems of Chinese educational management and the countermeasures. Design/methodology/approach – This paper reviews the research of educational management in China in the past 30 years from four aspects: research purpose, research methods, research contents and disciplinary system. Findings – The paper sums up the main achievements, the main characteristics and the main problems of Chinese educational management in the past 30 years. It suggests that the disciplinary relationship should be further clarified; the role of disciplinary research accomplishments has to be further developed and the specialization level in disciplinary research needs to be further improved. Practical implications – This paper indicates the direction for the construction of Chinese educational management in the future: to further clarify the relationship among related disciplines; to put the role of the research results into full play; to further improve the specialization level of disciplinary research. Originality/value – This paper contributes to the construction of Chinese educational management both theoretically and practically.

Explaining the operation of a home care system

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth J. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Home Care ◽  
Management System ◽  
Initial Evaluation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Past ◽  
Policy Based Management ◽  
Automated Support ◽  
Network Technologies ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Care System

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to devise a general solution that allows a policy-based (i.e. rule-based) management system to explain its operation. In particular, a solution has been developed and evaluated in the context of an automated home care system. Design/methodology/approach – The work has built on an existing policy-based management system called Advanced Component Control Enhancing Network Technologies (ACCENT). This includes automated management of home care using two forms of rules: higher-level (user) goals and lower-level (system) policies. These rules can be defined by users (typically carers) to personalise how the system should support the resident. In new work, the system has been extended to include an explanation facility that allows the user to understand the past and future behaviour of the system. Findings – An explanation facility has been created to explain the past and future behaviour of the system. An initial evaluation of this has been carried out with carers. The participants in this evaluation found the facility to be understandable and were able to use it effectively. Research limitations/implications – The work has made a useful extension to the design of policy-based systems in general. The initial evaluation with a limited group of users identified small weaknesses in the explanation facility that will be addressed in future work. The updated approach will then be evaluated with a larger group of users. Practical implications – The enhanced home care system is now more usable and comprehensible, and so will be easier to deploy and maintain. Social implications – The explanation facility has made the home care system more usable and comprehensible for users, and so will enhance its acceptability in future deployment. Originality/value – Although expert systems have long been able to explain their operation, this kind of solution has not previously been attempted for policy-based management systems. The value to end users is that the approach makes automated support of home care more understandable and thus more acceptable and usable.

scholarly journals The Development of Drugs against Acanthamoeba Infections

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (11) ◽  
pp. 6441-6450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui ◽  
Yousuf Aqeel ◽  
Naveed Ahmed Khan
Keyword(s):  
Drug Discovery ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Contact Lens ◽  
Contact Lenses ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
The Other ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Rate Of Development ◽  
The Past

ABSTRACTFor the past several decades, there has been little improvement in the morbidity and mortality associated withAcanthamoebakeratitis andAcanthamoebaencephalitis, respectively. The discovery of a plethora of antiacanthamoebic compounds has not yielded effective marketed chemotherapeutics. The rate of development of novel antiacanthamoebic chemotherapies of translational value and the lack of interest of the pharmaceutical industry in developing such chemotherapies have been disappointing. On the other hand, the market for contact lenses/contact lens disinfectants is a multi-billion-dollar industry and has been successful and profitable. A better understanding of drugs, their targets, and mechanisms of action will facilitate the development of more-effective chemotherapies. Here, we review the progress toward phenotypic drug discovery, emphasizing the shortcomings of useable therapies.

scholarly journals Animal Models for Salmonellosis: Applications in Vaccine Research

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 746-756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen E. Higginson ◽  
Raphael Simon ◽  
Sharon M. Tennant
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Human Disease ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Clinical Testing ◽  
Vaccine Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Preclinical Evaluation ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Right

ABSTRACTSalmonellosis remains an important cause of human disease worldwide. While there are several licensed vaccines forSalmonella entericaserovar Typhi, these vaccines are generally ineffective against otherSalmonellaserovars. Vaccines that target paratyphoid and nontyphoidalSalmonellaserovars are very much in need. Preclinical evaluation of candidate vaccines is highly dependent on the availability of appropriate scientific tools, particularly animal models. Many different animal models exist for variousSalmonellaserovars, from whole-animal models to smaller models, such as those recently established in insects. Here, we discuss various mouse, rat, rabbit, calf, primate, and insect models forSalmonellainfection, all of which have their place in research. However, choosing the right model is imperative in selecting the best vaccine candidates for further clinical testing. In this minireview, we summarize the various animal models that are used to assess salmonellosis, highlight some of the advantages and disadvantages of each, and discuss their value in vaccine development.

scholarly journals Overcoming Hurdles to Development of a Vaccine against Pneumocystis jirovecii

2017 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Beth A. Garvy
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Pneumocystis Jirovecii ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Windows Of Opportunity

ABSTRACT Development of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is a common problem among immunosuppressed individuals. There are windows of opportunity in which vaccination would be beneficial, but to date, no vaccines have made it to clinical trials. Significant hurdles to vaccine development include host range specificity, making it difficult to translate from animal models to humans. Discovery of cross-reactive epitopes is critical to moving vaccine candidates from preclinical animal studies to clinical trials.

scholarly journals Virulence of the Shiga Toxin Type 2-Expressing Escherichia coli O104:H4 German Outbreak Isolate in Two Animal Models

2013 ◽  
Vol 81 (5) ◽  
pp. 1562-1574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tonia Zangari ◽  
Angela R. Melton-Celsa ◽  
Aruna Panda ◽  
Nadia Boisen ◽  
Mark A. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Tubular Necrosis ◽  
Eaec Strain ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Outbreak Isolate

ABSTRACTIn May 2011, a large food-borne outbreak was traced to an unusual O104:H4 enteroaggregativeEscherichia coli(EAEC) strain that produced Shiga toxin (Stx) type 2 (Stx2). We developed a mouse model to study the pathogenesis and treatment for this strain and examined the virulence of the isolate for Dutch belted rabbits. O104:H4 strain C227-11 was gavaged into C57BL/6 mice at 109to 1011CFU/animal. The infected animals were then given water with ampicillin (Amp; 5 g/liter)ad libitum. The C227-11-infected, Amp-treated C57BL/6 mice exhibited both morbidity and mortality. Kidneys from mice infected with C227-11 showed acute tubular necrosis, a finding seen in mice infected with typical Stx-producingE. coli. We provided anti-Stx2 antibody after infection and found that all of the antibody-treated mice gained more weight than untreated mice and, in another study, that all of the antibody-treated animals lived, whereas 3/8 phosphate-buffered saline-treated mice died. We further compared the pathogenesis of C227-11 with that of an Stx-negative (Stx−) O104:H4 isolate, C734-09, and an Stx2−phage-cured derivative of C227-11. Whereas C227-11-infected animals lost weight or gained less weight over the course of infection and died, mice infected with either of the Stx−isolates did not lose weight and only one mouse died. When the Stx-positive (Stx+) and Stx2−O104:H4 strains were compared in rabbits, greater morbidity and mortality were observed in rabbits infected with the Stx2+isolates than the Stx2−isolates. In conclusion, we describe two animal models for EAEC pathogenesis, and these studies show that Stx2 is responsible for most of the virulence observed in C227-11-infected mice and rabbits.

Flow-based destination management and marketing: a perspective article

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 174-178
Author(s):  
Stephan Reinhold ◽  
Christian Laesser ◽  
Pietro Beritelli
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Past ◽  
Selective Review ◽  
The Future ◽  
Asking Questions ◽  
Future Work

Purpose This paper aims to provide a selective review of sectoral and academic developments that have led to the flow-based view of destination management and marketing and inspires future work. Design/methodology/approach A review of the relevant literature serves as a foundation for the discussion of the flow-based view of destination management and marketing. From the results of this review, future prospects for practice and research are derived. Findings Destination management and marketing has undergone many changes in the past and is subject for some major overhauls in the future. Originality/value The paper inspires in terms of rather asking questions for the future than finding answers from the past.

Bioengineered in vitro Vascular Models for Applications in Interventional Radiology

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (45) ◽  
pp. 5367-5374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyun Li ◽  
Seyed M. Moosavi-Basri ◽  
Rahul Sheth ◽  
Xiaoying Wang ◽  
Yu S. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Interventional Radiology ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
The Past ◽  
Endovascular Interventions ◽  
Conventional Animal ◽  
Vascular Structures

The role of endovascular interventions has progressed rapidly over the past several decades. While animal models have long-served as the mainstay for the advancement of this field, the use of in vitro models has become increasingly widely adopted with recent advances in engineering technologies. Here, we review the strategies, mainly including bioprinting and microfabrication, which allow for fabrication of biomimetic vascular models that will potentially serve to supplement the conventional animal models for convenient investigations of endovascular interventions. Besides normal blood vessels, those in diseased states, such as thrombosis, may also be modeled by integrating cues that simulate the microenvironment of vascular disorders. These novel engineering strategies for the development of biomimetic in vitro vascular structures will possibly enable unconventional means of studying complex endovascular intervention problems that are otherwise hard to address using existing models.

Shigella Vaccine Development: Prospective Animal Models and Current Status

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 903-912 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeon-Jeong Kim ◽  
Sang-Gu Yeo ◽  
Jae-Hak Park ◽  
Hyun-Jeong Ko
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Current Status
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