scholarly journals Production of a Proteolytically Active Protein, Chlamydial Protease/Proteasome-Like Activity Factor, by Five Different Chlamydia Species

2005 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 1868-1872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Dong ◽  
Youmin Zhong ◽  
Bernard Arulanandam ◽  
Guangming Zhong

ABSTRACT We have previously identified a chlamydial protein, chlamydial protease/proteasome-like activity factor (CPAF), for degrading host transcription factors in cells infected with the human chlamydial species Chlamydia trachomatis or Chlamydia pneumoniae. We now report that functional CPAF was also produced during infection with the species Chlamydia muridarum, Chlamydia psittaci, and Chlamydia caviae, which primarily infect nonhuman hosts.

Author(s):  
В. К. Зезекало ◽  
С. Б. Передера ◽  
Н.С. Щербакова

Мета статті – надати актуальну на сьогоднішній день таксономічну класифікацію порядку Chlamydiales та детально роз’яснити терміни: «Chlamydia-related bacteria (CRB)» (хламідіє-споріднені бактерії,) «Chlamydia-like organisms (CLO)» (хламідіє-подібні організми), «environmental chlamydiae» (екологічні хламідії, хламідії довкілля). Методика дослідження. Використано такі методи дослідження: системний аналіз доступних наукових джерел, історичний метод (для вивчення виникнення, формування та розвитку таксономії хламідійних видів у хронологічній послідовності), емпіричний метод (щодо комплексної оцінки сучасного стану об’єкта дослідження), абстрактно-логічний ‒ для уточнення суті основних понять та графічне відображення даних. Результати дослідження. Внаслідок розвитку молекулярної біології за останні 15 років класифікація хламідій зазнала істотних змін і має тенденцію до подальшого вдосконалення. У статті  узагальнено історичний досвід і найбільш важливі зміни в таксономії порядку Chlamydiales за останні роки. Ускладнення сучасної класифікації бактерій порядку Chlamydiales свідчить про накопичені знання щодо нових представників цієї групи мікроорганізмів. На сьогодні до порядку Chlamydiales входять 9 родин: Chlamydiaceae, Waddliaceae, Parachlamydiaceae, Criblamydiaceae, Simkaniaceae, Candidatus Clavochlamydiaceae, Candidatus Rhabdochlamydiaceae, Candidatus Piscichlamydia, Candidatus Parilichlamydiaceae, чотири з яких перебувають у статусі кандидатів. До родини Chlamydiaceae, роду Chlamydia тепер належать 14 видів бактерій (Chlamydia abortus, Chlamydia avium, Chlamydia caviae, Chlamydia felis, Chlamydia gallinacea, Chlamydia muridarum, Chlamydia pecorum, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Chlamydia psittaci, Chlamydia suis, Chlamydia trachomatis, Candidatus Chlamydia ibidis, Candidatus Chlamydia sanzinia, Candidatus Chlamydia corallus), три з яких перебувають у статусі кандидатів. Родини: Waddliaceae, Parachlamydiaceae, Criblamydiaceae, Simkaniaceae, Ca. Clavochlamydiaceae, Ca. Rhabdochlamydiaceae, Ca. Piscichlamydia, Ca. Parilichlamydiaceae з їхніми численними представниками називають хламідіє-спорідненими бактеріями, або хламідіє-подібними організмами, через їх генетичну і фенотипову подібність та філогенетичну відокремленість від родини Chlamydiaceae. Елементи наукової новизни. У цій статті представлено актуальну  таксономічну класифікацію порядку Chlamydiales та надано детально роз’яснено терміни: «Chlamydia-related bacteria (CRB)» (хламідіє-спорідненені бактерії,) «Chlamydia-like organisms (CLO)» (хламідіє-подібні організми), «environmental chlamydiae» (екологічні хламідії, хламідії довкілля). Практична значущість. Надана інформація може бути використана в наукових дослідженнях, впроваджена в навчальний процес при підготовці спеціалістів у галузі ветеринарної медицини, а також використовуватися практикуючими лікарями ветеринарної медицини задля покращення лікування та профілактики хламідіозів тварин та людини. The purpose of the article is to provide the currently relevant taxonomic classification of the Order Chlamydiales, and give a detailed explanation of the terms: “Chlamydia-related bacteria (CRB)”, “Chlamydia-like organisms (CLO)”, "Environmental chlamydiae" (ecological chlamidiae). Research methods. The following research methods were used: system analysis of the available scientific sources, historical method (to study the origin, formation and development of the taxonomy of chlamydia species in chronological order), empirical method (concerning the comlex assessment of the current state of the research object), abstract-logical – to clarify the essence of the basic notions and graphical reflection of the data. The results of the study. As a result of   molecular biology development during the recent 15 years, the classification of chlamydia has undergone significant changes and has the tendency to further improvement. This review article is aimed at summarizing the historical experience and the most important changes in the taxonomy of the Order Chlamydiales in recent years. The complication of the modern classification of the Order Chlamydiales bacteria is the inevitable consequence of accumulating knowledge about the new representatives of this group of microorganisms. Consequently at present there are 9 families in the Order Chlamydiales: Chlamydiaceae, Waddliaceae, Parachlamydiaceae, Criblamydiaceae, Simkaniaceae, Candidatus Clavochlamydiaceae, Candidatus Rhabdochlamydiaceae, Candidatus Piscichlamydia, Candidatus Parilichlamydiaceae, four of them are in the status of candidates. Currently, 14 species of bacteria belong to the family Chlamydiaceae, the genus Chlamydia (Chlamydia abortus, Chlamydia avium, Chlamydia caviae, Chlamydia felis, Chlamydia gallinacea, Chlamydia muridarum, Chlamydia pecorum, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Chlamydia psittaci, Chlamydia suis, Chlamydia trachomatis, Candidatus Chlamydia ibidis, Candidatus Chlamydia sanzinia, Candidatus Chlamydia corallus), three of which are the candidates. Such families as: Waddliaceae, Parachlamydiaceae, Criblamydiaceae, Simkaniaceae, Ca. Clavochlamydiaceae, Ca. Rhabdochlamydiaceae, Ca. Piscichlamydia, Ca. Parilichlamydiaceae with their numerous representatives are called Сhlamydia-related bacteria, or Сhlamydia-like organisms, due to their genetic and phenotypic similarity, and phylogenetic isolation from the Chlamydiaceae family. The elements of scientific novelty. The currently relevant taxonomic classification of Chlamydiales is presented in the article and also given a detailed explanation of the terms: “Chlamydia-related bacteria (CRB)”, “Chlamydia-like organisms (CLO)”, "Environmental chlamydiae". Practical significance. The provided information can be used in scientific research, introduced into the educational process for training specialists of veterinary medicine, and also be used by practicing veterinary doctors in order to improve the treatment and prevention of animals and human chlamydioses.


1992 ◽  
Vol 38 (11) ◽  
pp. 1185-1189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gérard Ozanne ◽  
Johanne Lefebvre

Chlamydia pneumoniae infections are mostly confirmed using an indirect microimmunofluorescence test for which potential cross-reactions between antigens from different chlamydial species are not well documented. Using this assay, 928 sera (507 subjects) submitted for Chlamydia pneumoniae serology were tested for specific IgM and IgG to this bacteria using the TW-183 antigen. IgM and IgG reactivities to Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes C, D, E, and L2 and Chlamydia psittaci strain 6BC antigens were also tested. A sample was interpreted as positive only when evenly fluorescent elementary bodies were observed. Twenty-five subjects (4.9%) showed serological evidence of recent Chlamydia pneumoniae infection (IgM positive and (or) IgG seroconversion); 11 of them also showed serological evidence of recent infection with at least one other chlamydial species. Specificity was 50 and 63% for IgM and IgG detection, respectively. These results suggest that mixed or temporally related infections might occur, or, more likely, that some Chlamydia pneumoniae IgM or IgG reactivities might be due to heterotypic antibodies. Key words: TWAR serology, TWAR infections, TWAR cross-reactions.


2002 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 2559-2565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Luc Perfettini ◽  
Toni Darville ◽  
Alice Dautry-Varsat ◽  
Roger G. Rank ◽  
David M. Ojcius

ABSTRACT The effect of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) on apoptosis due to infection by Chlamydia muridarum (the mouse pneumonitis strain of Chlamydia trachomatis) was studied in epithelial cells in culture and in the genital tracts of mice. IFN-γ concentrations that induce the formation of aberrant, persistent chlamydiae inhibit apoptosis due to C. muridarum infection. In cells treated with an IFN-γ concentration that leads to the development of a heterogenous population of normal and aberrant Chlamydia vacuoles, apoptosis was inhibited preferentially in cells that contained the aberrant vacuoles. The inhibitory effect of IFN-γ appears to be due in part to expression of host cell indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity, since inhibition of apoptosis could be partially reversed through coincubation with exogenous tryptophan. Apoptotic cells were observed in the genital tracts of wild-type mice infected with C. muridarum, and a significantly larger number of apoptotic cells was detected in infected IFN-γ-deficient mice. These results suggest that IFN-γ may contribute to pathogenesis of persistent Chlamydia infections in vivo by preventing apoptosis of infected cells.


2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 1085-1093 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillermo Madico ◽  
Thomas C. Quinn ◽  
Jens Boman ◽  
Charlotte A. Gaydos

Three touchdown enzyme time release (TETR)-PCR assays were used to amplify different DNA sequences in the variable regions of the 16S and 16S-23S spacer rRNA genes specific for Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydia pneumoniae, andChlamydia psittaci as improved tests for sensitive diagnosis and rapid species differentiation. The TETR-PCR protocol used 60 cycles of amplification, which provided improved analytical sensitivity (0.004 to 0.063 inclusion-forming unit ofChlamydia species per PCR). The sensitivity of TETR-PCR with primer set CTR 70-CTR 71 was 96.7%, and the specificity was 99.6%, compared to those of the AMPLICOR PCR for the detection ofC. trachomatis in vaginal swab samples. TETR-PCR forC. pneumoniae with primer set CPN 90-CPN 91 was 90% sensitive and 93.3% specific compared with a nested PCR with primer set CP1/2-CPC/D for clinical respiratory samples. TETR-PCR for C. psittaci with primer set CPS 100-CPS 101 showed substantial agreement with cell culturing (κ, 0.78) for animal tissue samples. Primer sets were then combined into a single multiplex TETR-PCR test. The respective 315-, 195-, and 111-bp DNA target products were precisely amplified when DNA from each of the respectiveChlamydia species or combinations of them was used. Multiplex chlamydia TETR-PCR correctly identified one strain of each of the 15 serovars of C. trachomatis, 22 isolates of C. pneumoniae, and 20 isolates of C. psittaci. The primer sets were specific for each species. No target products were amplified when DNA from C. pecorum or a variety of other microorganisms was tested for specificity. TETR-PCR with primers selected for specific sequences in the 16S and 16S-23S spacer rRNA genes is a valuable test that could be used either with individual primers or in a multiplex assay for the identification and differentiation of Chlamydia species from culture isolates or for the detection of chlamydiae in clinical samples.


2002 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 345-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peiyi Fan ◽  
Feng Dong ◽  
Yanqing Huang ◽  
Guangming Zhong

ABSTRACT Chlamydia pneumoniae is a causative agent for many respiratory infections and has been associated with cardiovascular diseases in humans. The pathogenicity of C. pneumoniae is thought to depend on its ability to cause persistent infection and to evade host defense. Genome sequence analysis indicates that C. pneumoniae encodes a homologue of a chlamydial protease-like activity factor from C. trachomatis (CPAFct). We designated the C. pneumoniae homologue as CPAFcp. Recombinant CPAFcp was produced and found to degrade RFX5, a host transcription factor required for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigen expression. The degradation was inhibitable by lactacystin, an irreversible proteasome inhibitor. Furthermore, CPAFcp was secreted into host cytosol by C. pneumoniae organisms. Depletion of the C. pneumoniae-secreted CPAFcp with specific antibodies completely ablated the RFX5 degradation activity in the infected cells, suggesting that CPAFcp is necessary for the degradation of host transcription factors required for MHC antigen expression during C. pneumoniae infection. These observations have revealed a unique molecular mechanism for C. pneumoniae to evade host adaptive immunity that may aid in its persistence.


1998 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 1607-1612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albertina F. Swanson ◽  
R. Alan B. Ezekowitz ◽  
Amy Lee ◽  
Cho-chou Kuo

ABSTRACT The role that collectin (mannose-binding protein) may play in the host’s defense against chlamydial infection was investigated. Recombinant human mannose-binding protein was used in the inhibition of cell culture infection by Chlamydia trachomatis(C/TW-3/OT, E/UW-5/Cx, and L2/434/Bu), Chlamydia pneumoniae (AR-39), and Chlamydia psittaci (6BC). Mannose-binding protein (MBP) inhibited infection of all chlamydial strains by at least 50% at 0.098 μg/ml for TW-3 and UW-5, and at 6.25 μg/ml for 434, AR-39, and 6BC. The ability of MBP to inhibit infection with strain L2 was not affected by supplementation with complement or addition of an L2-specific neutralizing monoclonal antibody. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and dot blot analyses showed MBP bound to the surface of the organism to exert inhibition, which appeared to block the attachment of radiolabeled organisms to HeLa cells. Immunoblotting and affinity chromatography indicated that MBP binds to the 40-kDa glycoprotein (the major outer membrane protein) on the outer surface of the chlamydial elementary body. Hapten inhibition assays with monosaccharides and defined oligosaccharides showed that the inhibitory effects of MBP were abrogated by mannose or high-mannose type oligomannose-oligosaccharide. The latter carbohydrate is the ligand of the 40-kDa glycoprotein ofC. trachomatis L2, which is known to mediate attachment, suggesting that the MBP binds to high mannose moieties on the surface of chlamydial organisms. These results suggest that MBP plays a role in first-line host defense against chlamydial infection in humans.


Author(s):  
Dr Mark Harrison

10.1 Chlamydia trachomatis, 191 • An obligate intracellular parasite • 3 species: ▪ Chlamydia trachomatis causes diseases of genitourinary tract and eye ▪ Chlamydia psittaci is a respiratory pathogen, transmitted by contact with birds, causes psittacosis ▪ Chlamydia pneumoniae causes atypical pneumonia • Incubation period 1-3 weeks...


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