Acidification of methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside: a useful test to differentiate Enterococcus casseliflavus and Enterococcus gallinarum from Enterococcus faecium species group and from Enterococcus faecalis.

A total of 107 Enterococcus strains, 10Vagococcus fluvialis strains, and 8 Lactococcus garvieae strains were tested for acidification of methyl-α-d-glucopyranoside (MGP) and susceptibility to 100-μg efrotomycin (EFRO) disks. All 26 strains ofEnterococcus casseliflavus, including 3 nonmotile and 2 nonpigmented strains, acidified MGP and were resistant to EFRO. All 22 strains of Enterococcus gallinarum, including 5 nonmotile strains, also acidified MGP and were resistant to EFRO. None of the 26 strains of Enterococcus faecium acidified MGP, and all were susceptible to EFRO. Although all 12 Enterococcus faecalisstrains were also negative in the MGP test, they were resistant to EFRO. Other enterococcal strains gave variable results. All 10 strains of V. fluvialis and all 8 strains of L. garvieae gave positive and negative results, respectively, in the MGP test and were, respectively, resistant and susceptible to EFRO. These results indicate that tests of the production of acid from MGP and susceptibility to EFRO can be used as adjunct tests in the identification of typical and atypical strains of enterococci in the clinical microbiology laboratory.

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Comparison of Simple and Rapid Methods for Identifying Enterococci Intrinsically Resistant to Vancomycin

Journal of Clinical Microbiology ◽

10.1128/jcm.37.3.815-817.1999 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 37 (3) ◽

pp. 815-817 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Kevan L. Hanson ◽

Charles P. Cartwright

Keyword(s):

Enterococcus Faecalis ◽

Enterococcus Faecium ◽

Rapid Methods ◽

Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci ◽

Litmus Milk ◽

Overnight Incubation ◽

Enterococcus Casseliflavus ◽

Vancomycin Resistant ◽

Enterococcus Gallinarum

Three different methodologies, reduction of litmus milk (LM) and acidification of arabinose (ARA), acidification of methyl-α-d-glucopyranoside (MGP), and rapid motility (RM), for differentiating isolates of Enterococcus casseliflavus and Enterococcus gallinarum(intrinsically vancomycin-resistant enterococci [IVRE]) fromEnterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faeciumwere evaluated. All 33 isolates of E. faecalis tested reduced LM within 4 h and were negative in all other tests, while the 53 isolates of E. faecium were ARA positive only. In contrast, 45 of 46 (98%) IVRE isolates examined (26 E. casseliflavus and 20 E. gallinarum isolates) acidified MGP, 41 of 46 (89%) were LM and ARA positive, and 45 of 46 (98%) were RM positive. Acidification of MGP was therefore the single most useful test for differentiating IVRE from vancomycin-resistantE. faecium and E. faecalis; however, a combination of LM-ARA and RM testing enabled the correct designation of organisms without the need for overnight incubation.

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Nitrofurantoin Is Active against Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.45.1.324-326.2001 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 45 (1) ◽

pp. 324-326 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

George G. Zhanel ◽

Daryl J. Hoban ◽

James A. Karlowsky

Keyword(s):

Urinary Tract ◽

Effective Treatment ◽

Enterococcus Faecalis ◽

Urinary Tract Infections ◽

Enterococcus Faecium ◽

Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci ◽

Vancomycin Resistant ◽

Enterococcus Gallinarum ◽

Tract Infections

ABSTRACT The activity of nitrofurantoin was tested against 300 isolates ofEnterococcus faecium, Enterococcus faecalis, and Enterococcus gallinarum. No isolates tested were resistant to nitrofurantoin (MIC, ≥128 μg/ml), including vancomycin-resistant E. faecium isolates withvanA- and vanB-positive genotypes and vancomycin-resistant E. gallinarum isolates. We conclude that nitrofurantoin may provide effective treatment of urinary tract infections caused by vancomycin-resistant enterococci.

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Control of Endemic Glycopeptide-Resistant Enterococci

Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology ◽

10.1086/647297 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 17 (5) ◽

pp. 286-292 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Louise M. Dembry ◽

Keke Uzokwe ◽

Marcus J. Zervos

Keyword(s):

Enterococcus Faecalis ◽

Enterococcus Faecium ◽

Control Measures ◽

Resistant Organism ◽

Renal Unit ◽

Vancomycin Resistant ◽

Enterococcus Gallinarum ◽

Low Prevalence ◽

And Control ◽

Community Teaching

AbstractObjective:To evaluate the epidemiology of, and control measures for, vancomycin-resistantEnterococcus(VRE) in a renal unit.Design:A 3-month, prospective, prevalence culture survey of patients on a 24-bed renal unit.Setting:A 975-bed community teaching hospital.Patients:Patients admitted to the renal unit over a 3-month period. Patients identified with VRE were each matched with four patients without VRE isolated over the study period.Interventions/Control Measures:Resistant-organism barrier precautions. To eradicate carriage of VRE, two patients with VRE stool colonization were treated with 5 days of oral doxycycline (100 mg twice per day) and rifampin (300 mg/day).Results:Seven patients with VRE (8 isolates) were identified. Five isolates wereEnterococcus faecium(vancomycin MIC=16 to 256 μg/mL), two wereEnterococcus faecalis(MICs=16 and 124 μg/mL), and one wasEnterococcus gallinarum(MIC=8.0 μg/mL). Eradication of carriage with VRE was accomplished in two patients treated with doxycycline and rifampin. In the final 30 days of the culture survey and at 9 months, there were no further patients with VRE identified.Conclusions:Resistant-organism precautions and elimination of patient carriage may be useful measures for controlling the spread of low-prevalence endemic vancomycin-resistantEnterococcus.

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Genomic Based Characterization of Enterococcus Spp-An Emerging Pathogen Isolated from Human Gut

10.21203/rs.3.rs-214831/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Zumara younus ◽

Sagar M. Goyal ◽

Vikash Singh ◽

Aamer Ikram ◽

Muhammad Imran

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Enterococcus Faecalis ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽

Ecological Niches ◽

Opportunistic Pathogens ◽

Human Gut ◽

Enterococcus Spp ◽

Enterococcus Casseliflavus ◽

Enterococcus Gallinarum

Abstract Background Enterococci are ubiquitous microorganisms having diverse ecological niches but mostly prominently in gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals. Production of enterocins make them used as probiotics, but in last few years their role as probiotic become ambiguous. This ambiguity in their probiotic role is related to presence of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes. Moreover, these virulence traits are also known to be transfer genetically which make them opportunistic pathogens in gastrointestinal track. These reports suggest serious concerns related to enterococcus before using them as probiotics. In present study Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of Enterococcus spp was done for checking presence of resistance and virulence genes, isolated from human gut.Methods and resultsFour human origin Enterococcus spp including Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus casseliflavus, and two Enterococcus gallinarum were isolated from human fecal samples, further cultured on blood and MacConkey agar. Sanger sequencing was done using Applied Biosystems 3730xl DNA Analyzer. These strains were further subjected to WGS using oxford nano pore technology MinION. Raw data was analyzed using free online tool epi2me. The Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD) and RAST software’s were used to look for presence of antibiotic resistance genes in these strains. Resistance determinants for clinically important antibiotics (vancomycin) and functional virulence factor genes were detected. G-view server was used for comparative genomics of all strains.Conclusion:The draft genomic sequencing of enterococcus suggested that Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus casseliflavus and Enterococcus gallinarum strains are opportunistic pathogens, having antibiotic resistance genes. All isolates have vancomycin resistance genes which they also expressed phenotypically. Some genes related to bacteriocin resistance were also present in E. casseliflavus and E. gallinarum.

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ccrAB Ent serine recombinase genes are widely distributed in the Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus casseliflavus species groups and are expressed in E. faecium

Microbiology ◽

10.1099/mic.0.041491-0 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 156 (12) ◽

pp. 3624-3634 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Eva Katrin Bjørkeng ◽

Girum Tadesse Tessema ◽

Eirik Wasmuth Lundblad ◽

Patrick Butaye ◽

Rob Willems ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Enterococcus Faecium ◽

Constitutive Expression ◽

Mrna Levels ◽

Genes Expression ◽

Chromosomal Genes ◽

Enterococcus Casseliflavus ◽

Enterococcal Species ◽

Species Groups ◽

Enterococcus Gallinarum ◽

Sequence Types

The presence, distribution and expression of cassette chromosome recombinase (ccr) genes, which are homologous to the staphylococcal ccrAB genes and are designated ccrAB Ent genes, were examined in enterococcal isolates (n=421) representing 13 different species. A total of 118 (28 %) isolates were positive for ccrAB Ent genes by PCR, and a number of these were confirmed by Southern hybridization with a ccrA Ent probe (n=76) and partial DNA sequencing of ccrA Ent and ccrB Ent genes (n=38). ccrAB Ent genes were present in Enterococcus faecium (58/216, 27 %), Enterococcus durans (31/38, 82 %), Enterococcus hirae (27/52, 50 %), Enterococcus casseliflavus (1/4, 25 %) and Enterococcus gallinarum (1/2, 50 %). In the eight other species tested, including Enterococcus faecalis (n=94), ccrAB Ent genes were not found. Thirty-eight sequenced ccrAB Ent genes from five different enterococcal species showed 94–100 % nucleotide sequence identity and linkage PCRs showed heterogeneity in the ccrAB Ent flanking chromosomal genes. Expression analysis of ccrAB Ent genes from the E. faecium DO strain showed constitutive expression as a bicistronic mRNA. The ccrAB Ent mRNA levels were lower during log phase than stationary phase in relation to total mRNA. Multilocus sequence typing was performed on 39 isolates. ccrAB Ent genes were detected in both hospital-related (10/29, 34 %) and non-hospital (4/10, 40 %) strains of E. faecium. Various sequence types were represented by both ccrAB Ent positive and negative isolates, suggesting acquisition or loss of ccrAB Ent in E. faecium. In summary, ccrAB Ent genes, potentially involved in genome plasticity, are expressed in E. faecium and are widely distributed in the E. faecium and E. casseliflavus species groups.

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Evaluation of d-Xylose and 1% Methyl-α-d-Glucopyranoside Fermentation Tests for Distinguishing Enterococcus gallinarum fromEnterococcus faecium

Journal of Clinical Microbiology ◽

10.1128/jcm.38.10.3652-3655.2000 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 38 (10) ◽

pp. 3652-3655 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

D. K. Chen ◽

L. Pearce ◽

A. McGeer ◽

D. E. Low ◽

B. M. Willey

Keyword(s):

Species Identification ◽

Enterococcus Faecalis ◽

Sensitivity And Specificity ◽

Enterococcus Faecium ◽

Xylose Fermentation ◽

High Sensitivity ◽

Bacterial Suspension ◽

Simple Method ◽

Fermentation Test ◽

Enterococcus Gallinarum

To determine the validity of the rapid xylose and methyl-α-d-glucopyranoside (MDG) fermentation tests in distinguishing Enterococcus gallinarum fromEnterococcus faecium, 156 well-characterized clinical isolates of enterococci (55 E. gallinarum, 91 E. faecium, and 10 Enterococcus faecalis isolates) known to be of different clones were examined in a blinded fashion. Species identification was confirmed by PCR of the ddl ligase genes of E. faecium and E. faecalis and thevanC1 gene of E. gallinarum. Xylose tests were performed with d-xylose tablets by using a heavy bacterial suspension and were interpreted after 2 h of incubation. Standard MDG fermentation tests were read after 24 h of incubation. The xylose fermentation test had a sensitivity of 98% (54 of 55) and a specificity of 99% (100 of 101) in distinguishing E. gallinarum from E. faecium and E. faecalis. The standard MDG test had a sensitivity of 100% (55 of 55) and a specificity of 95% (96 of 101) after 24 h. The xylose fermentation test is a simple method, easily incorporated into laboratory protocols, that distinguishes E. gallinarum fromE. faecium with high sensitivity and specificity in 2 h. The standard MDG test has high sensitivity and can be useful in ruling out the presence of E. gallinarum but requires overnight incubation.

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