scholarly journals Evaluation of d-Xylose and 1% Methyl-α-d-Glucopyranoside Fermentation Tests for Distinguishing Enterococcus gallinarum fromEnterococcus faecium

2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (10) ◽  
pp. 3652-3655 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. K. Chen ◽  
L. Pearce ◽  
A. McGeer ◽  
D. E. Low ◽  
B. M. Willey
Keyword(s):  
Species Identification ◽  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Enterococcus Faecium ◽  
Xylose Fermentation ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Bacterial Suspension ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Fermentation Test ◽  
Enterococcus Gallinarum

To determine the validity of the rapid xylose and methyl-α-d-glucopyranoside (MDG) fermentation tests in distinguishing Enterococcus gallinarum fromEnterococcus faecium, 156 well-characterized clinical isolates of enterococci (55 E. gallinarum, 91 E. faecium, and 10 Enterococcus faecalis isolates) known to be of different clones were examined in a blinded fashion. Species identification was confirmed by PCR of the ddl ligase genes of E. faecium and E. faecalis and thevanC1 gene of E. gallinarum. Xylose tests were performed with d-xylose tablets by using a heavy bacterial suspension and were interpreted after 2 h of incubation. Standard MDG fermentation tests were read after 24 h of incubation. The xylose fermentation test had a sensitivity of 98% (54 of 55) and a specificity of 99% (100 of 101) in distinguishing E. gallinarum from E. faecium and E. faecalis. The standard MDG test had a sensitivity of 100% (55 of 55) and a specificity of 95% (96 of 101) after 24 h. The xylose fermentation test is a simple method, easily incorporated into laboratory protocols, that distinguishes E. gallinarum fromE. faecium with high sensitivity and specificity in 2 h. The standard MDG test has high sensitivity and can be useful in ruling out the presence of E. gallinarum but requires overnight incubation.

scholarly journals Nitrofurantoin Is Active against Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci

2001 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 324-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
George G. Zhanel ◽  
Daryl J. Hoban ◽  
James A. Karlowsky
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Urinary Tract Infections ◽  
Enterococcus Faecium ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant ◽  
Enterococcus Gallinarum ◽  
Tract Infections

ABSTRACT The activity of nitrofurantoin was tested against 300 isolates ofEnterococcus faecium, Enterococcus faecalis, and Enterococcus gallinarum. No isolates tested were resistant to nitrofurantoin (MIC, ≥128 μg/ml), including vancomycin-resistant E. faecium isolates withvanA- and vanB-positive genotypes and vancomycin-resistant E. gallinarum isolates. We conclude that nitrofurantoin may provide effective treatment of urinary tract infections caused by vancomycin-resistant enterococci.

scholarly journals Use of Tests for Acidification of Methyl-α-d-Glucopyranoside and Susceptibility to Efrotomycin for Differentiation of Strains ofEnterococcus and Some Related Genera

1998 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1584-1587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Da Glória S. Carvalho ◽  
Lúcia M. Teixeira ◽  
Richard R. Facklam
Keyword(s):  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Enterococcus Faecium ◽  
Clinical Microbiology ◽  
Clinical Microbiology Laboratory ◽  
Microbiology Laboratory ◽  
Lactococcus Garvieae ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Enterococcus Casseliflavus ◽  
Enterococcus Gallinarum ◽  
Atypical Strains

A total of 107 Enterococcus strains, 10Vagococcus fluvialis strains, and 8 Lactococcus garvieae strains were tested for acidification of methyl-α-d-glucopyranoside (MGP) and susceptibility to 100-μg efrotomycin (EFRO) disks. All 26 strains ofEnterococcus casseliflavus, including 3 nonmotile and 2 nonpigmented strains, acidified MGP and were resistant to EFRO. All 22 strains of Enterococcus gallinarum, including 5 nonmotile strains, also acidified MGP and were resistant to EFRO. None of the 26 strains of Enterococcus faecium acidified MGP, and all were susceptible to EFRO. Although all 12 Enterococcus faecalisstrains were also negative in the MGP test, they were resistant to EFRO. Other enterococcal strains gave variable results. All 10 strains of V. fluvialis and all 8 strains of L. garvieae gave positive and negative results, respectively, in the MGP test and were, respectively, resistant and susceptible to EFRO. These results indicate that tests of the production of acid from MGP and susceptibility to EFRO can be used as adjunct tests in the identification of typical and atypical strains of enterococci in the clinical microbiology laboratory.

Control of Endemic Glycopeptide-Resistant Enterococci

1996 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 286-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise M. Dembry ◽  
Keke Uzokwe ◽  
Marcus J. Zervos
Keyword(s):  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Enterococcus Faecium ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Resistant Organism ◽  
Renal Unit ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant ◽  
Enterococcus Gallinarum ◽  
Low Prevalence ◽  
And Control ◽  
Community Teaching

AbstractObjective:To evaluate the epidemiology of, and control measures for, vancomycin-resistantEnterococcus(VRE) in a renal unit.Design:A 3-month, prospective, prevalence culture survey of patients on a 24-bed renal unit.Setting:A 975-bed community teaching hospital.Patients:Patients admitted to the renal unit over a 3-month period. Patients identified with VRE were each matched with four patients without VRE isolated over the study period.Interventions/Control Measures:Resistant-organism barrier precautions. To eradicate carriage of VRE, two patients with VRE stool colonization were treated with 5 days of oral doxycycline (100 mg twice per day) and rifampin (300 mg/day).Results:Seven patients with VRE (8 isolates) were identified. Five isolates wereEnterococcus faecium(vancomycin MIC=16 to 256 μg/mL), two wereEnterococcus faecalis(MICs=16 and 124 μg/mL), and one wasEnterococcus gallinarum(MIC=8.0 μg/mL). Eradication of carriage with VRE was accomplished in two patients treated with doxycycline and rifampin. In the final 30 days of the culture survey and at 9 months, there were no further patients with VRE identified.Conclusions:Resistant-organism precautions and elimination of patient carriage may be useful measures for controlling the spread of low-prevalence endemic vancomycin-resistantEnterococcus.

scholarly journals LAMP Assay for the Detection of Echinococcus multilocularis Eggs Isolated from Canine Faeces by a Cost-Effective NaOH-Based DNA Extraction Method

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 847
Author(s):  
Barbara J. Bucher ◽  
Gillian Muchaamba ◽  
Tim Kamber ◽  
Philipp A. Kronenberg ◽  
Kubanychbek K. Abdykerimov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiplex Pcr ◽  
Dna Extraction ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Echinococcus Multilocularis ◽  
Lamp Assay ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Commercial Kits

The detection of Echinococcus multilocularis in infected canids and the environment is pivotal for a better understanding of the epidemiology of alveolar echinococcosis in endemic areas. Necropsy/sedimentation and counting technique remain the gold standard for the detection of canid infection. PCR-based detection methods have shown high sensitivity and specificity, but they have been hardly used in large scale prevalence studies. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a fast and simple method to detect DNA with a high sensitivity and specificity, having the potential for field-application. A specific LAMP assay for the detection of E. multilocularis was developed targeting the mitochondrial nad1 gene. A crucial step for amplification-based detection methods is DNA extraction, usually achieved utilising silica-gel membrane spin columns from commercial kits which are expensive. We propose two cost-effective and straightforward methods for DNA extraction, using NaOH (method 1A) and InstaGeneTM Matrix (method 1B), from isolated eggs circumventing the need for commercial kits. The sensitivity of both assays with fox samples was similar (72.7%) with multiplex-PCR using protocol 1A and LAMP using protocol 1B. Sensitivity increased up to 100% when testing faeces from 12 foxes infected with more than 100 intestinal stages of E. multilocularis. For dogs, sensitivity was similar (95.4%) for LAMP and multiplex-PCR using protocol 1B and for both methods when DNA was extracted using protocol 1A (90.9%). The DNA extraction methods used here are fast, cheap, and do not require a DNA purification step, making them suitable for field studies in low-income countries for the prevalence study of E. multilocularis.

scholarly journals Comparison of Simple and Rapid Methods for Identifying Enterococci Intrinsically Resistant to Vancomycin

1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 815-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevan L. Hanson ◽  
Charles P. Cartwright
Keyword(s):  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Enterococcus Faecium ◽  
Rapid Methods ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci ◽  
Litmus Milk ◽  
Overnight Incubation ◽  
Enterococcus Casseliflavus ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant ◽  
Enterococcus Gallinarum

Three different methodologies, reduction of litmus milk (LM) and acidification of arabinose (ARA), acidification of methyl-α-d-glucopyranoside (MGP), and rapid motility (RM), for differentiating isolates of Enterococcus casseliflavus and Enterococcus gallinarum(intrinsically vancomycin-resistant enterococci [IVRE]) fromEnterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faeciumwere evaluated. All 33 isolates of E. faecalis tested reduced LM within 4 h and were negative in all other tests, while the 53 isolates of E. faecium were ARA positive only. In contrast, 45 of 46 (98%) IVRE isolates examined (26 E. casseliflavus and 20 E. gallinarum isolates) acidified MGP, 41 of 46 (89%) were LM and ARA positive, and 45 of 46 (98%) were RM positive. Acidification of MGP was therefore the single most useful test for differentiating IVRE from vancomycin-resistantE. faecium and E. faecalis; however, a combination of LM-ARA and RM testing enabled the correct designation of organisms without the need for overnight incubation.

scholarly journals RAPD and ERIC-PCR coupled with HRM for species identification of non-dysenteriae Shigella species; as a potential alternative method

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Babak Pakbin ◽  
Afshin Akhondzadeh Basti ◽  
Ali Khanjari ◽  
Leila Azimi ◽  
Wolfram Manuel Brück ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Identification ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Clinical Specimens ◽  
Alternative Method ◽  
Rapd Pcr ◽  
Potential Alternative

Abstract Objective Species identification of Shigella isolates are so prominent for epidemiological studies and infection prevention strategies. We developed and evaluated RAPD and ERIC-PCR coupled with HRM for differentiation of non-dysenteriae Shigella species as potential alternative methods. After isolation of eighteen Shigella strains from faecal specimens collected from children under 2 years of age with diarrhea (n = 143), the species of the isolates were identified by slide agglutination assay. Also, species were identified using developed RAPD-PCR-HRM and ERIC-PCR-HRM techniques. Differentiation of the data sets was measured by principal component analysis as a dimension reduction method. Then, sensitivity and specificity of the methods were evaluated. Results We found RAPD-PCR-HRM method with high sensitivity and specificity (100 and 85% respectively) to identify non-dysenteriae Shigella species in clinical specimens. However, sensitivity and specificity of ERIC-PCR-HRM were evaluated 33 and 46% respectively and significantly lower than that of RAPD-PCR-HRM assay. Regardless of inherent poor reproducibility of DNA fingerprinting-based methods, RAPD-PCR-HRM assay can be considered as a potential alternative method to identify non-dysenteriae species of Shigella in clinical specimens. As we observed in the current study, HRM technique is more rapid, inexpensive, and sensitive than gel electrophoresis method to characterize PCR amplicons.

Detector-C: A Blood-based IVD with High Sensitivity and Specificity for Early Detection and Screening of Colorectal Cancer

2010 ◽  
Vol 48 (08) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Rosenthal ◽  
H Köppen ◽  
R Musikowski ◽  
R Schwanitz ◽  
J Behrendt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
High Sensitivity

Trends in Diagnosis for Active Tuberculosis Using Nanomaterials

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 1946-1959 ◽  
Author(s):  
Le Minh Tu Phan ◽  
Lemma Teshome Tufa ◽  
Hwa-Jung Kim ◽  
Jaebeom Lee ◽  
Tae Jung Park
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Clinical Tools ◽  
Diagnostic Applications

Background:Tuberculosis (TB), one of the leading causes of death worldwide, is difficult to diagnose based only on signs and symptoms. Methods for TB detection are continuously being researched to design novel effective clinical tools for the diagnosis of TB.Objective:This article reviews the methods to diagnose TB at the latent and active stages and to recognize prospective TB diagnostic methods based on nanomaterials.Methods:The current methods for TB diagnosis were reviewed by evaluating their advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, the trends in TB detection using nanomaterials were discussed regarding their performance capacity for clinical diagnostic applications.Results:Current methods such as microscopy, culture, and tuberculin skin test are still being employed to diagnose TB, however, a highly sensitive point of care tool without false results is still needed. The utilization of nanomaterials to detect the specific TB biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity can provide a possible strategy to rapidly diagnose TB. Although it is challenging for nanodiagnostic platforms to be assessed in clinical trials, active TB diagnosis using nanomaterials is highly expected to achieve clinical significance for regular application. In addition, aspects and future directions in developing the high-efficiency tools to diagnose active TB using advanced nanomaterials are expounded.Conclusion:This review suggests that nanomaterials have high potential as rapid, costeffective tools to enhance the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for the accurate diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of TB. Hence, portable nanobiosensors can be alternative effective tests to be exploited globally after clinical trial execution.

Value of Coronary Calcium Scoring in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Coronary Artery Disease Patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hala T. Salem ◽  
Eman A.S. Sabek
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Coronary Calcium ◽  
Risk Estimate ◽  
Calcium Scoring ◽  
Coronary Calcium Scoring ◽  
Framingham Risk ◽  
Artery Disease

Aim and Objective: To estimate the relationship between Coronary Calcium Scoring (CCS)and presence of different degrees of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) to avoid unnecessary examinations and hence unnecessary radiation exposure and contrast injection. Background: Coronary Calcium Scoring (CCS) is a test uses x-ray equipment to produce pictures of the coronary arteries to determine the degree of its narrowing by the build-up of calcified plaques. Despite the lack of definitive data linking ionizing radiation with cancer, the American Heart Association supports widely that practitioners of Computed tomography Coronary Angiography (CTCA) should keep “patient radiation doses as low as reasonably achievable but consistent with obtaining the desired medical information”. Methods: Data obtained from 275 CTCA examinations were reviewed. Radiation effective doses were estimated for both CCS and CTCA, measures to keep it as low as possible were presented, CCS and Framingham risk estimate were compared to the final results of CTCA to detect sensitivity and specificity of each one in detecting obstructive lesions. Results: CCS is a strong discriminator for obstructive CAD and can with high sensitivity and specificity and correlates well with the degree of obstruction even more than Framingham risk estimate which has high sensitivity and low specificity. Conclusion: CCS helps reducing the effective radiation dose if properly evaluated to skip unnecessary CTCA if obstructive lesions was unlikely, and as a test does not use contrast material, harmful effect on the kidney will be avoided as most of coronary atherosclerotic patients have renal problems.

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