scholarly journals Effects of Maternal Antibodies on Protection and Development of Antibody Responses to Human Rotavirus in Gnotobiotic Pigs

1999 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 186-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Hodgins ◽  
S. Y. Kang ◽  
L. deArriba ◽  
V. Parreño ◽  
L. A. Ward ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Titer ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Maternal Antibodies ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Virus Shedding ◽  
Human Rotavirus ◽  
Gnotobiotic Pigs ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

ABSTRACT Although maternal antibodies can protect against infectious disease in infancy, they can also suppress active immune responses. The effects of circulating maternal antibodies, with and without colostrum and milk antibodies, on passive protection and active immunity to human rotavirus (HRV) were examined in gnotobiotic pigs. Pigs received intraperitoneal injections of high-titer serum (immune pigs [groups 1 and 2]) from immunized sows, low-titer serum from naturally infected sows (control pigs [groups 3 and 4]), or no serum (group 5). Immune or control colostrum and milk were added to the diet of groups 2 and 4, respectively. After inoculation (3 to 5 days of age) and challenge (postinoculation day [PID] 21) with virulent HRV, the effects of maternal antibodies on protection (from diarrhea and virus shedding), and on active antibody responses (measured by quantitation of antibody-secreting cells [ASC] in intestinal and systemic lymphoid tissues by ELISPOT) were evaluated. Groups 1 and 2 had significantly less diarrhea and virus shedding after inoculation but higher rates of diarrhea and virus shedding after challenge than did groups 3 and 5. Group 1 and 2 pigs had significantly fewer immunoglobulin A (IgA) ASC in intestinal tissues at PID 21 and at postchallenge day (PCD) 7 compared to group 5. Significantly fewer IgG ASC were present in the intestines of group 2 pigs at PID 21 and PCD 7 compared to group 5. There was a trend towards fewer ASC in intestinal tissues of group 2 than group 1, from PID 21 on, with significantly fewer IgA ASC at PCD 7. IgG ASC in the duodenum and mesenteric lymph nodes of group 3 and 4 pigs were significantly fewer than in group 5 at PCD 7. These decreases in ASC emphasize the role of passive antibodies in impairing induction of ASC rather than in merely suppressing the function of differentiated B cells. To be successful, vaccines intended for populations with high titers of maternal antibodies (infants in developing countries) may require higher titers of virus, multiple doses, or improved delivery systems, such as the use of microencapsulation or immune stimulating complexes, to overcome the suppressive effects of maternal antibodies.

scholarly journals Antibody-Secreting Cell Responses and Protective Immunity Assessed in Gnotobiotic Pigs Inoculated Orally or Intramuscularly with Inactivated Human Rotavirus

1998 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 330-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lijuan Yuan ◽  
S.-Y. Kang ◽  
Lucy A. Ward ◽  
Thanh L. To ◽  
Linda J. Saif
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Memory B Cells ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Human Rotavirus ◽  
Specific Igg ◽  
Gnotobiotic Pigs ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Intestinal Iga ◽  
Group 1

ABSTRACT Newborn gnotobiotic pigs were inoculated twice perorally (p.o.) (group 1) or intramuscularly (i.m.) (group 2) or three times i.m. (group 3) with inactivated Wa strain human rotavirus and challenged with virulent Wa human rotavirus 20 to 24 days later. To assess correlates of protection, antibody-secreting cells (ASC) were enumerated in intestinal and systemic lymphoid tissues from pigs in each group at selected postinoculation days (PID) or postchallenge days. Few virus-specific ASC were detected in any tissues of group 1 pigs prior to challenge. By comparison, groups 2 and 3 had significantly greater numbers of virus-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) ASC in intestinal and splenic tissues at PID 8 and significantly greater numbers of virus-specific IgG ASC and IgG memory B cells in spleen and blood at challenge. However, as for group 1, few virus-specific IgA ASC or IgA memory B cells were detected in any tissues of group 2 and 3 pigs. Neither p.o. nor i.m. inoculation conferred significant protection against virulent Wa rotavirus challenge (0 to 6% protection rate), and all groups showed significant anamnestic virus-specific IgG and IgA ASC responses. Hence, high numbers of IgG ASC or memory IgG ASC in the systemic lymphoid tissues at the time of challenge did not correlate with protection. Further, our findings suggest that inactivated Wa human rotavirus administered either p.o. or parenterally is significantly less effective in inducing intestinal IgA ASC responses and conferring protective immunity than live Wa human rotavirus inoculated orally, as reported earlier (L. Yuan, L. A. Ward, B. I. Rosen, T. L. To, and L. J. Saif, J. Virol. 70:3075–3083, 1996). Thus, more efficient mucosal delivery systems and rotavirus vaccination strategies are needed to induce intestinal IgA ASC responses, identified previously as a correlate of protective immunity to rotavirus.

scholarly journals Serum and intestinal isotype antibody responses to Wa human rotavirus in gnotobiotic pigs are modulated by maternal antibodies.

1999 ◽  
Vol 80 (6) ◽  
pp. 1417-1428 ◽  
Author(s):  
V Parre√±o ◽  
D C Hodgins ◽  
L de Arriba ◽  
S Y Kang ◽  
L Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Maternal Antibodies ◽  
Human Rotavirus ◽  
Gnotobiotic Pigs

Does Perioperative Hemoglobin A1c Level Affect the Incidence, Pattern and Mortality of Lower Extremity Amputation?

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 354-364
Author(s):  
Hassan Al-Thani ◽  
Moamena El-Matbouly ◽  
Maryam Al-Sulaiti ◽  
Noora Al-Thani ◽  
Mohammad Asim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glycemic Control ◽  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Hazard Ratio ◽  
Lower Extremity Amputation ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Extremity Amputation ◽  
Group 1

Background: We hypothesized that perioperative HbA1c influenced the pattern and outcomes of Lower Extremity Amputation (LEA). Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted for all patients who underwent LEA between 2000 and 2013. Patients were categorized into 5 groups according to their perioperative HbA1c values [Group 1 (<6.5%), Group 2 (6.5-7.4%), Group 3 (7.5-8.4%), Group 4 (8.5-9.4%) and Group 5 (≥9.5%)]. We identified 848 patients with LEA; perioperative HbA1c levels were available in 547 cases (Group 1: 18.8%, Group 2: 17.7%, Group 3: 15.0%, Group 4: 13.5% and Group 5: 34.9%). Major amputation was performed in 35%, 32%, 22%, 10.8% and 13.6%, respectively. Results: The overall mortality was 36.5%; of that one quarter occurred during the index hospitalization. Mortality was higher in Group 1 (57.4%) compared with Groups 2-5 (46.9%, 38.3%, 36.1% and 31.2%, respectively, p=0.001). Cox regression analysis showed that poor glycemic control (Group 4 and 5) had lower risk of mortality post-LEA [hazard ratio 0.57 (95% CI 0.35-0.93) and hazard ratio 0.46 (95% CI 0.31-0.69)]; this mortality risk persisted even after adjustment for age and sex but was statistically insignificant. The rate of LEA was greater among poor glycemic control patients; however, the mortality was higher among patients with tight control. Conclusion: The effects of HbA1c on the immediate and long-term LEA outcomes and its therapeutic implications need further investigation.

scholarly journals Association between serum oestradiol level on the hCG administration day and neonatal birthweight after IVF-ET among 3659 singleton live births

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Liu ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
Wanyu Zhang ◽  
Yihong Guo
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Ovarian Stimulation ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group 6 ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ivf Et ◽  
Group 1

AbstractOestradiol, an important hormone in follicular development and endometrial receptivity, is closely related to clinical outcomes of fresh in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) cycles. A supraphysiologic E2 level is inevitable during controlled ovarian hyper-stimulation (COH), and its effect on the outcome of IVF-ET is controversial. The aim of this retrospective study is to evaluate the association between elevated serum oestradiol (E2) levels on the day of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) administration and neonatal birthweight after IVF-ET cycles. The data of 3659 infertile patients with fresh IVF-ET cycles were analysed retrospectively between August 2009 and February 2017 in First Hospital of Zhengzhou University. Patients were categorized by serum E2 levels on the day of hCG administration into six groups: group 1 (serum E2 levels ≤ 1000 pg/mL, n = 230), group 2 (serum E2 levels between 1001 and 2000 pg/mL, n = 524), group 3 (serum E2 levels between 2001 and 3000 pg/mL, n = 783), group 4 (serum E2 levels between 3001 and 4000 pg/mL, n = 721), group 5 (serum E2 levels between 4001 and 5000 pg/mL, n = 548 ), and group 6 (serum E2 levels > 5000 pg/mL, n = 852). Univariate linear regression was used to evaluate the independent correlation between each factor and outcome index. Multiple logistic regression was used to adjust for confounding factors. The LBW rates were as follows: 3.0% (group 1), 2.9% (group 2), 1.9% (group 3), 2.9% (group 4), 2.9% (group 5), and 2.0% (group 6) (P = 0.629), respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in the incidences of neonatal LBW among the six groups. We did not detect an association between peak serum E2 level during ovarian stimulation and neonatal birthweight after IVF-ET. The results of this retrospective cohort study showed that serum E2 peak levels during ovarian stimulation were not associated with birth weight during IVF cycles. In addition, no association was found between higher E2 levels and increased LBW risk. Our observations suggest that the hyper-oestrogenic milieu during COS does not seem to have adverse effects on the birthweight of offspring after IVF. Although this study provides some reference, the obstetric-related factors were not included due to historical reasons. The impact of the high estrogen environment during COS on the birth weight of IVF offspring still needs future research.

scholarly journals Morphological Characterization of Isolates of Phomopsis vexans of Bangladesh

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 123-130
Author(s):  
MM Islam ◽  
M Asaduzzaman ◽  
ME Hoque ◽  
MB Meah
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
Cultural Properties ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Phomopsis Vexans ◽  
Group 1

Forty four isolates of Phomopsis vexans from different eggplant cultivars collected from core eggplant growing regions of Bangladesh which were characterized using mycological characteristics. Variation exists among the isolates of Phomopsis vexans of Bangladesh covering two types of farm having two ecosystems and the isolates were grouped into five distinct groups based on their cultural properties. The highest sized ? conidia were observed in group -1 and the lowest size in-group -2. The highest sized ? conidia were recorded in group -5 and the lowest in-group –2. The highest pycnidial size noted in-group -3 and the smallest sized pycnidia were recorded in group –1. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsf.v8i1-2.14635 J. Sci. Foundation, 8(1&2): 123-130, June-December 2010

Timing of melatonin treatment: differential effects on oestrus and coat growth in goats

1997 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. A. Forsyth ◽  
F. E. Gebbie ◽  
J. Arendt
Keyword(s):  
Goat Milk ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Ovarian Activity ◽  
Plasma Prolactin ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

AbstractTo avoid winter scarcity of fresh goat milk, simple methods of advancing the season of kidding would be commercially valuable. A combination of long-day light treatment followed by melatonin is successful but other aspects of seasonality including coat growth are also reset. To investigate whether effects on breeding season and coat growth can be dissociated, British Saanen dairy goats (no. = 30) were randomly allocated to one of six groups. Control goats were untreated. Goats in the other five groups received 2 months of treatment with 20 h light: 4 h darkness (20L: 4D) and were then given 3 mg melatonin orally at 16.00 hfor 2 months. The treatments started on 11 January (group 1), 29 March (group 2), 14 June (group 3), 30 August (group 4) and 8 November (group 5). Weekly blood samples were taken for the measurement of progesterone to monitor ovarian activity and prolactin. Side patches (10 cm ×10 cm) were clipped monthly from alternate sides and weighed to measure coat growth. The onset of ovarian activity was advanced from a median date of 15 November in controls to 24 May in group 1 (P < 0·01), 16 August in group 2 (P < 0·05) and 18 October in group 3 (? < 0·05). Groups 4 and 5 showed no significant change in the onset of oestrus (median onset dates 8 November and 1 November, respectively). Group 1 goats came into season again with controls in November. In all except group 5, treatment interacted with time to affect significantly the growth of the coat. The pattern of coat growth was most altered (P < 0·001) in groups 1 and 2. This was associated with effects on plasma prolactin concentrations of light stimulation and melatonin suppression. Group 1 goats resynchronized with control goats to show a coat of normal weight in the winter following treatment. Division of milking goat herds into spring and autumn kidding groups is, therefore, a practical possibility, but effects on overall milk yield require study.

THE EFFECTS OF SLAUGHTER WEIGHT AND SEX ON THE COOKING LOSSES FROM AND PALATABILITY ATTRIBUTES OF PORK LOIN CHOPS

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. JEREMIAH ◽  
G. M. WEISS
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Slaughter Weight ◽  
Cooking Properties ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Practical Standpoint ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Pork Loin ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

A total of 130 barrows and 113 gilts were slaughtered over a range of liveweights from 65.6 to 143.9 kg. These animals were randomly assigned to six different liveweight groups (group 1, less than 79.5 kg; group 2, 79.5 through 93.1 kg; group 3, 93.2 through 106.7 kg; group 4, 106.8 through 120.4 kg; group 5, 120.5 through 134.0 kg; and group 6, 134.1 kg and over) and utilized to evaluate the effects of slaughter weight and sex on palatability and cooking properties. The composite results indicated that the slaughter weight of both barrows and gilts can, from a practical standpoint, be increased to take advantage of potential economic advantages without meaningfully altering cooking losses or palatability attributes. Key words: Pork, slaughter weight, sex, palatability, cooking losses

Abstract 15193: Pulmonary Hypertension in Pregnancy: WHO Group 1 Outcomes Improved, Time to Focus on WHO Group 2

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
William H Marshall ◽  
Stephen Gee ◽  
Woobeen Lim ◽  
Elisa A Bradley ◽  
Lauren Lastinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Hypertension ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Systolic Pressure ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Cardiac Events ◽  
Ventricular Systolic Pressure ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
In Pregnancy ◽  
Group 1

Introduction: Pregnancy is contraindicated in women with pulmonary hypertension (PH), yet many still decide to pursue pregnancy. Hypothesis: We hypothesized improved maternal mortality with PH at our center’s cardio-obstetrics program and sought to identify factors to estimate the risk of major adverse cardiac events (MACE). Methods: Pregnant women with right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) ≥35 mmHg or tricuspid regurgitant velocity > 2.8 m/s on transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) were identified. Women with intermediate to high probability PH by ESC criteria (TTE or catheterization, n = 70) were classified using the 6 th World Society of PH definitions. Results: In 70 women with PH (30 ± 6 years-old, RVSP 52 ± 16 mmHg) there were 12 (17%) with WHO Group 1 PH, 45 (64%) with Group 2 PH, 4 (6%) with Group 3 PH and 9 (13%) with Group 5 PH (Figure A). Baseline characteristics were similar except: Group 1 PH had 83% on prostacyclin (PC) therapy, higher RVSP (78 ± 20 mmHg vs. Groups 2 (46 ± 9), 3 (44 ± 2 mmHg) and 5 PH (48 ± 10mmHg), p<0.01), and compared to Group 2 PH, more Group 1 PH women were diagnosed pre-pregnancy (9 (75%) vs. 12 (27%), p = 0.01) and had cardio-obstetrics care (10 (83%) vs. 16 (36%), p < 0.01) (Figure B - E). There were no peripartum deaths, however 3 (4.3%) women with Group 2 PH had late mortality (7 ± 4 months post-partum). MACE occurred in 24 (34%) women and was more likely in those with: NYHA FC ≥ 2 (95% CI 4.7-57, p < 0.01), pre-eclampsia (95% CI 1.2-13, p = 0.03), RVSP >50 mmHg (95% CI 1.3-10, p = 0.02) and LVEF <50% (95% CI 1.1-8.8, p = 0.04) (Figure F). Preterm birth occurred in 32 (49%) pregnancies, with no neonatal mortality. Conclusion: To conclude, in a large single center cohort we report 100% 1-year survival in Groups 1, 3, and 5 PH, with most Group 1 PH patients on PC therapy and under cardio-obstetrics care. We identify Group 2 PH as an under-recognized group for adverse outcomes in pregnancy, with NYHA FC, pre-eclampsia, RVSP >50 mmHg and LVEF <50% associated with increased MACE.

scholarly journals Zingerone Ameliorates Hepatotoxicity

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 280-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julietpoornamathy J ◽  
Parameswari C.S.
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Toxic Compounds ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Group 1

In medical sciences, toxicity is an area wherein extensive studies have been carried to improve the diseases as well as to prevent. So, there is a high requirement for novel and improved alternative therapeutic strategies to manage diseases. The liver is the largest gland in the body, which executes several important mechanisms; it stores minerals and vitamins and releases them in periods of need. The main aim of this study was to give a closer insight into potent non- toxic compounds that is capable of modifying the responses. Animals were divided into five equal groups viz control (Group 1), administered with food and water ad libitum, (Group 2) administered with olive oil, (Group 3) administered with zingerone, (Group 4) administered with concanavalin A, (Group 5) administered with cyclosporine A followed by zingerone. Our results revealed significant changes in liver marker enzymes and liver histology of zingerone treated rats when compared to control rats.  A corollary, zingerone has no toxic effect on hepatocytes and was found to be safe at a dose of 10mg/kg b wt and also ameliorates hepatotoxicity.

scholarly journals Erectogenic Effect of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) Extract in Normal and 5-Fluorouracil induced Oxidative Stressed Adult Male Wistar Rats

2021 ◽  
pp. 22-34
Author(s):  
O. Abimbola Akintemi ◽  
R. O. Babalola ◽  
S. O. Babatunde
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Thymus Vulgaris ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Phosphodiesterase 5 ◽  
Thiol Level ◽  
Group 1

This study determined the effect of oral administration of aqueous extract from Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) extract (TVE) on the antioxidant status and activity of some penile function enzymes (acetylcholinesterase (AChE), phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5), adenosine diaminase (ADA), and arginase) activity in normal and 5- Fluorouracil- induced oxidative stressed rats. Sixty adult Wister rats (210-225)g were divided into ten (10) groups (n=6): Group 1: received oral administration  of normal saline (NC), Group 2: received 100 mg/kg of thyme extract orally (TE 100 mg/kg), Group 3: received 200 mg/kg of thyme extract orally (TE 200 mg/kg), rats in group four were treated with 400 mg/kg of thyme extract orally (TE 400 mg/kg), Those in group 5: received 25 mg/kg of Vitamin C orally, while group 6 to 10 were induced with 150 mg/kg of 5-Fluorouracil solution (5-FLU, i.p), but group 7-10 were treated 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg and Vitamin C (25mg/kg), respectively. After fourteen (14) days of treatment, the rats were sacrificed and the penile tissue was carefully isolated and prepared into homogenate, which was used for antioxidant and enzymes biochemical analysis. The result revealed that i.p induction of 5-FLU caused a significant increase in malondialdehyde level, as well as AChE, ADA, PDE-5 and arginase activities wth concomitant decrease in thiol level when compared to control rats. However, the administration of TVE was found to reverse the effect of 5-FLU. The TVE was also found the reduced MDA level and all the enzyme activities, but boosted the thiol level in the normal rats when compared to control rats. Interestingly the effect of the TVE was found dose-dependently, and 400 mg/kg TVE was found to be more potent among all the doses used in both normal and 5-FLU-induced oxidative stress rats.

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