scholarly journals Immune-Mediated Protection from Measles Virus-Induced Central Nervous System Disease Is Noncytolytic and Gamma Interferon Dependent

2002 ◽  
Vol 76 (9) ◽  
pp. 4497-4506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine E. Patterson ◽  
Diane M. P. Lawrence ◽  
Lisa A. Echols ◽  
Glenn F. Rall
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Neuronal Death ◽  
Measles Virus ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Gamma Interferon ◽  
T Cell Response ◽  
Ifn Γ

ABSTRACT Neurons of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) are an essential and largely nonrenewable cell population. Thus, virus infections that result in neuronal depletion, either by virus-mediated cell death or by induction of the cytolytic immune response, could cause permanent neurological impairment of the host. In a transgenic mouse model of measles virus (MV) infection of neurons, we have previously shown that the host T-cell response was required for resolution of infection in susceptible adult mice. In this report, we show that this protective response did not result in neuronal death, even during the peak of T-cell infiltration into the brain parenchyma. When susceptible mice were intercrossed with specific immune knockout mice, a critical role for gamma interferon (IFN-γ) was identified in protection against MV infection and CNS disease. Moreover, the addition of previously activated splenocytes or recombinant murine IFN-γ to MV-infected primary neurons resulted in the inhibition of viral replication in the absence of neuronal death. Together, these data support the hypothesis that the host immune response can promote viral clearance without concomitant neuronal loss, a process that appears to be mediated by cytokines.

scholarly journals Gamma Interferon Signaling in Macrophage Lineage Cells Regulates Central Nervous System Inflammation and Chemokine Production

2009 ◽  
Vol 83 (17) ◽  
pp. 8604-8615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adora A. Lin ◽  
Pulak K. Tripathi ◽  
Allyson Sholl ◽  
Michael B. Jordan ◽  
David A. Hildeman
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Gamma Interferon ◽  
Dominant Negative ◽  
Chemokine Production ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Macrophage Lineage

ABSTRACT Intracranial (i.c.) infection of mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) results in anorexic weight loss, mediated by T cells and gamma interferon (IFN-γ). Here, we assessed the role of CD4+ T cells and IFN-γ on immune cell recruitment and proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine production in the central nervous system (CNS) after i.c. LCMV infection. We found that T-cell-depleted mice had decreased recruitment of hematopoietic cells to the CNS and diminished levels of IFN-γ, CCL2 (MCP-1), CCL3 (MIP-1α), and CCL5 (RANTES) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Mice deficient in IFN-γ had decreased CSF levels of CCL3, CCL5, and CXCL10 (IP-10), and decreased activation of both resident CNS and infiltrating antigen-presenting cells (APCs). The effects of IFN-γ signaling on macrophage lineage cells was assessed using transgenic mice, called “macrophages insensitive to interferon gamma” (MIIG) mice, that express a dominant-negative IFN-γ receptor under the control of the CD68 promoter. MIIG mice had decreased levels of CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, and CXCL10 compared to controls despite having normal numbers of LCMV-specific CD4+ T cells in the CNS. MIIG mice also had decreased recruitment of infiltrating macrophages and decreased activation of both resident CNS and infiltrating APCs. Finally, MIIG mice were significantly protected from LCMV-induced anorexia and weight loss. Thus, these data suggest that CD4+ T-cell production of IFN-γ promotes signaling in macrophage lineage cells, which control (i) the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, (ii) the recruitment of macrophages to the CNS, (iii) the activation of resident CNS and infiltrating APC populations, and (iv) anorexic weight loss.

scholarly journals Exaggerated Proinflammatory and Th1 Responses in the Absence of γ/δ T Cells after Infection withListeria monocytogenes

2001 ◽  
Vol 69 (12) ◽  
pp. 7213-7223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne J. Skeen ◽  
Emily P. Rix ◽  
Molly M. Freeman ◽  
H. Kirk Ziegler
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
T Cell Response ◽  
Response Models ◽  
Multiple Cell ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Precise Role

ABSTRACT While γ/δ T cells are involved in host defense and immunopathology in a variety of infectious diseases, their precise role is not yet clearly defined. In the absence of γ/δ T cells, mice die after infection with a dose of Listeria monocytogenes that is not lethal in immunologically intact animals. Morbidity might result from insufficient levels of cytokines normally produced by γ/δ T cells or conversely from an excess of cytokines due to a lack of down-regulation of the inflammatory response in the absence of γ/δ T cells. Consistent with a regulatory role, we found that systemic levels of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6 [IL-6], IL-12, and gamma interferon [IFN-γ]) were significantly higher in the absence of γ/δ T cells during the innate phase of the response. Using combinations of genetically altered and immunodepleted mice, we found evidence for γ/δ T-cell-mediated regulation of IFN-γ production by multiple cell types of both lymphoid and myeloid lineages. The antigen-specific α/β T-cell response that followed the exaggerated innate response was also increased in γ/δ T-cell-deficient mice. These findings are consistent with an emerging picture from a variety of immune response models of a critical role for γ/δ T cells in down-modulation of the immune response.

scholarly journals Checkpoint blockade accelerates a novel switch from an NKT-driven TNFα response toward a T cell driven IFN-γ response within the tumor microenvironment

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. e002269
Author(s):  
Shota Aoyama ◽  
Ryosuke Nakagawa ◽  
Satoshi Nemoto ◽  
Patricio Perez-Villarroel ◽  
James J Mulé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Tumor Growth ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
T Cell Response ◽  
Effector Function ◽  
Checkpoint Blockade ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Ifn Γ

BackgroundThe temporal response to checkpoint blockade (CB) is incompletely understood. Here, we profiled the tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) landscape in response to combination checkpoint blockade at two distinct timepoints of solid tumor growth.MethodsC57BL/6 mice bearing subcutaneous MC38 tumors were treated with anti-PD-1 and/or anti-CTLA-4 antibodies. At 11 or 21 days, TIL phenotype and effector function were analyzed in excised tumor digests using high parameter flow cytometry. The contributions of major TIL populations toward overall response were then assessed using ex vivo cytotoxicity and in vivo tumor growth assays.ResultsThe distribution and effector function among 37 distinct TIL populations shifted dramatically between early and late MC38 growth. At 11 days, the immune response was dominated by Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)-producing NKT, representing over half of all TIL. These were accompanied by modest frequencies of natural killer (NK), CD4+, or CD8+ T cells, producing low levels of IFN-γ. At 21 days, NKT populations were reduced to a combined 20% of TIL, giving way to increased NK, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells, with increased IFN-γ production. Treatment with CB accelerated this switch. At day 11, CB reduced NKT to less than 20% of all TIL, downregulated TNFα across NKT and CD4+ T cell populations, increased CD4+ and CD8+ TIL frequencies, and significantly upregulated IFN-γ production. Degranulation was largely associated with NK and NKT TIL. Blockade of H-2kb and/or CD1d during ex vivo cytotoxicity assays revealed NKT has limited direct cytotoxicity against parent MC38. However, forced CD1d overexpression in MC38 cells significantly diminished tumor growth, suggesting NKT TIL exerts indirect control over MC38 growth.ConclusionsDespite an indirect benefit of early NKT activity, CB accelerates a switch from TNFα, NKT-driven immune response toward an IFN-γ driven CD4+/CD8+ T cell response in MC38 tumors. These results uncover a novel NKT/T cell switch that may be a key feature of CB response in CD1d+ tumors.

scholarly journals The Human Immune Response to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 481-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clark D. Russell ◽  
Stefan A. Unger ◽  
Marc Walton ◽  
Jürgen Schwarze
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
T Cell ◽  
T Cell Response ◽  
Rsv Infection ◽  
Human Immune Response ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Human Immune ◽  
Syncytial Virus

SUMMARY Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important etiological agent of respiratory infections, particularly in children. Much information regarding the immune response to RSV comes from animal models and in vitro studies. Here, we provide a comprehensive description of the human immune response to RSV infection, based on a systematic literature review of research on infected humans. There is an initial strong neutrophil response to RSV infection in humans, which is positively correlated with disease severity and mediated by interleukin-8 (IL-8). Dendritic cells migrate to the lungs as the primary antigen-presenting cell. An initial systemic T-cell lymphopenia is followed by a pulmonary CD8+ T-cell response, mediating viral clearance. Humoral immunity to reinfection is incomplete, but RSV IgG and IgA are protective. B-cell-stimulating factors derived from airway epithelium play a major role in protective antibody generation. Gamma interferon (IFN-γ) has a strongly protective role, and a Th2-biased response may be deleterious. Other cytokines (particularly IL-17A), chemokines (particularly CCL-5 and CCL-3), and local innate immune factors (including cathelicidins and IFN-λ) contribute to pathogenesis. In summary, neutrophilic inflammation is incriminated as a harmful response, whereas CD8+ T cells and IFN-γ have protective roles. These may represent important therapeutic targets to modulate the immunopathogenesis of RSV infection.

scholarly journals The Polyomavirus BK Large T-Antigen-Derived Peptide Elicits an HLA-DR Promiscuous and Polyfunctional CD4+T-Cell Response

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 815-824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bala Ramaswami ◽  
Iulia Popescu ◽  
Camila Macedo ◽  
Chunqing Luo ◽  
Ron Shapiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Cell Response ◽  
T Antigen ◽  
T Cell Response ◽  
Peptide Sequence ◽  
Large T Antigen ◽  
Hla Dr ◽  
Ifn Γ

ABSTRACTBK virus (BKV) nephropathy and hemorrhagic cystitis are increasingly recognized causes of disease in renal and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, respectively. Functional characterization of the immune response to BKV is important for clinical diagnosis, prognosis, and vaccine design. A peptide mix (PepMix) and overlapping (OPP) or random (RPP) peptide pools derived from BKV large T antigen (LTA) were used to restimulate 14-day-expanded peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 27 healthy control subjects in gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-specific enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assays. A T-cell response to LTA PepMix was detected in 15/27 subjects. A response was frequently observed with peptides derived from the helicase domain (9/15 subjects), while the DNA binding and host range domains were immunologically inert (0/15 subjects). For all nine subjects who responded to LTA peptide pools, the immune response could be explained largely by a 15-mer peptide designated P313. P313-specific CD4+T-cell clones demonstrated (i) stringent LTA peptide specificity; (ii) promiscuous recognition in the context of HLA-DR alleles; (iii) cross recognition of homologous peptides from the polyomavirus simian virus 40 (SV40); (iv) an effector memory phenotype, CD107a expression, and intracellular production of IFN-γ and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α); (v) cytotoxic activity in a chromium release assay; and (vi) the ability to directly present cognate antigen to autologous T cells. In conclusion, T-cell-mediated immunity to BKV in healthy subjects is associated with a polyfunctional population of CD4+T cells with dual T-helper and T-cytotoxic properties. HLA class II promiscuity in antigen presentation makes the targeted LTA peptide sequence a suitable candidate for inclusion in immunotherapy protocols.

scholarly journals Gamma Interferon Is Required for Chlamydia Clearance but Is Dispensable for T Cell Homing to the Genital Tract

mBio ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer D. Helble ◽  
Rodrigo J. Gonzalez ◽  
Ulrich H. von Andrian ◽  
Michael N. Starnbach
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽  
Genital Tract ◽  
Gamma Interferon ◽  
Cell Homing ◽  
Content Type ◽  
T Cell Homing ◽  
Ifn Γ

ABSTRACT While there is no effective vaccine against Chlamydia trachomatis infection, previous work has demonstrated the importance of C. trachomatis-specific CD4+ T cells (NR1 T cells) in pathogen clearance. Specifically, NR1 T cells have been shown to be protective in mice, and this protection depends on the host’s ability to sense the cytokine gamma interferon (IFN-γ). However, it is unclear what role NR1 production or sensing of IFN-γ plays in T cell homing to the genital tract or T cell-mediated protection against C. trachomatis. Using two-photon microscopy and flow cytometry, we found that naive wild-type (WT), IFN-γ−/−, and IFN-γR−/− NR1 T cells specifically home to sections in the genital tract that contain C. trachomatis. We also determined that protection against infection requires production of IFN-γ from either NR1 T cells or endogenous cells, further highlighting the importance of IFN-γ in clearing C. trachomatis infection. IMPORTANCE Chlamydia trachomatis is an important mucosal pathogen that is the leading cause of sexually transmitted bacterial infections in the United States. Despite this, there is no vaccine currently available. In order to develop such a vaccine, it is necessary to understand the components of the immune response that can lead to protection against this pathogen. It is well known that antigen-specific CD4+ T cells are critical for Chlamydia clearance, but the contexts in which they are protective or not protective are unknown. Here, we aimed to characterize the importance of gamma interferon production and sensing by T cells and the effects on the immune response to C. trachomatis. Our work here helps to define the contexts in which antigen-specific T cells can be protective, which is critical to our ability to design an effective and protective vaccine against C. trachomatis.

scholarly journals Perforin and Gamma Interferon-Mediated Control of Coronavirus Central Nervous System Infection by CD8 T Cells in the Absence of CD4 T Cells

2004 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 1739-1750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cornelia C. Bergmann ◽  
Beatriz Parra ◽  
David R. Hinton ◽  
Chandran Ramakrishna ◽  
Konechi C. Dowdell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Virus Replication ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cytolytic Activity ◽  
Gamma Interferon ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Viral Control ◽  
Ifn Γ

ABSTRACT Infection of the central nervous system (CNS) with the neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus produces acute and chronic demyelination. The contributions of perforin-mediated cytolysis and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) secretion by CD8+ T cells to the control of infection and the induction of demyelination were examined by adoptive transfer into infected SCID recipients. Untreated SCID mice exhibited uncontrolled virus replication in all CNS cell types but had little or no demyelination. Memory CD8+ T cells from syngeneic wild-type (wt), perforin-deficient, or IFN-γ-deficient (GKO) donors all trafficked into the infected CNS in the absence of CD4+ T cells and localized to similar areas. Although CD8+ T cells from all three donors suppressed virus replication in the CNS, GKO CD8+ T cells expressed the least antiviral activity. A distinct viral antigen distribution in specific CNS cell types revealed different mechanisms of viral control. While wt CD8+ T cells inhibited virus replication in all CNS cell types, cytolytic activity in the absence of IFN-γ suppressed the infection of astrocytes, but not oligodendroglia. In contrast, cells that secreted IFN-γ but lacked cytolytic activity inhibited replication in oligodendroglia, but not astrocytes. Demyelination was most severe following viral control by wt CD8+ T cells but was independent of macrophage infiltration. These data demonstrate the effective control of virus replication by CD8+ T cells in the absence of CD4+ T cells and support the necessity for the expression of distinct effector mechanisms in the control of viral replication in distinct CNS glial cell types.

scholarly journals The Majority of Infiltrating CD8+ T Cells in the Central Nervous System of Susceptible SJL/J Mice Infected with Theiler's Virus Are Virus Specific and Fully Functional

2002 ◽  
Vol 76 (13) ◽  
pp. 6577-6585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bong-Su Kang ◽  
Michael A. Lyman ◽  
Byung S. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Demyelinating Disease ◽  
Class I ◽  
Theiler's Virus ◽  
Ctl Response ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Ifn Γ

ABSTRACT Theiler's virus infection of the central nervous system (CNS) induces an immune-mediated demyelinating disease in susceptible mouse strains, such as SJL/J, and serves as a relevant infectious model for human multiple sclerosis. It has been previously suggested that susceptible SJL/J mice do not mount an efficient cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response to the virus. In addition, genetic studies have shown that resistance to Theiler's virus-induced demyelinating disease is linked to the H-2D major histocompatibility complex class I locus, suggesting that a compromised CTL response may contribute to the susceptibility of SJL/J mice. Here we show that SJL/J mice do, in fact, generate a CD8+ T-cell response in the CNS that is directed against one dominant (VP3159-166) and two subdominant (VP111-20 and VP3173-181) capsid protein epitopes. These virus-specific CD8+ T cells produce gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and lyse target cells in the presence of the epitope peptides, indicating that these CNS-infiltrating CD8+ T cells are fully functional effector cells. Intracellular IFN-γ staining analysis indicates that greater than 50% of CNS-infiltrating CD8+ T cells are specific for these viral epitopes at 7 days postinfection. Therefore, the susceptibility of SJL/J mice is not due to the lack of an early functional Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-specific CTL response. Interestingly, T-cell responses to all three epitopes are restricted by the H-2Ks molecule, and this skewed class I restriction may be associated with susceptibility to demyelinating disease.

scholarly journals Effector CD8+ T Lymphocytes against Liver Stages of Plasmodium yoelii Do Not Require Gamma Interferon for Antiparasite Activity

2008 ◽  
Vol 76 (8) ◽  
pp. 3628-3631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumana Chakravarty ◽  
G. Christian Baldeviano ◽  
Michael G. Overstreet ◽  
Fidel Zavala
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Plasmodium Yoelii ◽  
Gamma Interferon ◽  
Parasite Development ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Ifn Γ

ABSTRACT The protective immune response against liver stages of the malaria parasite critically requires CD8+ T cells. Although the nature of the effector mechanism utilized by these cells to repress parasite development remains unclear, a critical role for gamma interferon (IFN-γ) has been widely assumed based on circumstantial evidence. However, the requirement for CD8+ T-cell-mediated IFN-γ production in protective immunity to this pathogen has not been directly tested. In this report, we use an adoptive transfer strategy with circumsporozoite (CS) protein-specific transgenic T cells to examine the role of CD8+ T-cell-derived IFN-γ production in Plasmodium yoelii-infected mice. We show that despite a marginal reduction in the expansion of naive IFN-γ-deficient CS-specific transgenic T cells, their antiparasite activity remains intact. Further, adoptively transferred IFN-γ-deficient CD8+ T cells were as efficient as their wild-type counterparts in limiting parasite growth in naive mice. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that IFN-γ secretion by CS-specific CD8+ T cells is not essential to protect mice against live sporozoite challenge.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document