scholarly journals Retrospective Analysis of a Local Cessation of Vaccination against Poliomyelitis: a Possible Scenario for the Future

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (23) ◽  
pp. 12460-12465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekaterina A. Korotkova ◽  
Renee Park ◽  
Elena A. Cherkasova ◽  
Galina Y. Lipskaya ◽  
Konstantin M. Chumakov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Retrospective Analysis ◽  
Emergency Response ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Oral Poliovirus Vaccine ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Global Eradication ◽  
Very High

ABSTRACT The global eradication of poliomyelitis will require substantial changes in immunization practices. One of the proposed scenarios includes cessation of vaccination with live oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) and the creation of an OPV stockpile for emergency response in case of the reintroduction of poliovirus into circulation. We describe here a retrospective analysis of the cessation of OPV usage in a region of the Byelorussian Republic of the former Soviet Union in 1963 to 1966. During this period, a widespread circulation and evolution of independent lineages of vaccine-derived polioviruses took place in the region. Some of these lineages appeared to originate from OPV given to 40 children in the community during this period of essentially no vaccinations. The data demonstrate very high risks associated with both the local cessation of OPV vaccination and the proposed use of OPV to control a possible reemergence of poliovirus in the postvaccination period. The high transmissibility of OPV-derived viruses in nonimmune population, documented here, and the known existence of long-term OPV excretors should be also considered in assessing risks of the synchronized global cessation of OPV usage.

scholarly journals On the works of Nicholas K. Roerich in the Primorye State Art Gallery

2021 ◽  
pp. 58-71
Author(s):  
Е.П. Яковлева
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Art Gallery ◽  
Educational Activities ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation

В статье, основанной на материалах многолетних исследований автора, рассматриваются два произведения Николая Константиновича Рериха из собрания Приморской государственной картинной галереи. Внимание заостряется на причастности пейзажа «Туман» (1907) к серии «Финляндских этюдов» художника, а этюда «Дорожка» (1908) — к известной петербургской коллекции, в 1910-е годы принадлежавшей А.В. и Е.Л. Румановым. В настоящее время коллекция Румановых рассеяна по двадцати пяти государственным музеям бывшего Советского Союза. Больше всего произведений входит в собрание Русского музея. В Приморской картинной галерее хранится всего одна работа — этюд Рериха «Дорожка», и по ней довольно сложно судить о масштабе коллекции Румановых и месте данного этюда в числе других работ художника, входивших в ее состав. Уточнение истории создания и бытования обоих пейзажей Н.К. Рериха из собрания Приморской картинной галереи имеет важное значение для их изучения и научной каталогизации, а также для просветительской деятельности галереи. The article, based on the materials of the author's long-term research, examines two works by Nicholas Konstantinovich Roerich from the collection of the Primorye State Art Gallery. Attention is focused on the involvement of the landscape “Fog” (1907) in the series of “Finnish sketches” by the artist, and the sketch “Path” (1908) — in the famous St. Petersburg collection, in the 1910s owned by A.V. and E.L. Rumanov. Currently, the Rumanov collection is scattered across twenty-five state museums of the former Soviet Union. Most of the works are included in the collection of the Russian Museum. The Primorye Art Gallery has only one work — Roerich's sketch “The Path”, and it is quite difficult to judge the scale of the Rumanov collection and the place of this sketch among other works of the artist that were part of it. Clarification of the history of the creation and existence of both landscapes by N.K. Roerich from the collection of the Primorye Art Gallery is important for their study and scientific cataloging, as well as for the educational activities of the gallery.

Is Sicily the future of Russia? Private protection and the rise of the Russian Mafia

2001 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 186-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Varese
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Power System ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Soviet Power ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The Future ◽  
Private Protection ◽  
Definition Of

It is difficult to discuss a phenomenon when one does not know precisely what it is. This problem is particularly vexing in the case of the Mafia. It has been argued that ‘the need for a definition [of the Mafia] is crucial; not just for any definition with some degree of contingent empirical plausibility, but for a definition with some analytical clout’ (1). The word ‘Mafia’ itself has travelled far to distant lands, such as the former Soviet Union. For instance, according to Arkadii Vaksberg, Russian journalist and author of The Russian Mafia, the Mafia is ‘the entire soviet power-system, all its ideological, political, economical and administrative manifestations’ (2). In an article published in a magazine for British executives dealing with Russia, the label Mafiosi is used to lump together bureaucrats, smugglers from the Caucasus, the CPSU nomenklatura accused of embezzling state funds, the late British businessman Robert Maxwell and many others (3).

Is Sicily the future of Russia? Private protection and the rise of the Russian Mafia

1994 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Varese
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Power System ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Soviet Power ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The Future ◽  
Private Protection ◽  
Definition Of

It is difficult to discuss a phenomenon when one does not know precisely what it is. This problem is particularly vexing in the case of the Mafia. It has been argued that ‘the need for a definition [of the Mafia] is crucial; not just for any definition with some degree of contingent empirical plausibility, but for a definition with some analytical clout’. The word ‘Mafia’ itself has travelled far to distant lands, such as the former Soviet Union. For instance, according to Arkadii Vaksberg, Russian journalist and author of The Russian Mafia, the Mafia is ‘the entire soviet power-system, all its ideological, political, economical and administrative manifestations’. In an article published in a magazine for British executives dealing with Russia, the label Mafiosi is used to lump together bureaucrats, smugglers from the Caucasus, the cpsunomenklatura accused of embezzling state funds, the late British businessman Robert Maxwell and many others.

The Preconditions of Social Identity of a Small State in Transition to Democracy

1998 ◽  
pp. 33-39
Author(s):  
Jurate Morkuniene
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Social Identity ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Active Agent ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Transition To Democracy ◽  
Essential Condition ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Definition Of

The definition of social identity consists of two parts. First, it means protection against threats to the nation’s existence and well-being. Second, it means the search for measures and possibilities to achieve the goals of social development and improvement. Social identity implies the creation and preservation of conditions in which each citizen can develop as educated, creative and responsible persons. Today, especially for nations throughout the former Soviet Union, the chief danger to social identity lies in the adverse conditions of continued underdevelopment. It follows that for these nations, identity means first of all development. The essential condition for a small nation’s identity and survival is based on the people’s resolution to rely on themselves and to envision the potential for their own country. The modern strategy for ensuring social identity would essentially rely on the principle that every citizen is part of the national identity, i.e., its active agent. For this reason, of central importance is the creation of equal starting possibilities (equality of opportunities) for everyone.

scholarly journals Historical variability in Northern Hemisphere spring snow-covered area

1997 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 340-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross D. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Spring Temperature ◽  
Temperature Trends ◽  
Snow Covered Area ◽  
Covered Area ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Snow Cover Duration

Observed and reconstructed snow-cover duration data from stations covering southern Canada, the Great Plains, the former Soviet Union and China were used to reconstruct spring snow-covered area over North America (NA) and Eurasia from 1915 to 1985. A combination of nine regions from NA and five from Eurasia were able to explain 81% and 67%, respectively, of the variance in satellite-derived sprint; snow-covered area (SCA) for each continent. The results suggested sprint; SCA had decreased significantly in Eurasia this century, but there was no evidence of a similar long-term decrease in NA spring SCA. Considerable caution should be used when interpreting these results because of the short period of calibration, and because of the less-than-optimal distribution of station data. Nonetheless, the reconstructed results are consistent with observed spring-temperature trends, which show a significant increase over Eurasia, but none Over NA.

scholarly journals U.S. Department of Energy Sponsored In-Depth Safety Assessments of VVER and RBMK Reactors

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark C. Petri ◽  
Walter F. Pasedag
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Safety Evaluation ◽  
Department Of Energy ◽  
Evaluation Program ◽  
Plant Safety ◽  
Nuclear Plants ◽  
Nuclear Security

Throughout the 1990s the National Nuclear Security Administration of the U.S. Department of Energy has worked to build capability in countries of the former Soviet Union to assess the safety of their VVER and RBMK reactors. Through this Plant Safety Evaluation Program, deterministic and probabilistic analyses have been used to provide a documented plant risk profile to support safe plant operation and to set priorities for safety upgrades. Work has been sponsored at fourteen nuclear power plant sites in eight countries. The Plant Safety Evaluation Program has resulted in immediate and long-term safety benefits for the Soviet-designed nuclear plants.

scholarly journals Interethnic Conflict: A Challenge for the Future of the Newly Independent States

Refuge ◽  
1998 ◽  
pp. 11-13
Author(s):  
Andre Kamenshikov
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
Interethnic Conflict ◽  
Independent States ◽  
Sociopolitical Climate ◽  
Newly Independent States

This article focuses on the nature of interethnic conflicts in the newly independent states of the former Soviet Union. The author discusses the prevailing patterns that characterize such conflicts and gives a brief account of the changes that took place in the newly independent states over the past decade that laid the ground for the present volatile sociopolitical climate there. Apart from the material causes of conflict, a lot of attention is given to psychological causes such as the loss of identity which is being compensated by a growing nationalism. In the opinion of the author, these psychological causes should be given much more attention in order to predict and prevent outbreaks of interethnic conflicts in the area.

scholarly journals Conditions and background for the creation of encyclopedias of small territories in the former Soviet Union countries

2014 ◽  
pp. 57-59
Author(s):  
Klara Agliullina Agliullina
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Small Cities ◽  
The Creation

The last decade of the 20th and the first 21st centuries in Russia is characterized by an encyclopedia boom. Encyclopedias of the regions (republics of Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Chuvashia, Chelyabinsk, Saratov and another ones), large and small cities (Moscow, Chelyabinsk, Zlatoust), as well as encyclopedias of administrative districts, and rural settlements are published. The article describes the conditions and background for the compiling of encyclopedias of small territories.

RESEARCH INTEGRATION IN THE EURASIAN SPACE

2020 ◽  
pp. 247-260
Author(s):  
Roustem Sh. Davletguildeev ◽  
◽  
Elena V. Vashurina ◽  
Yana Sh. Evdokimova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Joint Research ◽  
Strategic Objectives ◽  
Research Technology ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Current State ◽  
World Class

Russia's integration into common research areas (spaces) within Europe and Eurasia is an effective tool for improving its research potential and achieving long-term economic growth. The methodological support for such processes, including issues of international legal regulation, is lacking. Given current geopolitics, especially vital for Russia is its cooperation in research, technology and innovation (RTI) with the countries of the former Soviet Union. The article focuses on newly adopted policies and mechanisms of the Russian RTI cooperation within CIS, EAEU and the Union State of Russia and Belarus. The authors identify modern approaches, principles, current state and trends of the RTI cooperation discussed. Among them are: forming an international RTI agenda and similar priority cooperation areas for the long term perspective; developing relevant institutional support; participating in international organizations’ activity; developing world-class joint research infrastructure; resolving human resources issues; determining volumes and sources of funding. The choice of common priority areas - energy, medicine, ICT and nanotechnology - corresponds to the strategic objectives of the participating countries and global challenges. Further strengthening of RTI cooperation in the post-Soviet area will have a synergistic effect. Taking into account the identified differences, the authors formulate recommendations on the improvement of international legal regulation of RTI cooperation in the region.

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