The additional guanylate at the 5' terminus of Escherichia coli tRNAHis is the result of unusual processing by RNase P

1986 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 525-529
Author(s):  
O Orellana ◽  
L Cooley ◽  
D Söll

In eucaryotes the 5'-terminal guanylate moiety of mature tRNAHis is added posttranscriptionally. To determine whether the same mechanism occurs in procaryotes, we processed in vitro-derived Escherichia coli tRNAHis precursors to mature tRNA, either in E. coli extracts or by using pure M1-RNA, the catalytic component of RNase P. The results show that the extra guanylate at the 5' end of mature E. coli tRNAHis is encoded in the gene and is found in tRNA as the result of an unusual cleavage by RNase P.

1986 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 525-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
O Orellana ◽  
L Cooley ◽  
D Söll

In eucaryotes the 5'-terminal guanylate moiety of mature tRNAHis is added posttranscriptionally. To determine whether the same mechanism occurs in procaryotes, we processed in vitro-derived Escherichia coli tRNAHis precursors to mature tRNA, either in E. coli extracts or by using pure M1-RNA, the catalytic component of RNase P. The results show that the extra guanylate at the 5' end of mature E. coli tRNAHis is encoded in the gene and is found in tRNA as the result of an unusual cleavage by RNase P.


2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Χρυσαυγή Τουμπέκη

Η RNase P είναι το ένζυμο που ωριμάζει το 5΄ άκρο των πρόδρομων μορίων tRNA, ενώ έχει βρεθεί και στις τρεις φυλογενετικές περιοχές, καθώς και σε υποκυτταρικά οργανίδια. Είναι ριβονουκλεοπρωτεϊνικής φύσεως στις περισσότερες περιπτώσεις, ενώ έχουν βρεθεί και ένζυμα RNase P αποκλειστικά πρωτεϊνικής φύσεως. Η υπομονάδα RNA των βακτηριακών ολοενζύμων είναι καταλυτικά ενεργή απουσία πρωτεϊνικών παραγόντων in vitro, καθιστώντας την ένα πραγματικό ριβοένζυμο. Η ικανότητα της RNase P να αναγνωρίζει συγκεκριμένες δομές στα μόρια των υποστρωμάτων της και όχι αλληλουχίες, δημιούργησε τη δυνατότητα χρήσης αυτού του ενζύμου ως ενός μοριακού εργαλείου για τη στόχευση πολλών ιικών και παθολογικών μορίων RNA in vitro και in vivo, καταστέλλοντας την έκφραση των μορίων αυτών, μέσω της τεχνολογίας των μορίων EGS (external guide sequence) και των ριβοενζύμων M1GS.Η RNase P, σύμφωνα με πολλές μελέτες, έχει δειχθεί ότι αποτελεί στόχο πολλών φαρμακευτικών παραγόντων, συμπεριλαμβανομένων πολλών γνωστών αντιβιοτικών, οι οποίοι κατά κύριο λόγο αναστέλλουν τη δραστικότητα του ενζύμου. Πρόσφατα δείχτηκε, μέσω αναλυτικής κινητικής μελέτης, ότι ένα μακρολίδιο, η σπιραμυκίνη, ενεργοποιεί σημαντικά τη δραστικότητα της βακτηριακής RNase P και του M1 RNA κατά ένα δοσοεξαρτώμενο τρόπο, λειτουργώντας έτσι ως μη-ειδικός ενεργοποιητής μικτού τύπου. Μέχρι σήμερα, στη διεθνή βιβλιογραφία, δεν έχει αναφερθεί άλλη ουσία η οποία προκαλεί θετική επίδραση στη δραστικότητα της RNase P. Στην παρούσα μελέτη, αρχικά μελετήθηκε η ενεργοποίηση της δραστικότητας της βακτηριακής RNase P και αποκαλύφθηκε ότι η σπιραμυκίνη δεν αλληλεπιδρά με ιοντικούς δεσμούς με το μόριο Μ1 RNA, αλλά προκαλεί αλλαγή διαμόρφωσης στο δομικό στοιχείο P10/11 του ριβοενζύμου. Το δομικό αυτό στοιχείο εμπλέκεται στην αναγνώριση του υποστρώματος, αποτέλεσμα το οποίο έρχεται σε συμφωνία με τις τιμές KD που προσδιορίστηκαν για το σύμπλοκο ριβοενζύμου–υποστρώματος, απουσία και παρουσία σπιραμυκίνης.Με δεδομένο ότι η σπιραμυκίνη δεν επηρεάζει την πρωτεϊνοσύνθεση ή τη δραστικότητα της RNase P των ευκαρυωτικών κυττάρων, κατασκευάστηκε ένα ριβοένζυμο M1GS, ώστε να ελεγχθεί η επίδραση του αντιβιοτικού στη δραστικότητα αυτού του ριβοενζύμου in vivo, σε καλλιεργούμενα ανθρώπινα κύτταρα ΗΕΚ293. Ως στόχος του συγκεκριμένου M1GS, επιλέχτηκε ο μεταγραφικός παράγοντας Ets2 λόγω της μεγάλης κλινικής σημασίας του, εφόσον έχει συσχετιστεί με αρκετούς τύπους καρκίνου και παθολογικές καταστάσεις, καθώς και με διαδικασίες διαφοροποίησης. Ο σπουδαίος ρόλος του Ets2, σε συνδυασμό με τα ελλιπή δεδομένα σχετικά με την έκφρασή του, είχαν αποτρέψει μέχρι σήμερα την αποτελεσματική στόχευσή του με τη χρήση των υπαρχουσών μεθοδολογιών που βασίζονται στο RNA, όπως το RNAi.Μετά από ανάλυση της δευτεροταγούς δομής του Ets2 mRNA, σχεδιάστηκαν δύο οδηγοί αλληλουχίες. Οι αλληλουχίες αυτές, αρχικά, δοκιμάστηκαν ως εξωτερικές οδηγοί αλληλουχίες (EGS) σε συνδυασμό με το βακτηριακό ολοένζυμο της RNase P. Η EGS303 (το νούμερο υποδεικνύει το νουκλεοτιδικό κατάλοιπο του στόχου που δρα η RNase P), εμφάνισε τη μεγαλύτερη ικανότητα να επάγει τη δράση της RNase P in vitro. Η οδηγός αυτή αλληλουχία, στη συνέχεια κλωνοποιήθηκε στο 3΄ άκρο του M1 RNA, παράγοντας το ριβοένζυμο M1GS303, το οποίο είναι δραστικό έναντι του μορίου–στόχου του in vitro. Η δραστικότητα του συγκεκριμένου ριβοενζύμου ενεργοποιείται εντυπωσιακά κατά 160% παρουσία σπιραμυκίνης. Προκειμένου να ελεγχθεί η δραστικότητα αυτού του ριβοενζύμου in vivo, το μόριο–στόχος και το ριβοένζυμο εκφράστηκαν ελεγχόμενα σε κύτταρα E. coli, προκαλώντας μείωση της έκφρασης του μορίου–στόχου από το M1GS303 κατά 95% μετά από 12 ώρες έκφρασης των μορίων. Μείωση στα ίδια επίπεδα ανιχνεύτηκε μόλις μετά από 4 ώρες έκφρασης εφόσον στα κύτταρα είχε προστεθεί σπιραμυκίνη, γεγονός που υποστηρίζει την εντυπωσιακά θετική επίδραση της σπιραμυκίνης επί της δραστικότητας του ριβοενζύμου.Η ίδια σειρά πειραμάτων επαναλήφθηκε σε ευκαρυωτικά κύτταρα, με έκφραση του ριβοενζύμου σε HEK293 κύτταρα. Η δραστικότητα του ριβοενζύμου προσδιορίστηκε ποιοτικά και ποσοτικά, από την έκφραση της χιμαιρικής φθορίζουσας πρωτεΐνης Ets2–EGFP (μόριο–στόχος), σε διαφορετικούς χρόνους έκφρασης. Παρατηρήθηκε ότι το M1GS δρα αποτελεσματικά έναντι του μορίου–στόχου του και σε ευκαρυωτικά κύτταρα in vivo, προκαλώντας μείωση στην έκφραση του Ets2, η οποία αυξάνεται επιπλέον παρουσία σπιραμυκίνης. Τα παραπάνω αποτελέσματα δείχνουν τη σημαντική ενεργοποίηση της δραστικότητας του M1GS σε ανθρώπινα κύτταρα και καθιστούν τη σπιραμυκίνη ένα σημαντικό ενεργοποιητή στη χρήση των ριβοενζύμων M1GS ως εργαλεία γονιδιακής αποσιώπησης. Ο συνδυασμός βελτιωμένων ριβοενζύμων M1GS με την παρουσία σπιραμυκίνης αυξάνει ακόμα περισσότερο την πρακτική χρήση της συγκεκριμένης τεχνολογίας τόσο in vitro όσο και in vivo, επιτυγχάνοντας ακόμα πιο αποτελεσματική αποσιώπηση της γονιδιακής έκφρασης.


2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (19) ◽  
pp. 2272-2282
Author(s):  
Vu Ngoc Toan ◽  
Nguyen Minh Tri ◽  
Nguyen Dinh Thanh

Several 6- and 7-alkoxy-2-oxo-2H-chromene-4-carbaldehydes were prepared from corresponding alkyl ethers of 6- and 7-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-chromen-2-ones by oxidation using selenium dioxide. 6- and 7-Alkoxy-4-methyl-2H-chromenes were obtained with yields of 57-85%. Corresponding 4-carbaldehyde derivatives were prepared with yields of 41-67%. Thiosemicarbazones of these aldehydes with D-galactose moiety were synthesized by reaction of these aldehydes with N-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-Dgalactopyranosyl) thiosemicarbazide with yields of 62-74%. These thiosemicarbazones were screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activities in vitro against bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and fungi, such as Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans. Several compounds exhibited strong inhibitory activity with MIC values of 0.78- 1.56 μM, including 8a (against S. aureus, E. coli, and C. albicans), 8d (against E. coli and A. niger), 9a (against S. aureus), and 9c (against S. aureus and C. albicans).


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaitlin S. Witherell ◽  
Jason Price ◽  
Ashok D. Bandaranayake ◽  
James Olson ◽  
Douglas R. Call

AbstractMultidrug-resistant bacteria are a growing global concern, and with increasingly prevalent resistance to last line antibiotics such as colistin, it is imperative that alternative treatment options are identified. Herein we investigated the mechanism of action of a novel antimicrobial peptide (CDP-B11) and its effectiveness against multidrug-resistant bacteria including Escherichia coli #0346, which harbors multiple antibiotic-resistance genes, including mobilized colistin resistance gene (mcr-1). Bacterial membrane potential and membrane integrity assays, measured by flow cytometry, were used to test membrane disruption. Bacterial growth inhibition assays and time to kill assays measured the effectiveness of CDP-B11 alone and in combination with colistin against E. coli #0346 and other bacteria. Hemolysis assays were used to quantify the hemolytic effects of CDP-B11 alone and in combination with colistin. Findings show CDP-B11 disrupts the outer membrane of E. coli #0346. CDP-B11 with colistin inhibits the growth of E. coli #0346 at ≥ 10× lower colistin concentrations compared to colistin alone in Mueller–Hinton media and M9 media. Growth is significantly inhibited in other clinically relevant strains, such as Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. In rich media and minimal media, the drug combination kills bacteria at a lower colistin concentration (1.25 μg/mL) compared to colistin alone (2.5 μg/mL). In minimal media, the combination is bactericidal with killing accelerated by up to 2 h compared to colistin alone. Importantly, no significant red blood hemolysis is evident for CDP-B11 alone or in combination with colistin. The characteristics of CDP-B11 presented here indicate that it can be used as a potential monotherapy or as combination therapy with colistin for the treatment of multidrug-resistant infections, including colistin-resistant infections.


1987 ◽  
Vol 248 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Charlier ◽  
R Sanchez

In contrast with most aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, the lysyl-tRNA synthetase of Escherichia coli is coded for by two genes, the normal lysS gene and the inducible lysU gene. During its purification from E. coli K12, lysyl-tRNA synthetase was monitored by its aminoacylation and adenosine(5′)tetraphospho(5′)adenosine (Ap4A) synthesis activities. Ap4A synthesis was measured by a new assay using DEAE-cellulose filters. The heterogeneity of lysyl-tRNA synthetase (LysRS) was revealed on hydroxyapatite; we focused on the first peak, LysRS1, because of its higher Ap4A/lysyl-tRNA activity ratio at that stage. Additional differences between LysRS1 and LysRS2 (major peak on hydroxyapatite) were collected. LysRS1 was eluted from phosphocellulose in the presence of the substrates, whereas LysRS2 was not. Phosphocellulose chromatography was used to show the increase of LysRS1 in cells submitted to heat shock. Also, the Mg2+ optimum in the Ap4A-synthesis reaction is much higher for LysRS1. LysRS1 showed a higher thermostability, which was specifically enhanced by Zn2+. These results in vivo and in vitro strongly suggest that LysRS1 is the heat-inducible lysU-gene product.


mBio ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher W. Lennon ◽  
Kimberly C. Lemmer ◽  
Jessica L. Irons ◽  
Max I. Sellman ◽  
Timothy J. Donohue ◽  
...  

ABSTRACTDksA is a global regulatory protein that, together with the alarmone ppGpp, is required for the “stringent response” to nutrient starvation in the gammaproteobacteriumEscherichia coliand for more moderate shifts between growth conditions. DksA modulates the expression of hundreds of genes, directly or indirectly. Mutants lacking a DksA homolog exhibit pleiotropic phenotypes in other gammaproteobacteria as well. Here we analyzed the DksA homolog RSP2654 in the more distantly relatedRhodobacter sphaeroides, an alphaproteobacterium. RSP2654 is 42% identical and similar in length toE. coliDksA but lacks the Zn finger motif of theE. coliDksA globular domain. Deletion of the RSP2654 gene results in defects in photosynthetic growth, impaired utilization of amino acids, and an increase in fatty acid content. RSP2654 complements the growth and regulatory defects of anE. colistrain lacking thedksAgene and modulates transcriptionin vitrowithE. coliRNA polymerase (RNAP) similarly toE. coliDksA. RSP2654 reduces RNAP-promoter complex stabilityin vitrowith RNAPs fromE. coliorR. sphaeroides, alone and synergistically with ppGpp, suggesting that even though it has limited sequence identity toE. coliDksA (DksAEc), it functions in a mechanistically similar manner. We therefore designate the RSP2654 protein DksARsp. Our work suggests that DksARsphas distinct and important physiological roles in alphaproteobacteria and will be useful for understanding structure-function relationships in DksA and the mechanism of synergy between DksA and ppGpp.IMPORTANCEThe role of DksA has been analyzed primarily in the gammaproteobacteria, in which it is best understood for its role in control of the synthesis of the translation apparatus and amino acid biosynthesis. Our work suggests that DksA plays distinct and important physiological roles in alphaproteobacteria, including the control of photosynthesis inRhodobacter sphaeroides. The study of DksARsp, should be useful for understanding structure-function relationships in the protein, including those that play a role in the little-understood synergy between DksA and ppGpp.


2005 ◽  
Vol 71 (7) ◽  
pp. 3468-3474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gyeong Tae Eom ◽  
Jae Kwang Song ◽  
Jung Hoon Ahn ◽  
Yeon Soo Seo ◽  
Joon Shick Rhee

ABSTRACT The ABC transporter (TliDEF) from Pseudomonas fluorescens SIK W1, which mediated the secretion of a thermostable lipase (TliA) into the extracellular space in Escherichia coli, was engineered using directed evolution (error-prone PCR) to improve its secretion efficiency. TliD mutants with increased secretion efficiency were identified by coexpressing the mutated tliD library with the wild-type tliA lipase in E. coli and by screening the library with a tributyrin-emulsified indicator plate assay and a microtiter plate-based assay. Four selected mutants from one round of error-prone PCR mutagenesis, T6, T8, T24, and T35, showed 3.2-, 2.6-, 2.9-, and 3.0-fold increases in the level of secretion of TliA lipase, respectively, but had almost the same level of expression of TliD in the membrane as the strain with the wild-type TliDEF transporter. These results indicated that the improved secretion of TliA lipase was mediated by the transporter mutations. Each mutant had a single amino acid change in the predicted cytoplasmic regions in the membrane domain of TliD, implying that the corresponding region of TliD was important for the improved and successful secretion of the target protein. We therefore concluded that the efficiency of secretion of a heterologous protein in E. coli can be enhanced by in vitro engineering of the ABC transporter.


2006 ◽  
Vol 396 (3) ◽  
pp. 565-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takaomi Nomura ◽  
Kohji Nakano ◽  
Yasushi Maki ◽  
Takao Naganuma ◽  
Takashi Nakashima ◽  
...  

We cloned the genes encoding the ribosomal proteins Ph (Pyrococcus horikoshii)-P0, Ph-L12 and Ph-L11, which constitute the GTPase-associated centre of the archaebacterium Pyrococcus horikoshii. These proteins are homologues of the eukaryotic P0, P1/P2 and eL12 proteins, and correspond to Escherichia coli L10, L7/L12 and L11 proteins respectively. The proteins and the truncation mutants of Ph-P0 were overexpressed in E. coli cells and used for in vitro assembly on to the conserved domain around position 1070 of 23S rRNA (E. coli numbering). Ph-L12 tightly associated as a homodimer and bound to the C-terminal half of Ph-P0. The Ph-P0·Ph-L12 complex and Ph-L11 bound to the 1070 rRNA fragments from the three biological kingdoms in the same manner as the equivalent proteins of eukaryotic and eubacterial ribosomes. The Ph-P0·Ph-L12 complex and Ph-L11 could replace L10·L7/L12 and L11 respectively, on the E. coli 50S subunit in vitro. The resultant hybrid ribosome was accessible for eukaryotic, as well as archaebacterial elongation factors, but not for prokaryotic elongation factors. The GTPase and polyphenylalanine-synthetic activity that is dependent on eukaryotic elongation factors was comparable with that of the hybrid ribosomes carrying the eukaryotic ribosomal proteins. The results suggest that the archaebacterial proteins, including the Ph-L12 homodimer, are functionally accessible to eukaryotic translation factors.


2012 ◽  
Vol 287 (42) ◽  
pp. 35092-35103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yizhou Zhou ◽  
Daniel Smith ◽  
Bryan J. Leong ◽  
Kristoffer Brännström ◽  
Fredrik Almqvist ◽  
...  

Amyloids are highly aggregated proteinaceous fibers historically associated with neurodegenerative conditions including Alzheimers, Parkinsons, and prion-based encephalopathies. Polymerization of amyloidogenic proteins into ordered fibers can be accelerated by preformed amyloid aggregates derived from the same protein in a process called seeding. Seeding of disease-associated amyloids and prions is highly specific and cross-seeding is usually limited or prevented. Here we describe the first study on the cross-seeding potential of bacterial functional amyloids. Curli are produced on the surface of many Gram-negative bacteria where they facilitate surface attachment and biofilm development. Curli fibers are composed of the major subunit CsgA and the nucleator CsgB, which templates CsgA into fibers. Our results showed that curli subunit homologs from Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium LT2, and Citrobacter koseri were able to cross-seed in vitro. The polymerization of Escherichia coli CsgA was also accelerated by fibers derived from a distant homolog in Shewanella oneidensis that shares less than 30% identity in primary sequence. Cross-seeding of curli proteins was also observed in mixed colony biofilms with E. coli and S. typhimurium. CsgA was secreted from E. coli csgB− mutants assembled into fibers on adjacent S. typhimurium that presented CsgB on its surfaces. Similarly, CsgA was secreted by S. typhimurium csgB− mutants formed curli on CsgB-presenting E. coli. This interspecies curli assembly enhanced bacterial attachment to agar surfaces and supported pellicle biofilm formation. Collectively, this work suggests that the seeding specificity among curli homologs is relaxed and that heterogeneous curli fibers can facilitate multispecies biofilm development.


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