AB0925-PARE A NARRATIVE REVIEW ASSESSING THE ROLE OF DIETARY SALT AS AN ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTOR FOR THE ONSET AND SEVERITY OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

Background:The role of dietary salt consumption in the etiopathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), and autoimmune disease in general, has received renewed interest. This has been fueled by the increased prevalence of autoimmune disease worldwide correlating with western diets and heightened consumption of salt rich foods and also studies at the cellular level demonstrating induction of IL 17 producing T helper cells (Th17) by dietary salt.Objectives:To conduct a narrative review of observational studies and clinical trials on the role of dietary salt as an environmental risk factor for the onset and development of RA.Methods:A comprehensive search was done of the literature from 2010 to 2021, using the search terms dietary salt and RA; the native interfaces EBSCO and Ovid were used. Databases searched included Pubmed, Embase, EMCare, Medline and CINAHL using a Population, Exposure and Outcome framework; the MESH terms RA, risk factors, nutrition and salt were used. Data was extracted by an independent reviewer.Results:Out of the 72 studies initially identified, 50 were included in this review. Studies in murine models have demonstrated that high concentrations of sodium chloride promote the differentiation of T helper lymphocytes, via the serum- and glucocorticoid- inducible kinase 1 (SGK1) mediator towards the proinflammatory Th17 driven immune response. Six studies were carried out in human subjects. Study design ranged from cross sectional observational to nested case control studies. Sodium intake amongst participants characterized as having high intake, or being placed in the higher quartiles, ranged from 4.5-5grams per day. 5 out of 6 studies demonstrated that increased dietary salt consumption is associated with earlier onset RA. One study suggested an association between high salt intake and erosive disease at diagnosis and the development of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA), although evidence was weak and from a single study only. Another study found that increased consumption of salt was only associated with risk of RA in smokers, highlighting the need to explore confounding variables further.Conclusion:This narrative review of the literature provides some evidence that supports a role of excess dietary salt consumption as a risk factor for the onset and severity of RA.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

Download Full-text

Childhood parental loss and alcoholism in women: a causal analysis using a twin-family design

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291700033730 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 79-95 ◽

Cited By ~ 62

Author(s):

K. S. Kendler ◽

M. C. Neale ◽

C. A. Prescott ◽

R. C. Kessler ◽

A. C. Heath ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factor ◽

Environmental Risk ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Significant Proportion ◽

Parental Loss ◽

Environmental Risk Factor ◽

History Of ◽

Genetic Mechanisms ◽

Maternal Alcoholism

SynopsisChildhood parental loss may be an important risk factor for psychiatric illness in adulthood. While this association has been carefully examined for depression, little is known about the role of parental loss in predisposing to alcoholism. We examined an epidemiological sample of female twin pairs with the same history of continuity or disruption in parent–child relationships (N = 1018 pairs; mean age 30 years), using a range of definitions of alcoholism. Childhood parental loss through separation, but not death, substantially increased the risk in adulthood for all definitions of alcoholism. Furthermore, both paternal and maternal alcoholism substantially increased the probability of parental separation from their children. Proposing a structural equation twin-family model that incorporates childhood parental loss as a specified environmental risk factor, we examined how much of the association between childhood parental loss and alcoholism was causal (i.e. mediated by environmental factors) v. non-causal (mediated by genetic factors, with parental loss serving as an index of parental genetic susceptibility to alcoholism). Both the causal and non-causal paths were significant for all definitions of alcoholism. However, the causal–environmental pathway consistently accounted for most of the association. While a significant proportion of the association is due to non-causal genetic mechanisms, childhood parental loss (or the familial discord that precedes or follows it) is probably a direct and significant environmental risk factor for the development of alcoholism in women.

Download Full-text

A case–control study of rheumatoid arthritis revealed abdominal obesity and environmental risk factor interactions in northern China

Modern Rheumatology ◽

10.1080/14397595.2017.1307711 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 249-257 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Lingyu Fu ◽

Jianming Zhang ◽

Lei Jin ◽

Yao Zhang ◽

Saisai Cui ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Abdominal Obesity ◽

Environmental Risk ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Northern China ◽

Case Control ◽

Environmental Risk Factor ◽

Factor Interactions ◽

Control Study

Download Full-text

A case control study to evaluate the role of genetic and environmental risk factor in development and progression of osteoarthritis knee

Osteoarthritis and Cartilage ◽

10.1016/j.joca.2014.02.453 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 22 ◽

pp. S234-S235

Author(s):

A. Mishra ◽

D. Sanghi ◽

A.C. Sharma ◽

R.N. Srivastava

Keyword(s):

Risk Factor ◽

Environmental Risk ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Case Control ◽

Environmental Risk Factor ◽

Osteoarthritis Knee ◽

Control Study

Download Full-text

COVID-19 and Comorbidities: is Inflammation the Underlying Condition in Children? A narrative Review

Current Pediatric Reviews ◽

10.2174/1573396316666201112093920 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 ◽

Author(s):

Giulia Pinna ◽

Lavinia Sanfilippo ◽

Pier Paolo Bassareo ◽

Vassilios Fanos ◽

Maria Antonietta Marcialis

Keyword(s):

Risk Factor ◽

Severe Form ◽

Narrative Review ◽

Underlying Condition ◽

Pathogenic Mechanisms ◽

Associated Diseases ◽

Potential Link

: This paper examines the potential link between COVID-19 and the presence of comorbidities and assesses the role of inflammation in this correlation. In COVID-19 patients, the most frequently associated diseases share a pathogenic inflammatory basis and apparently act as a risk factor in the onset of a more severe form of the disease, particularly in adulthood. However, in children, the understanding of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms is often complicated by the milder symptoms presented. A series of theories have therefore been put forward with a view of providing a better understanding of the role played by inflammation in this dramatic setting. All evidence available to date on this topic is discussed in this review.

Download Full-text

Solar Radiation and Vitamin D: Mitigating Environmental Factors in Autoimmune Disease

Journal of Environmental and Public Health ◽

10.1155/2012/619381 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Gerry K. Schwalfenberg

Keyword(s):

Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽

Vitamin D ◽

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Autoimmune Disease ◽

Solar Radiation ◽

Inflammatory Bowel

This paper looks at the environmental role of vitamin D and solar radiation as risk reduction factors in autoimmune disease. Five diseases are considered: multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune disease of the thyroid, and inflammatory bowel disease. Clinical relevant studies and factors that may indicate evidence that autoimmune disease is a vitamin D-sensitive disease are presented. Studies that have resulted in prevention or amelioration of some autoimmune disease are discussed. An example of the utility of supplementing vitamin D in an unusual autoimmune disease, idiopathic thrombocytic purpura, is presented.

Download Full-text

Brain Structure Correlates of Urban Upbringing, an Environmental Risk Factor for Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia Bulletin ◽

10.1093/schbul/sbu072 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. 115-122 ◽

Cited By ~ 72

Author(s):

L. Haddad ◽

A. Schafer ◽

F. Streit ◽

F. Lederbogen ◽

O. Grimm ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factor ◽

Environmental Risk ◽

Brain Structure ◽

Environmental Risk Factor

Download Full-text

Anxiety as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease independent of depression: A narrative review of current status and conflicting findings

Health Psychology Open ◽

10.1177/2055102920987462 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 205510292098746

Author(s):

Håvard R Karlsen ◽

Florian Matejschek ◽

Ingvild Saksvik-Lehouillier ◽

Eva Langvik

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Study Design ◽

Empirical Support ◽

Narrative Review ◽

Current Status ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Evidential Support ◽

Meta Analyses

The aim of this paper is to summarise and evaluate the empirical support for the association between anxiety and cardiovascular disease (CVD) and to address challenges related to method and study design. We review results from meta-analyses and more recent findings on the association of anxiety and the risk of CVD. Depression and anxiety are often listed as psychosocial risk markers of CVD, but the role of anxiety as a risk factor for CVD has not received the same evidential support as the effects of depression. Through a narrative review we identified six meta-analyses as well as 15 recent large studies of anxiety and CVD that we summarise. Some of the conflicting findings may be artefacts of study design or population the sample is drawn from. Researchers should take care to be population specific, measurement specific and outcome specific, and to control for comorbid depression.

Download Full-text