scholarly journals Child mortality in England during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
pp. archdischild-2021-323370
Author(s):  
David Odd ◽  
Sylvia Stoianova ◽  
Tom Williams ◽  
Peter Fleming ◽  
Karen Luyt
Keyword(s):  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Excess Mortality ◽  
Childhood Mortality ◽  
First Year ◽  
Medical Conditions ◽  
Vulnerable Children ◽  
Weak Evidence

ObjectivesTo quantify the relative risk (RR) of childhood deaths across the whole of England during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, compared with a similar period of 2019.DesignThis work is based on data collected by the National Child Mortality Database (NCMD). Deaths from 1 April 2020 until 31 March 2021 (2020–2021) were compared with those from the same period of 2019–2020. RR and excess mortality were derived for deaths in 2020–2021 vs 2019–2020.SettingAll deaths reported to NCMD in England of children under 18 years of age, between April 2019 and March 2021.Participants6490 deaths of children, under the age of 18 years, reported to the NCMD over the study period.ResultsChildren had similar demographics in the 2 years. There were 356 (198–514) fewer deaths in 2020–2021 than in 2019–2020 (RR 0.90 (0.85 to 0.94), p<0.001). Deaths from infection (RR 0.49 (0.38 to 0.64)) and from other underlying medical conditions (RR 0.75 (0.68 to 0.82)) were lower in 2020–2021 than 2019–2020, and weak evidence (RR 0.50 (0.23 to 1.07), p=0.074) that this was also true of deaths from substance abuse.ConclusionsChildhood mortality in England during the first year of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic was lower than expected, with over 300 fewer deaths than the preceding 12 months. The greatest reduction was in children less than 10 years old. It is important that we learn from this effect that potentially offers alternative ways to improve the outcome for the most vulnerable children in our society.

scholarly journals Child Mortality in England During the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David E Odd ◽  
Sylvia Stoianova ◽  
Tom Williams ◽  
Peter Fleming ◽  
Karen Luyt
Keyword(s):  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Excess Mortality ◽  
Childhood Mortality ◽  
First Year ◽  
Medical Conditions ◽  
Vulnerable Children ◽  
Weak Evidence

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this analysis was to quantify the relative risk of childhood deaths across the whole of England during the first year of the COVID pandemic, compared to a similar period of 2019. DESIGN: This work is based on data collected by the National Child Mortality Database (NCMD) which collates data on all children who die in England. The number of deaths, and their characteristics, from 1st April 2020 until 31st of March 2021 (2020-21), were compared to those from the same period of 2019-20. Relative risk and excess mortality were derived for deaths in 2020-21 vs 2019-20. SETTING: All deaths reported to NCMD in England of children under 18 years of age, between April 2019 and March 2021. PARTICIPANTS: 6490 deaths of children, under the age of 18 years, reported to the NCMD over the study period. RESULTS: Children who died between April 2020 and March 2021 had similar demographics to those who died in 2019-20. Overall, there were 356 (198 to 514) fewer deaths in 2020-21 than in 2019-20 (RR 0.90 (0.85-0.94), p<0.001). Repeating the analysis by category of death, suggested that deaths from infection (RR 0.49 (0.38-0.64)) and from other underlying medical conditions (RR 0.75 (0.68-0.82)) were lower in 2020-21 than 2019-20, and weak evidence (p=0.074) that this was also true of deaths from substance abuse. CONCLUSIONS: Childhood mortality in England during the first year of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic was the lowest on record, with over 300 fewer deaths than the preceding 12 months. The greatest reduction was seen in children less than 10 years old. It is important that we learn from this effect, that potentially offers alternative ways to improve the outcome for the most vulnerable children in our society.

scholarly journals Attitudes of Paramedic Students towards Specific Medical Conditions: A Four-Year Study

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brett Williams ◽  
Malcolm Boyle ◽  
Stuart Howard
Keyword(s):  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Attempted Suicide ◽  
Medical Condition ◽  
Hospital Setting ◽  
First Year ◽  
Medical Conditions ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
First Year Students ◽  
Nursing Course

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the attitude of first year students entering a paramedic course over 4 consecutive yearly intakes toward patients with intellectual disability, substance abuse, attempted suicide, and acute mental illness. Method: The students’ attitude towards four medical conditions commonly encountered in the out-of-hospital setting was assessed using the Medical Condition Regard Scale (MCRS). The MCRS score ranges from 11 to 66. Results: 230 students in Victoria, Australia, participated in the study; 66% were female, and 76% of all students < 21 years of age. Students showed the most negative attitudes towards substance abuse, mean 35(SD+6.6), and the most positive attitude toward intellectual disability, mean 38.2(SD+6.3). Students in 2008 cohort displayed significantly higher regard for all medical conditions (pConclusions: The study findings suggest that these students in Victoria, Australia, entering an undergraduate paramedic or paramedic/nursing course have a relatively poor attitude towards the four reviewed medical conditions, particularly substance abuse.

Social and Environmental Influences on Child Mortality in Brazil: Logistic Regression Analysis of Data from Census Files

1986 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cesar G. Victora ◽  
Peter G. Smith ◽  
J. Patrick Vaughan
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Childhood Mortality ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
The Family

SummaryCensus data were used to investigate the influences of socioeconomic and environmental variables on child mortality rates in southern Brazil. By multivariate logistic regression analysis the effects of correlated factors were distinguished, after adjustment for maternal age and parity. Low family income and, to a lesser degree, low employment status of the head of the family were associated with high child mortality levels. Place of residence, education of the mother and of the head of the family, availability of piped water in the home, access to a toilet and type of housing were all associated with childhood mortality variation, even after allowing for the effects of income and employment. The contributions of the source of the water supply and type of sanitation facilities, however, were less clear and tended to become unimportant after controlling for the socioeconomic variables. There was also no apparent advantage in being covered by government health insurance.

Social Welfare Issues in Childhood

2019 ◽  
pp. 1524-1540
Author(s):  
Tapologo Maundeni ◽  
Odireleng Mildred Jankey ◽  
Lisa Lopez Levers
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Traumatic Events ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
Research Practice ◽  
Vulnerable Children ◽  
Ideological Differences

Children around the globe are confronted with numerous social welfare issues that adversely affect their wellbeing. These issues differ across countries and regions. This chapter explores childhood social welfare issues in Botswana, illuminating the ideological differences between traditional and more contemporary conceptualizations of childhood. Because children's issues are currently so complex, this chapter focuses primarily on HIV and AIDS-related orphanhood, alcohol and substance abuse, and traumatic events in the lives of the children. Problems in the lives of children in Botswana are identified, related opportunities are discussed, and recommendations made. The chapter demonstrates, among other things, that a number of commendable efforts (at practice, policy, and research levels) have been undertaken by stakeholders to address social welfare issues in childhood: however, a lot more still needs to be done to improve the quality of life among Botswana's most vulnerable children. Therefore, the chapter concludes by highlighting recommendations for research, practice, and policy.

scholarly journals Peanut butter–based formulations of amoxicillin for pediatric applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-49
Author(s):  
Helen Tran ◽  
Danny Lee ◽  
Sarah E Petnic ◽  
Julianne A Bozzini ◽  
Sangwei Lu
Keyword(s):  
Child Mortality ◽  
Peanut Butter ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Vulnerable Children ◽  
Dry Milk ◽  
Pediatric Formulation ◽  
Lactam Antibiotic ◽  
Health And Well Being ◽  
Storage Temperatures ◽  
Global Health Challenge

Abstract Background Child mortality is a major global health challenge, especially in regions of limited resources. Accessibility to lifesaving medicine and adequate nutrition is essential to reduce child mortality and improve the health and well-being of the world’s most vulnerable children. Methods We have developed NutMox, a novel pediatric formulation of the β-lactam antibiotic amoxicillin in a matrix of peanut-based ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) consisting of peanut butter, sugar, vegetable oil, dry milk and vitamins. NutMox is ready to use and thermostable, requires no chewing or pill swallowing and provides both an antibiotic and nutrition. Results Amoxicillin in NutMox formulations was stable for at least 12 months at storage temperatures of 4°C, 25°C and 37°C. Amoxicillin formulated in NutMox displayed similar pharmacokinetics in mice to that in suspension. Conclusions Our results demonstrated the feasibility of a peanut butter–based matrix for pediatric formulations of amoxicillin, suggesting that such a matrix can serve as a base for delivering medications in addition to its current use as an RUTF.

scholarly journals Childhood mortality, intra-household bargaining power and fertility preferences among women in Ghana

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Novignon ◽  
Nadege Gbetoton Djossou ◽  
Ulrika Enemark
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Bargaining Power ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Childhood Mortality ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Mortality Risks ◽  
Planning Decisions ◽  
Probit Models

Abstract Background Continuing population growth could be detrimental for social and economic wellbeing. Understanding the factors that influence family planning decisions will be important for policy. This paper examines the effect of childhood mortality and women’s bargaining power on family planning decisions. Methods Data was from the 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (DHS). A sample of 3313 women in their reproductive age were included in this study. We created variables on women’s exposure to and experience of child mortality risks. Three different indicators of women’s bargaining power in the household were also used. Probit models were estimated in accordance with the nature of the dependent variable. Results Results from the probit models suggest that child mortality has a positive association with higher fertility preference. Also, child mortality risks and woman’s bargaining power play important roles in a woman’s fertility choices in Ghana. Women with higher bargaining power were likely to prefer fewer children in the face of child mortality risks, compared to women with lower bargaining power. Conclusion In addition to public sensitization campaigns on the dangers of high fertility and use of contraceptives, the findings of this study emphasize the need to focus on reducing child mortality and improving women bargaining power in developing countries.

scholarly journals Factors Influencing Risk of Premature Mortality in Community Cases of Depression: A Meta-Analytic Review

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda J. Baxter ◽  
Andrew Page ◽  
Harvey A. Whiteford
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Excess Mortality ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Clinical Depression ◽  
Risk Estimates ◽  
Significant Difference

Background. Depressive disorders are associated with substantial risk of premature mortality. A number of factors may contribute to reported risk estimates, making it difficult to determine actual risk of excess mortality in community cases of depression. The aim of this study is to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of excess mortality in population-based studies of clinically defined depression. Methods. Population-based studies reporting all-cause mortality associated with a clinically defined depressive disorder were included in the systematic review. Estimates of relative risk for excess mortality in population-representative cases of clinical depressive disorders were extracted. A meta-analysis was conducted using Stata to pool estimates of excess mortality and identify sources of heterogeneity within the data. Results. Twenty-one studies reporting risk of excess mortality in clinical depression were identified. A significantly higher risk of mortality was found for major depression (RR 1.92 95% CI 1.65–2.23), but no significant difference was found for dysthymia (RR 1.37 95% CI 0.93–2.00). Relative risk of excess mortality was not significantly different following the adjustment of reported risk estimates. Conclusion. A mortality gradient was identified with increasing severity of clinical depression. Recognition of depressive symptoms in general practice and appropriate referral for evidence-based treatment may help improve outcomes, particularly in patients with comorbid physical disorders.

Sexual Assault History and Health-Related Outcomes in a National Sample of Women

2003 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah E. Ullman ◽  
Leanne R. Brecklin
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Help Seeking ◽  
Stressful Life Events ◽  
Chronic Medical Conditions ◽  
Medical Conditions ◽  
Professional Contact

This study examined correlates of past-year chronic medical conditions and lifetime contact with health care professionals for mental health and substance abuse problems in women with differing histories of sexual victimization ( N = 627) identified from the National Comorbidity Survey (e.g., assault in childhood, adulthood, or both life phases). Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and stressful life events were associated with greater odds of chronic medical conditions among women sexually assaulted in childhood only. Additional traumatic events were associated with greater odds of chronic medical conditions among victims of adult sexual assault. Older age and being married were associated with greater odds of lifetime health care professional contact for mental health/substance abuse issues among certain victim subgroups. Stressful life events were related to greater help-seeking for child victims, and traumatic events were related to greater help-seeking in adult victims. Alcohol dependence symptoms and PTSD were each associated with greater odds of lifetime health care professional contact among women victimized in both life phases, whereas depression was related to greater odds of help-seeking for women victimized in one life phase only. Psychosocial factors may play unique roles in health outcomes for women with different sexual assault histories.

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