Replantation of amputation at the wrist: challenges of management in sub-Saharan Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. e238393
Author(s):  
Chidiebere Peter Echieh ◽  
Mba Ozinko ◽  
Benjamin Irene Omoregbee ◽  
Kelechi Emmanuel Okonta
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Left Wrist ◽  
Hand Surgeon ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Daunting Challenge ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

Amputations of the upper limb, in particular, have a major impact on patients’ lives, as loss of function can not only cause reduced autonomy in daily life but also hinder social interactions and capacity for work. Replantation at or proximal to the wrist, referred to as wrist-proximal replantation, remains a daunting challenge that presents the hand surgeon with an array of difficulties distinct from digital replantation.We present our experience with a successful replantation of a near-complete amputation at the non-dominant left wrist in a 25-year-old man managed in sub-Saharan Africa. Two years after replantation, the patient had a Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand score of 40 and 2-point discrimination of 6 mm. We also discuss the peculiar challenges which have limited the development of replantation in the tropics. Environmental temperatures, manpower, expertise and technology are possible factors that limit this practice in the tropics.

Susceptibility Profile of Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae) from Montclair, California, to Commonly Used Pesticides, With Note on Resistance to Pyriproxyfen

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 1047-1054 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianyun Su ◽  
Jennifer Thieme ◽  
Taylor Lura ◽  
Min-Lee Cheng ◽  
Michelle Q Brown
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
The United States ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Modes Of Action ◽  
Breeding Populations ◽  
Laboratory Colony ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
And Control

Abstract The peridomestic anthropophilic Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae) is originated from the wild zoophilic subspecies Aedes aegypti formosus in sub-Saharan Africa, and currently has a broad distribution in human-modified environments of the tropics and subtropics worldwide. In California, breeding populations were initially detected in 2013 in the cities of Fresno, Madera, and San Mateo, and now can be found in 188 cities of 12 counties in the state. Recent genetic studies suggest that this species invaded California on multiple occasions from several regions of the United States and northern Mexico prior to initial detection. As an invasive species and vector for numerous arboviruses, Ae. aegypti is a primary target of surveillance and control in California. In southern California city of Montclair, a population was identified in September 2015, from which a short-term colony was established in an insectary. The susceptibility of this field population to commonly used pesticides with various modes of action, including 15 formulations against larvae and four against adults, was determined, in reference to a susceptible laboratory colony of the same species. No resistance was shown to most pesticides tested. However, tolerance or reduced susceptibility to spinosad, spinetoram, diflubezuron, and fipronil was detected, and modest levels of resistance to pyriproxyfen (resistance ratio = 38.7-fold at IE50 and 81.5-fold at IE90) was observed. Results are discussed based on the field usage and modes of action of the pesticides tested. Strategic selection and application of pesticides against this population of Ae. aegypti in the urban environments should be taken into consideration.

scholarly journals 1.5°C Hotspots: Climate Hazards, Vulnerabilities, and Impacts

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl-Friedrich Schleussner ◽  
Delphine Deryng ◽  
Sarah D'haen ◽  
William Hare ◽  
Tabea Lissner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Climate Impacts ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Global Mean Temperature ◽  
Climate Hazards ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Tropics

Differentiating the impacts of climate change between 1.5°C and 2°C requires a regional and sector-specific perspective. Whereas for some regions and sectors the difference in climate variables might be indistinguishable from natural variability, other areas especially in the tropics and subtropics will experience significant shifts. In addition to region-specific changes in climatic conditions, vulnerability and exposure also differ substantially across the world. Even small differences in climate hazards can translate into sizeable impact differences for particularly vulnerable regions or sectors. Here, we review scientific evidence of regional differences in climate hazards at 1.5°C and 2°C and provide an assessment of selected hotspots of climate change, including small islands as well as rural, urban, and coastal areas in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, that are particularly affected by the additional 0.5°C global mean temperature increase. We interlink these with a review of the vulnerability and exposure literature related to these hotspots to provide an integrated perspective on the differences in climate impacts between 1.5°C and 2°C.

scholarly journals Solar geoengineering could redistribute malaria risk in developing countries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin J. Carlson ◽  
Rita Colwell ◽  
Mohammad Sharif Hossain ◽  
Mohammed Mofizur Rahman ◽  
Alan Robock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Malaria Risk ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Eastern Africa ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Populations At Risk ◽  
Solar Geoengineering ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Tropics

AbstractSolar geoengineering is often framed as a stopgap measure to decrease the magnitude, impacts, and injustice of climate change. However, the costs or benefits of geoengineering for human health are largely unknown. We project how geoengineering could impact malaria risk by comparing transmission suitability and populations-at-risk today against moderate and high emissions scenarios (RCP 4.5 and 8.5) with and without geoengineering over the next half-century. We show that if geoengineering deployment cools the tropics, it could help protect high elevation populations in eastern Africa from the encroachment of malaria, but could increase transmission in lowland sub-Saharan Africa and southern Asia. Compared to extreme warming, we also find that by 2070, geoengineering would nullify a projected reduction of nearly one billion people at risk of malaria. Our results indicate that geoengineering strategies designed to offset warming are not guaranteed to unilaterally improve health outcomes, and could produce regional trade-offs among Global South countries that are often excluded from geoengineering conversations.

scholarly journals Exome Sequencing and Congenital Heart Disease in Sub-Saharan Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekanem N. Ekure ◽  
Adebowale Adeyemo ◽  
Hanhan Liu ◽  
Ogochukwu Sokunbi ◽  
Nnenna Kalu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Exome Sequencing ◽  
Congenital Heart ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Disease Genes ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Unique Identifier ◽  
Sub Saharan

Background: Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common birth defect and affects roughly 1% of the global population. There have been many large CHD sequencing projects in developing countries but none in sub-Saharan Africa. In this exome sequencing study, we recruited families from Lagos, Nigeria, affected by structural heart disease. Methods: Ninety-eight participants with CHD and an average age of 3.6 years were recruited from Lagos, Nigeria. Exome sequencing was performed on probands and parents when available. For genes of high interest, we conducted functional studies in Drosophila using a cardiac-specific RNA interference–based gene silencing system. Results: The 3 most common CHDs were tetralogy of Fallot (20%), isolated ventricular septal defect (14%), and transposition of the great arteries (8%). Ten percent of the cohort had pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in genes known to cause CHD. In 64 complete trios, we found 34 de novo variants that were not present in the African population in the Genome Aggregation Database (v3). Nineteen loss of function variants were identified using the genome-wide distribution of selection effects for heterozygous protein-truncating variants (s het ). Nine genes caused a significant mortality when silenced in the Drosophila heart, including 4 novel disease genes not previously associated with CHD ( UBB, EIF4G3, SREBF1 , and METTL23 ). Conclusions: This study identifies novel candidate genes and variants for CHD and facilitates comparisons with previous CHD sequencing studies in predominantly European cohorts. The study represents an important first step in genomic studies of CHD in understudied populations. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov ; Unique identifier: NCT01952171.

scholarly journals SOCIAL INTERACTIONS AND MALARIA PREVENTIVE BEHAVIORS IN SUB‐SAHARAN AFRICA

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 994-1012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bénédicte Apouey ◽  
Gabriel Picone
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Preventive Behaviors ◽  
Sub Saharan

scholarly journals Historical Introgressions from a Wild Relative of Modern Cassava Improved Important Traits and May Be Under Balancing Selection

Genetics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 213 (4) ◽  
pp. 1237-1253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marnin D. Wolfe ◽  
Guillaume J. Bauchet ◽  
Ariel W. Chan ◽  
Roberto Lozano ◽  
Punna Ramu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Balancing Selection ◽  
Genetic Load ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Manihot Glaziovii ◽  
Disease Epidemics ◽  
Targeted Recombination ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Modern Breeding ◽  
Elite Germplasm

Introgression of alleles from wild relatives has often been adaptive in plant breeding. However, the significance of historical hybridization events in modern breeding is often not clear. Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is among the most important staple foods in the world, sustaining hundreds of millions of people in the tropics, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Widespread genotyping makes cassava a model for clonally propagated root and tuber crops in the developing world, and provides an opportunity to study the modern benefits and consequences of historical introgression. We detected large introgressed Manihot glaziovii genome-segments in a collection of 2742 modern cassava landraces and elite germplasm, the legacy of a 1930s era breeding to combat disease epidemics. African landraces and improved varieties were, on average, 3.8% (max 13.6%) introgressed. Introgressions accounted for a significant (mean 20%, max 56%) portion of the heritability of tested traits. M. glaziovii alleles on the distal 10 Mb of chr. 1 increased dry matter and root number. On chr. 4, introgressions in a 20 Mb region improved harvest index and brown streak disease tolerance. We observed the introgression frequency on chr. 1 double over three cycles of selection, and that later stage trials selectively excluded homozygotes from consideration as varieties. This indicates a heterozygous advantage of introgressions. However, we also found that maintaining large recombination-suppressed introgressions in the heterozygous state allowed the accumulation of deleterious mutations. We conclude that targeted recombination of introgressions would increase the efficiency of cassava breeding by allowing simultaneous fixation of beneficial alleles and purging of genetic load.

Role of Local Knowledge in Mixed Livestock Production Systems

2007 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel M. Komwihangilo ◽  
Faustin P. Lekule ◽  
George C. Kajembe ◽  
Poul H. Petersen
Keyword(s):  
Local Knowledge ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Livestock Production ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Livestock Feeds ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Crop And Livestock Production

Local knowledge is an important asset for smallholder farmers who operate differently in diverse crop and livestock production systems in the tropics. Various methods are needed for its acquisition, analysis, storage and communication. While local knowledge of livestock feeds and other resources is abundant, amalgamation of the positive aspects of this knowledge system with that emanating from contemporary scientific approaches is critical yet limited. The merger is desirable so as to achieve improved productivity and sustainability of mixed livestock production systems in Sub-Saharan Africa.

scholarly journals Clinical Spectrum of Schistosomiasis: An Update

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (23) ◽  
pp. 5521
Author(s):  
Cristina Carbonell ◽  
Beatriz Rodríguez-Alonso ◽  
Amparo López-Bernús ◽  
Hugo Almeida ◽  
Inmaculada Galindo-Pérez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Clinical Form ◽  
Important Public Health Problem ◽  
Blood Flukes ◽  
Helminthic Infection ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Tropics

Schistosomiasis is a helminthic infection and one of the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). It is caused by blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma. It is an important public health problem, particularly in poverty-stricken areas, especially those within the tropics and subtropics. It is estimated that at least 236 million people worldwide are infected, 90% of them in sub-Saharan Africa, and that this disease causes approximately 300,000 deaths annually. The clinical manifestations are varied and affect practically all organs. There are substantial differences in the clinical presentation, depending on the phase and clinical form of schistosomiasis in which it occurs. Schistosomiasis can remain undiagnosed for a long period of time, with secondary clinical lesion. Here, we review the clinical profile of schistosomiasis. This information may aid in the development of more efficacious treatments and improved disease prognosis.

scholarly journals Sources of Resistance for Two-spotted Spider Mite (Tetranychus urticae) in Scarlet (Solanum aethiopicum L.) and Gboma (S. macrocarpon L.) Eggplant Germplasms

HortScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dalia Taher ◽  
Mohamed Rakha ◽  
Srinivasan Ramasamy ◽  
Svein Solberg ◽  
Roland Schafleitner
Keyword(s):  
Tetranychus Urticae ◽  
Spider Mite ◽  
Glandular Trichome ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Solanum Aethiopicum ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Two Spotted Spider Mite ◽  
The Tropics

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, is a serious global pest of eggplants and other vegetables in the tropics and subtropics. The scarlet (Solanum aethiopicum L.) and gboma (Solanum macrocarpon L.) are two cultivated eggplants indigenous to sub-Saharan Africa. In this study, 120 accessions of S. aethiopicum and five accessions of S. macrocarpon from the World Vegetable Center’s genebank collection were evaluated for spider mite resistance based on leaf damage scores and trichome types and densities. The highest levels of resistance were detected in S. macrocarpon accessions VI050393 and VI050444. In addition, two accessions of S. aethiopicum, VI042749 and VI042753, were moderately resistant. All other S. aethiopicum accessions were susceptible or highly susceptible. Spider mite resistance was significantly associated with the presence of type VII glandular trichome, but nonglandular stellate trichomes were not associated with resistance. The resistant S. macrocarpon accessions can be directly used as resistant cultivars or in prebreeding programs aimed at breeding resistant lines of the most commonly cultivated eggplant (S. melogena).

scholarly journals Mycosphaerella gibsonii (needle blight of pine).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annika Minott
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Stunted Growth ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Production Cycles ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Needle Blight

Abstract Mycosphaerella gibsonii is a fungal pathogen causing needle blight, primarily in Pinus species. It causes lesions on needles, first affecting lower needles and then spreading to the upper crown. The disease eventually causes needle necrosis and needle cast, leading to defoliation, stunted growth and host plant death; it is a major obstacle to the production of pine seedlings. M. gibsonii occurs in the tropics and subtropics of South and Central America, the Caribbean, sub-saharan Africa, India, South East Asia and East Asia; the native range is uncertain. Although natural dispersal by wind and water occur locally, international spread is largely due to movement of infected nursery stock. Phytosanitary control measures such as avoiding the planting of infected plants, removal and destruction of all infected pines in nurseries and cleaning between annual production cycles in nurseries can help to reduce the spread of the pathogen. It is listed as an A1 quarantine pest in the EPPO region, and is considered of quarantine significance in South America.

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