Trail running injury risk factors: a living systematic review

ObjectiveTo review and frequently update the available evidence on injury risk factors and epidemiology of injury in trail running.DesignLiving systematic review. Updated searches will be done every 6 months for a minimum period of 5 years.Data sourcesEight electronic databases were searched from inception to 18 March 2021.Eligibility criteriaStudies that investigated injury risk factors and/or reported the epidemiology of injury in trail running.ResultsNineteen eligible studies were included, of which 10 studies investigated injury risk factors among 2 785 participants. Significant intrinsic factors associated with injury are: more running experience, level A runner and higher total propensity to sports accident questionnaire (PAD-22) score. Previous history of cramping and postrace biomarkers of muscle damage is associated with cramping. Younger age and low skin phototypes are associated with sunburn. Significant extrinsic factors associated with injury are neglecting warm-up, no specialised running plan, training on asphalt, double training sessions per day and physical labour occupations. A slower race finishing time is associated with cramping, while more than 3 hours of training per day, shade as the primary mode of sun protection and being single are associated with sunburn. An injury incidence range 0.7–61.2 injuries/1000 hours of running and prevalence range 1.3% to 90% were reported. The lower limb was the most reported region of injury, specifically involving blisters of the foot/toe.ConclusionLimited studies investigated injury risk factors in trail running. Our review found eight intrinsic and nine extrinsic injury risk factors. This review highlighted areas for future research that may aid in designing injury risk management strategies for safer trail running participation.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42021240832.

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A Literature Review of Factors Influencing Injurious Falls

Clinical Nursing Research ◽

10.1177/1054773818802187 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

pp. 141-148

Author(s):

Faithe J. X. Poh ◽

Shefaly Shorey

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Injury Risk ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Future Research ◽

Primary Research ◽

Extrinsic Factors ◽

Intrinsic Factors ◽

Injurious Falls ◽

Injury Risk Factors ◽

Include Body Mass Index

Falls pose substantial challenges to health care institutions. This review aims to provide a synthesis and critique of studies that investigated fall injury risk factors and to identify significant risk factors that predispose patients to injurious falls. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, COCHRANE, Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Heath Literature, and Scopus. Additional records were searched through Google Scholar and bibliographies of the retrieved articles. Twenty-three primary research studies were included. Demographic, intrinsic, and extrinsic factors have been identified. Demographics include age, gender, and marital status. Intrinsic factors include body mass index, medication, and preexisting conditions, and extrinsic factors include environmental factors. Several factors were found to be inconclusive. These factors should be considered and examined further. Future research may evaluate interventions focusing on targeted risk factors of injurious falls. Clinical guidelines addressing the factors in this review may be considered after further testing and research.

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Epidemiology of Exertional Heat Illness in the Military: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17197037 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (19) ◽

pp. 7037

Author(s):

Faith O. Alele ◽

Bunmi S. Malau-Aduli ◽

Aduli E. O. Malau-Aduli ◽

Melissa J. Crowe

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Heat Stroke ◽

Previous History ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Heat Illness ◽

Extrinsic Factors ◽

Service Unit ◽

Exertional Heat Illness ◽

The Military

Exertional heat illness (EHI) is an occupational hazard among military personnel. This systematic review describes the incidence, risk factors, clinical manifestations, and biomarkers of EHI in the military. Six databases from inception to 28 May 2020 were systematically reviewed using the PRISMA guidelines. Forty-one articles met the inclusion criteria and the incidence of EHI ranged from 0.2 to 10.5 per 1000 person years, while the prevalence rates ranged from 0.3% to 9.3%. Intrinsic risk factors influencing EHI were gender, physical fitness, obesity, previous history of heat illness, and motivation, while the extrinsic factors included hot environmental conditions and service unit. Evidence suggests that loss of consciousness, absence of sweating and confusion were the common clinical features of exertional heat stroke (EHS). The mean core temperature ranged from 40 to 41.6 °C, while elevated levels of creatine phosphokinase, liver enzymes, and creatinine were common biochemical markers of EHS. The findings of the review suggest a variation in the incidence of EHI among military populations possibly due to the varying definitions used. Although some risk factors of EHI were identified, more analytical studies are needed to investigate the association between EHI and other important factors such as acclimatisation and occlusive clothing.

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Preliminary Assessment of Ergonomic Injury Risk Factors in the Extravehicular Mobility Unit Spacesuit Glove

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting ◽

10.1177/1541931213601227 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 60 (1) ◽

pp. 982-986 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ryan Z. Amick ◽

Christopher R. Reid ◽

Linh Q. Vu ◽

Dan Nguyen ◽

Robert Sweet ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Physiological Response ◽

Environmental Variables ◽

Injury Risk ◽

Male Subject ◽

Laboratory Setting ◽

Preliminary Assessment ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Mobility Unit ◽

Injury Risk Factors

Injuries to the hands and fingers are commonly reported among astronauts who perform and train for Extravehicular Activities in the Extravehicular Mobility Unit Spacesuit. In an effort to better understand the physical and environmental ergonomic injury risk factors associated with spacesuit glove use, a custom built carrier glove with multiple integrated sensors was developed to be worn within the spacesuit glove with the purpose of measuring the physical and environmental variables acting on the fingers and hand, and the physiological response, within two pressurized glove conditions in a 1G laboratory setting. One male subject performed multiple dynamic and functional tasks in a pressurized EMU. Results indicate that the sensor glove is capable of measuring multiple physical and environmental variables associated the development of finger and hand injuries observed in astronauts.

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Analysis of Risk Factors for Military Parachuting Injuries among Chinese Air Force Cadet Pilots

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.423-426.1778 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 423-426 ◽

pp. 1778-1781 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Wen Jing Guo ◽

Yong Ren Chen ◽

Yong Bo Yang ◽

Gao Feng Qu ◽

Dong Yu Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Air Force ◽

Injury Risk ◽

Surface Wind ◽

Surface Wind Speed ◽

Extrinsic Factors ◽

Injury Rates ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Short Period ◽

Chinese Air Force

Parachuting injuries among cadet pilots often occur because they undergo extensive training within a short period of time. To explore the injury mechanism and to prevent injuries, this paper investigated the injury risk factors for the military parachuting of cadet pilots. A prospective study of static line parachute descents by Chinese Air Force cadet pilots was performed. The study indicates that 153 cadet pilots were injured, with a total of 168 injuries. The injury rates associated with extrinsic and intrinsic risk factors were compared and analyzed by using orthogonal multivariate analysis. Landing is the most dangerous part of parachuting, causing 88% of injuries. Extrinsic factors associated with increased injury rates are higher surface wind speed and third-generation protective boots. Intrinsic factors associated with reduced injury rates are excellent mental qualities, excellent parachuting movements, and female cadet pilots. Strengthening parachuting movements and mental qualities, approving jumps only when basic parachuting conditions are met, and improving protective equipment are recommended strategies for preventing parachuting injuries.

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A Preliminary Study on Injury Risk Factors of Perak Athletes

International Journal of Engineering & Technology ◽

10.14419/ijet.v7i4.15.21441 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (4.15) ◽

pp. 173

Author(s):

Lee Ai Choo ◽

Mohd Yusof Baharudin ◽

Fairus Fariza Zainudin ◽

Mohansundar Sankaravel

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

High Performance ◽

Injury Risk ◽

Female Athletes ◽

Study Finding ◽

Third Party ◽

Age Difference ◽

Extrinsic Factors ◽

Injury Risk Factors ◽

Extrinsic Risk

The objective of this study is to identify the injury risk factors of Perak male and female athletes who participating in contact and non-contact sports, meanwhile to suggest preventive strategies to all the sports personnel. The research design chosen was retrospective descriptive epidemiological study. The data from this study is examined based on intrinsic risk factors (Self Induce and Attire) and extrinsic risk factors (Third Party, Environment and Equipment). The descriptive statistics was utilized to analyze the research variables. The data collected for self status in self induce factor, finding revealed that body composition (51.1%) as highest risk followed by body status to play (41.7%), self-attitude (5.8%) and age difference (1.4%). Whereby, for factor of attire, more injuries occurred due to not wearing appropriate protective gear (47.5%) compared to inappropriate footwear (34.5%) and inappropriate clothing (18.0%). The extrinsic factors of third party that lead to injuries were mostly due to opponent (89.2%), contrary to referee (10.8%) and none from audiences. There was no injury reported due to playing equipment. This study finding revealed that playing surface was reported highest (75.5%) in environment factors followed by weather (24.5%). In the nutshell, injury rates can be reduced by identifying the injury risk factors and thus the life span of high performance athletes will be prolonged.

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