Analysis of Risk Factors for Military Parachuting Injuries among Chinese Air Force Cadet Pilots

Parachuting injuries among cadet pilots often occur because they undergo extensive training within a short period of time. To explore the injury mechanism and to prevent injuries, this paper investigated the injury risk factors for the military parachuting of cadet pilots. A prospective study of static line parachute descents by Chinese Air Force cadet pilots was performed. The study indicates that 153 cadet pilots were injured, with a total of 168 injuries. The injury rates associated with extrinsic and intrinsic risk factors were compared and analyzed by using orthogonal multivariate analysis. Landing is the most dangerous part of parachuting, causing 88% of injuries. Extrinsic factors associated with increased injury rates are higher surface wind speed and third-generation protective boots. Intrinsic factors associated with reduced injury rates are excellent mental qualities, excellent parachuting movements, and female cadet pilots. Strengthening parachuting movements and mental qualities, approving jumps only when basic parachuting conditions are met, and improving protective equipment are recommended strategies for preventing parachuting injuries.

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Trail running injury risk factors: a living systematic review

British Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1136/bjsports-2021-104858 ◽

2022 ◽

pp. bjsports-2021-104858

Author(s):

Carel Viljoen ◽

Dina C (Christa) Janse van Rensburg ◽

Willem van Mechelen ◽

Evert Verhagen ◽

Bruno Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Injury Risk ◽

Previous History ◽

Future Research ◽

Injury Incidence ◽

Extrinsic Factors ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Injury Risk Factors ◽

Trail Running

ObjectiveTo review and frequently update the available evidence on injury risk factors and epidemiology of injury in trail running.DesignLiving systematic review. Updated searches will be done every 6 months for a minimum period of 5 years.Data sourcesEight electronic databases were searched from inception to 18 March 2021.Eligibility criteriaStudies that investigated injury risk factors and/or reported the epidemiology of injury in trail running.ResultsNineteen eligible studies were included, of which 10 studies investigated injury risk factors among 2 785 participants. Significant intrinsic factors associated with injury are: more running experience, level A runner and higher total propensity to sports accident questionnaire (PAD-22) score. Previous history of cramping and postrace biomarkers of muscle damage is associated with cramping. Younger age and low skin phototypes are associated with sunburn. Significant extrinsic factors associated with injury are neglecting warm-up, no specialised running plan, training on asphalt, double training sessions per day and physical labour occupations. A slower race finishing time is associated with cramping, while more than 3 hours of training per day, shade as the primary mode of sun protection and being single are associated with sunburn. An injury incidence range 0.7–61.2 injuries/1000 hours of running and prevalence range 1.3% to 90% were reported. The lower limb was the most reported region of injury, specifically involving blisters of the foot/toe.ConclusionLimited studies investigated injury risk factors in trail running. Our review found eight intrinsic and nine extrinsic injury risk factors. This review highlighted areas for future research that may aid in designing injury risk management strategies for safer trail running participation.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42021240832.

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Military Parachuting Injuries among Male and Female Cadet Pilots: A Prospective Study of 59,932 Jumps

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.590.837 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 590 ◽

pp. 837-841

Author(s):

Wen Jing Guo ◽

Xue Shan Liu ◽

Yong Ren Chen ◽

Ji Qiang Zhou

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Prospective Study ◽

Injury Risk ◽

Surface Wind ◽

Surface Wind Speed ◽

Lower Limbs ◽

Injury Incidence ◽

Injury Risk Factors ◽

And Gender ◽

A Prospective Study

To explore the injury mechanism and prevent injuries for the military parachuting of cadet pilots, this paper investigated the injury risk factors. A prospective study of 59,932 static line parachute descents by Chinese People’s Liberation Army cadet pilots (CPLACP), including 186 female cadet pilots with 391 jumps, was performed. Injury risk factors from administrative records included mental qualities, parachuting movements, surface wind speed, protective boots, and gender. Injury data were obtained from emergency room and hospital records. The study indicates that 153 CPLACP were injured, with a total of 168 injuries. The overall injury incidence on basic courses was 2.6/1000 jumps. About 79.7% of the injuries were located in the lower limbs. The most commonly injured sites were ankle and knee, which was 39.3% and 19.0%, respectively, of all injuries occurred. Although the parachuting injury incidence of cadet pilots is smaller than paratroopers’, the potential risk for career-threatening or life-threatening injury is great. This risk can be reduced by appropriate training and attention to detail.

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Preliminary Assessment of Ergonomic Injury Risk Factors in the Extravehicular Mobility Unit Spacesuit Glove

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting ◽

10.1177/1541931213601227 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 60 (1) ◽

pp. 982-986 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ryan Z. Amick ◽

Christopher R. Reid ◽

Linh Q. Vu ◽

Dan Nguyen ◽

Robert Sweet ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Physiological Response ◽

Environmental Variables ◽

Injury Risk ◽

Male Subject ◽

Laboratory Setting ◽

Preliminary Assessment ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Mobility Unit ◽

Injury Risk Factors

Injuries to the hands and fingers are commonly reported among astronauts who perform and train for Extravehicular Activities in the Extravehicular Mobility Unit Spacesuit. In an effort to better understand the physical and environmental ergonomic injury risk factors associated with spacesuit glove use, a custom built carrier glove with multiple integrated sensors was developed to be worn within the spacesuit glove with the purpose of measuring the physical and environmental variables acting on the fingers and hand, and the physiological response, within two pressurized glove conditions in a 1G laboratory setting. One male subject performed multiple dynamic and functional tasks in a pressurized EMU. Results indicate that the sensor glove is capable of measuring multiple physical and environmental variables associated the development of finger and hand injuries observed in astronauts.

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A Preliminary Study on Injury Risk Factors of Perak Athletes

International Journal of Engineering & Technology ◽

10.14419/ijet.v7i4.15.21441 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (4.15) ◽

pp. 173

Author(s):

Lee Ai Choo ◽

Mohd Yusof Baharudin ◽

Fairus Fariza Zainudin ◽

Mohansundar Sankaravel

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

High Performance ◽

Injury Risk ◽

Female Athletes ◽

Study Finding ◽

Third Party ◽

Age Difference ◽

Extrinsic Factors ◽

Injury Risk Factors ◽

Extrinsic Risk

The objective of this study is to identify the injury risk factors of Perak male and female athletes who participating in contact and non-contact sports, meanwhile to suggest preventive strategies to all the sports personnel. The research design chosen was retrospective descriptive epidemiological study. The data from this study is examined based on intrinsic risk factors (Self Induce and Attire) and extrinsic risk factors (Third Party, Environment and Equipment). The descriptive statistics was utilized to analyze the research variables. The data collected for self status in self induce factor, finding revealed that body composition (51.1%) as highest risk followed by body status to play (41.7%), self-attitude (5.8%) and age difference (1.4%). Whereby, for factor of attire, more injuries occurred due to not wearing appropriate protective gear (47.5%) compared to inappropriate footwear (34.5%) and inappropriate clothing (18.0%). The extrinsic factors of third party that lead to injuries were mostly due to opponent (89.2%), contrary to referee (10.8%) and none from audiences. There was no injury reported due to playing equipment. This study finding revealed that playing surface was reported highest (75.5%) in environment factors followed by weather (24.5%). In the nutshell, injury rates can be reduced by identifying the injury risk factors and thus the life span of high performance athletes will be prolonged.

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Internet Survey of Risk Factors Associated With Training and Competition in Dogs Competing in Agility Competitions

Frontiers in Veterinary Science ◽

10.3389/fvets.2021.791617 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Arielle Pechette Markley ◽

Abigail B. Shoben ◽

Nina R. Kieves

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Injury Risk ◽

Severe Injury ◽

Secondary Outcome ◽

Training Level ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Jump Training ◽

Risk Of Injury ◽

Competition Level ◽

History Of

Objective: To describe risk factors associated with training and competition in relation to frequency and severity of injuries experienced by agility dogs.Procedures: An internet-based survey collected data on competition level variables and training level variables. The primary outcome was history of any injury and a secondary outcome considered history of severe injury (injury lasting > 3 months). Logistic regression was used to estimate associations and final models were obtained via backward selection to identify the strongest associations within variables.Results: There were 4,197 dogs included in this analysis. Injury was reported for 1,737 (41.4%) dogs and severe injury was reported for 629 (15.0%). In the model with competition level factors, jumping 4” (OR: 1.50) or 2–4” (OR: 1.31) over shoulder height compared to jumping 0–2” lower and competing at national events was associated with increased injury risk, while competing 6+ times on rubber matting was associated with lower risk (OR: 0.62). Training level variables associated with injury risk were age starting jump, teeter, and weave training, with the highest risk observed for dogs starting jump training between 3 and 18 months but starting weave and teeter training after 18 months of age.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance: Many variables thought to be associated with injury risk were not significant in the final model. Starting jump training at an earlier age was associated with greater risk of injury relative to starting after 18 months. It is possible that the high impact of jump training before skeletal maturity may increase the risk of injuries or musculoskeletal conditions. The increased risk of injury in dogs that jump 2–4, or 4+ inches higher than shoulder height may be due to increased biomechanical forces during takeoff and landing. Faster dogs may be at higher risk of injury; handlers planning competition around big events or competing at the national level are likely to have faster dogs, and may be less likely to compete on rubber matting. These data provide valuable current insight into the possible effects that training and competition variables may have on injury risk in agility dogs.

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Caseous lymphadenitis in small ruminants in Egypt

Tierärztliche Praxis Ausgabe G Großtiere / Nutztiere ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1623238 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 42 (05) ◽

pp. 271-277 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

A. F. Oreiby ◽

Y. M. Hegazy ◽

Y. M. Ghanem ◽

M. H. Al-Gaabary ◽

S. A. Osman

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

At Risk ◽

Close Contact ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Breeding Systems ◽

Caseous Lymphadenitis ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Short Period ◽

Antibody Titers

Summary Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) among small ruminants in Egypt, identify risk factors associated with its occurrence and to analyze the efficacy of the vaccine for control of CLA. Material and methods: A total of 1206 sheep and 351 goats were examined clinically for CLA. The prevalence and the risk factors of CLA in small ruminant flocks were estimated and identified. Efficacy of the commercial vaccine Case-Bac (Colorado Serum Company, USA) was determined in a field study trial conducted on 15 CLA-free lambs. Follow-up of vaccination immune response was carried out using indirect ELISA. Results: Prevalence of superficial CLA was 6.7%. Clinically, CLA appeared as abscesses in superficial lymph nodes mostly of the head and neck. On the basis of a multivariate analysis which accounted for clustering at herd level, sheep were at risk of getting superficial CLA 3.5 times more than goats (p < 0.0001). Animals of fixed flocks were at risk of getting the superficial CLA 2 times more than animals in fixed-mobile flocks (p < 0.038). Serological follow-up indicated protective antibody titers for 6 months. In vaccinated animals clinical cases were not observed while they occurred among non-vaccinated sheep. Discussion: Prevalence of CLA varied among studied flocks even between those of the same breeding system due to complex and overlapping factors associated with each flock like introduction or culling rate of animals, care of shepherds or owners to deal with opened abscesses in addition to the average age of the animals within each flock. Breeding systems have observable effects on occurrence of CLA: infected sheep can transmit the infection to a large number of animals in a short period under the conditions of close contact and reduced air flow in covered sheds. Conclusion and clinical relevance: Infected small ruminants in fixed flocks represent a risk factor for CLA for healthy ones. The vaccine used in the study provides an effective protection against new in fections. So mass vaccination of small ruminants against CLA in Egypt has to be considered to minimize the disease prevalence.

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Non-modifiable Risk Factors Associated with Sternoclavicular Joint Dislocations in the U.S. Military

Military Medicine ◽

10.1093/milmed/usx095 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 183 (5-6) ◽

pp. e188-e193 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Baris Gun ◽

Robert Dean ◽

Beatrice Go ◽

Catherine Richardson ◽

Brian R Waterman

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Air Force ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Sternoclavicular Joint ◽

Modifiable Risk Factors ◽

Age Group ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Adjusted Rate ◽

Senior Enlisted ◽

The U.S

Abstract INTRODUCTION Sternoclavicular joint (SCJ) dislocations, although uncommon, are observed in patients with ligamentous laxity as well as those who experience traumatic injuries. The incidence and epidemiology of this costly and debilitating injury to our relatively young and active military population have not previously been reported. The purpose of this study is to consider and quantify the non-modifiable risk factors associated with this injury. METHODS Using Defense Medical Epidemiological Database, first-time occurrences, from 2006 to 2015 for the ICD-9-CM code 839.61 (closed dislocation of the SCJ), were obtained and further categorized by gender, race, age, rank, and branch of service. Race was classified based on self-reporting of patients into White, Black, or other categories. Age was divided into the categories of less than 20 yr, 20–24 yr, 25–29 yr, 30–34 yr, 35–39 yr, and greater than 40 yr. Rank was categorized as junior enlisted (E-1 to E-4), senior enlisted (E-5 to E-9), junior officer (O-1 to O-3), and senior officer (O-4 to O-10). Branch of service includes Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marines. Multivariate data analysis was performed to obtain rate per 1,000 person-years as well as adjusted rate (adjusted for age group, gender, race, rank, and service) to isolate risk factors. RESULTS Between 2006 and 2015, 427 cases of closed SCJ dislocations occurred among an at-risk population of 13,772,342 person-years for an unadjusted incidence rate (IR) of 0.031 per 1,000 person-years. The annual unadjusted IR ranged from 0.017 in 2006 to 0.059 in 2014 with the greatest increase occurring between 2006 and 2007 representing 61% increase in the rate of injuries. Males were almost twice as likely to sustain these injuries compared with females (adjusted rate ratio 1.73; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.23, 2.43). Age was not found to be a risk factor for the development of these injuries with IRs for each age group overlapping with 95% CI for all other age groups. Similarly, the other category for race was also not found to be a statistically significant risk factor. Junior Officers (adjusted rate 0.017; 95% CI 0.011, 0.025) were found least likely to suffer from these injuries with Junior Enlisted (0.034; 95% CI 0.030, 0.040) and Senior Enlisted (0.032; 95% CI 0.028, 0.037) most at risk. Being in the Navy (0.019; 95% CI 0.015, 0.025) was found to be most protective compared with Air Force (0.032; 95% CI 0.026, 0.039), Army (0.036; 95% CI 0.031, 0.041), and Marines (0.036; 95% CI 0.028, 0.045). DISCUSSION and CONCLUSION Annual unadjusted IR of SCJ dislocations readily increased from 2006 to 2014. Statistically significant risk factors, for suffering a closed SCJ dislocation, identified by our study, were male sex, enlisted rank, and branch of service other than Navy. Age and race were not found to have a statistically significant risk. These results can shed light on non-modifiable risk factors for dislocations of the SCJ and can be used in other studies to aid in reducing injury burden on the U.S. Military.

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