scholarly journals Are noise and air pollution related to the incidence of dementia? A cohort study in London, England

BMJ Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. e022404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iain M Carey ◽  
H Ross Anderson ◽  
Richard W Atkinson ◽  
Sean D Beevers ◽  
Derek G Cook ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Vascular Dementia ◽  
Care Home ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Area Deprivation ◽  
Diagnosis Of Dementia ◽  
Incidence Of Dementia

ObjectiveTo investigate whether the incidence of dementia is related to residential levels of air and noise pollution in London.DesignRetrospective cohort study using primary care data.Setting75 Greater London practices.Participants130 978 adults aged 50–79 years registered with their general practices on 1 January 2005, with no recorded history of dementia or care home residence.Primary and secondary outcome measuresA first recorded diagnosis of dementia and, where specified, subgroups of Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia during 2005–2013. The average annual concentrations during 2004 of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulate matter with a median aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 µm (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) were estimated at 20×20 m resolution from dispersion models. Traffic intensity, distance from major road and night-time noise levels (Lnight) were estimated at the postcode level. All exposure measures were linked anonymously to clinical data via residential postcode. HRs from Cox models were adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, smoking and body mass index, with further adjustments explored for area deprivation and comorbidity.Results2181 subjects (1.7%) received an incident diagnosis of dementia (39% mentioning Alzheimer’s disease, 29% vascular dementia). There was a positive exposure response relationship between dementia and all measures of air pollution except O3, which was not readily explained by further adjustment. Adults living in areas with the highest fifth of NO2concentration (>41.5 µg/m3) versus the lowest fifth (<31.9 µg/m3) were at a higher risk of dementia (HR=1.40, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.74). Increases in dementia risk were also observed with PM2.5, PM2.5specifically from primary traffic sources only and Lnight, but only NO2and PM2.5remained statistically significant in multipollutant models. Associations were more consistent for Alzheimer’s disease than vascular dementia.ConclusionsWe have found evidence of a positive association between residential levels of air pollution across London and being diagnosed with dementia, which is unexplained by known confounding factors.

scholarly journals Kidney disease and risk of dementia: a Danish nationwide cohort study

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. e052652
Author(s):  
Alisa D Kjaergaard ◽  
Benjamin R Johannesen ◽  
Henrik T Sørensen ◽  
Victor W Henderson ◽  
Christian F Christiansen
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
General Population ◽  
Vascular Dementia ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Study Cohort ◽  
Entire Study

ObjectivesIt is unclear whether kidney disease is a risk factor for developing dementia. We examined the association between kidney disease and risk of future dementia.Design and settingNationwide historical registry-based cohort study in Denmark based on data from 1 January 1995 until 31 December 2016.ParticipantsAll patients diagnosed with kidney disease and matched general population cohort without kidney disease (matched 1:5 on age, sex and year of kidney disease diagnosis).Primary and secondary outcome measuresAll-cause dementia and its subtypes: Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia and other specified or unspecified dementia. We computed 5-year cumulative incidences (risk) and hazard ratios (HRs) for outcomes using Cox regression analyses.ResultsThe study cohort comprised 82 690 patients with kidney disease and 413 405 individuals from the general population. Five-year and ten-year mortality rates were twice as high in patients with kidney disease compared with the general population. The 5-year risk for all-cause dementia was 2.90% (95% confidence interval: 2.78% to 3.08%) in patients with kidney disease and 2.98% (2.92% to 3.04%) in the general population. Compared with the general population, the adjusted HRs for all-cause dementia in patients with kidney disease were 1.06 (1.00 to 1.12) for the 5-year follow-up and 1.08 (1.03 to 1.12) for the entire study period. Risk estimates for dementia subtypes differed substantially and were lower for Alzheimer’s disease and higher for vascular dementia.ConclusionsPatients diagnosed with kidney disease have a modestly increased rate of dementia, mainly driven by vascular dementia. Moreover, patients with kidney disease may be underdiagnosed with dementia due to high mortality and other comorbidities of higher priority.

Effects of air pollution on neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia) over Europe for present and future climate change scenarios

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Jiménez-Guerrero ◽  
Patricia Guzmán ◽  
Patricia Tarín-Carrasco ◽  
María Morales-Suarez-Varela
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Vascular Dementia ◽  
Future Climate ◽  
Population Projections ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios

&lt;p&gt;Air pollution has a serious impact on health and this problem will be aggravated under the action of climate change. This climate penalty can play an important role when trying to assess future impacts of air pollution on several pathologies. Among these diseases, the scientific literature is scarce when referring to the influence of atmospheric pollutants on neurodegenerative diseases for future climate change scenarios. Under this framework, this contribution evaluates the incidence of dementia (Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia) occurring in Europe due to exposure of air pollution (essentially NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and PM2.5) for the present climatic period (1991-2010) and for a future climate change scenario (RCP8.5, 2031-2050). The GEMM methodology has been applied to climatic air pollution simulations using the chemistry/climate regional model WRF-Chem. Present population data were obtained from NASA's Center for Socioeconomic Data and Applications (SEDAC); while future population projections for the year 2050 were derived from the United Nations (UN) Department of Economic and Social Affairs-Population Dynamics.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Overall, the estimated incidence of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia associated to air pollution over Europe is 498,000 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 348,600-647,400] and 314,000 (95% CI 257,500-401,900) new cases per year, respectively. An important increase in the future incidence is projected (around 72% for both types of dementia) when considering the effect of climate change together with the foreseen changes in the dynamics of population (expected aging of European population). The climate penalty has a limited effect on the total changes of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia (approx. 0.5%), since the large increase in new annual cases over southern Europe is offset by the decrease of the incidence associated to these pathologies over more northern countries, favored by an improvement of air pollution caused by the projected enhancement of rainfall.&lt;/p&gt;

Ozone, Particulate Matter, and Newly Diagnosed Alzheimer’s Disease: A Population-Based Cohort Study in Taiwan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chau-Ren Jung ◽  
Yu-Ting Lin ◽  
Bing-Fang Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Hazards Model

Several studies with animal research associate air pollution in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) neuropathology, but the actual impact of air pollution on the risk of AD is unknown. Here, this study investigates the association between long-term exposure to ozone (O3) and particulate matter (PM) with an aerodynamic diameter equal to or less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5), and newly diagnosed AD in Taiwan. We conducted a cohort study of 95,690 individuals’ age ≥ 65 during 2001–2010. We obtained PM10 and O3 data from Taiwan Environmental Protection Agency during 2000–2010. Since PM2.5 data is only accessible entirely after 2006, we used the mean ratio between PM2.5 and PM10 during 2006–2010 (0.57) to estimate the PM2.5 concentrations from 2000 to 2005. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate the associations between O3 and PM2.5 at baseline and changes of O3 and PM2.5 during the follow-up period and AD. The adjusted HR for AD was weakly associated with a raised concentration in O3 at baseline per increase of 9.63 ppb (adjusted HR 1.06, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.00–1.12). Further, we estimated a 211% risk of increase of AD per increase of 10.91 ppb in O3 over the follow-up period (95% CI 2.92–3.33). We found a 138% risk of increase of AD per increase of 4.34 μg/m3 in PM2.5 over the follow-up period (95% CI 2.21–2.56). These findings suggest long-term exposure to O3 and PM2.5 above the current US EPA standards are associated with increased the risk of AD.

Incidence of Dementia, Alzheimer's Disease, and Vascular Dementia in Italy. The ILSA Study

2002 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Di Carlo ◽  
Marzia Baldereschi ◽  
Luigi Amaducci ◽  
Vito Lepore ◽  
Laura Bracco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Vascular Dementia ◽  
Incidence Of Dementia

scholarly journals The Association between Hypertension and Dementia in the Elderly

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michiya Igase ◽  
Katsuhiko Kohara ◽  
Tetsuro Miki
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Vascular Dementia ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Antihypertensive Agents ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Converting Enzyme Inhibitors ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Incidence Of Dementia

Hypertension (HT) and dementia are common disorders in the elderly. HT in the elderly is associated with increased occurrence rates of dementia including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD). In connection to this, some studies have suggested that HT in old age correlates with the pathogenesis of dementia. Since HT is potentially reversible, a number of randomized trials have examined whether antihypertensive treatment may help in preventing dementia occurrence. We review five studies, all using subjects 60 years or older, which investigated different antihypertensive pharmacological treatments. Data from two trials (Syst-Eur, PROGRESS) open the way toward the prevention of dementia (AD or VaD) by antihypertensive treatments. In the Syst-Eur study, with the dihydropyridine calcium antagonists, a reduction in both types of dementia was demonstrated (risk reduction 55%). The PROGRESS study showed that the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), with or without diuretics, resulted in decrease incidence of stroke-related dementia (risk reduction 19%), but dementia without stroke was not reduced. In contrast, the SHEP trial, treatment with a chlorthalidone-based antihypertensive regimen, did not significantly reduced the incidence of dementia. The SCOPE study (candesartan or hydrochlorothiazide versus placebo) and the HYVET-COG study (indapamide or perindopril versus placebo) found no significant difference between the active treatment and placebo group on the incidence of dementia. We found conflicting results regarding treatment benefits in dementia prevention. Recent clinical trials and studies on animal models suggest that blockades of RAS system could have reduced cognitive decline seen in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Future trials primarily designed to investigate the effects of antihypertensive agents on impaired cognition are needed.

Long-term exposure to air pollution and the incidence of dementia, Alzheimer’s disease and cognitive impairment

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Villeneuve* ◽  
Yanyiang Yu ◽  
Shirley Mills ◽  
Scott Weichenthal ◽  
Dan Crouse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Incidence Of Dementia

scholarly journals Color vision test to differentiate Alzheimer's disease from vascular dementia

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (10) ◽  
pp. 1753-1753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomoyuki Kawada
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Vascular Dementia ◽  
Color Vision ◽  
Color Blindness ◽  
Diagnosis Of Dementia ◽  
Color Vision Test ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity ◽  
Differential Diagnosis Of Dementia

Arnaoutoglou et al. (2017) reported that “Ishihara Color Vision Test – 38 Plate” was useful for the differential diagnosis of dementia between Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and Vascular Dementia (VaD). The authors used sensitivity/specificity analysis, presenting 80.6% and 87.5% to discriminate AD and VaD patients when an optimal (32.5) cut-off value of performance was used. The authors cited a reference of the fact that AD patients suffered from a non-specific type of color blindness (Pache et al., 2003), and I have a query on their study with special reference to statistical method.

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