Global patterns in price elasticities of sugar-sweetened beverage intake and potential effectiveness of tax policy: a cross-sectional study of 164 countries by sex, age and global-income decile

ObjectiveTo quantify global relationships between sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake and prices and examine the potential effectiveness of tax policy.DesignSSB intake data by country, age and sex from the Global Dietary Database were combined with gross domestic product and price data from the World Bank. Intake responsiveness to income and prices was estimated accounting for national income, age and sex differences.Setting164 countries.PopulationFull adult population in each country.Main outcome measuresA consumer demand modelling framework was used to estimate the relationship between SSB intake and prices and derive own-price elasticities (measures of percentage changes in intake from a 1% price change) globally by age and sex. We simulated how a 20% tax would impact SSB intake globally. Tax policy outcomes were examined across countries by global income decile for representative age and sex subgroups.ResultsOwn-price responsiveness was highest in lowest income countries, ranging from −0.70 (p<0.100) for women, age 50, to −1.91 (p<0.001) for men, age 80. In the highest income countries, responsiveness was as high as −0.49 (p<0.001) (men, age 20), but was mostly insignificant for older adults. Overall, elasticities were strongest (more negative) at the youngest and oldest age groups, and mostly insignificant for middle-aged adults, particularly in middle-income and high-income countries. Sex differences were mostly negligible. Potential intake reductions from a 20% tax in lowest income countries ranged from 14.5% (95% CI: 29.5%, −0.4%) in women, 35 ≤ age < 60, to 24.9% (44.4%, 5.3%) in men, age ≥60. Intake reductions decreased with country income overall, and were mostly insignificant for middle-aged adults.ConclusionsThese findings estimate the global price-responsiveness of SSB intake by age and sex, informing ongoing policy discussions on potential effects of taxes.

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Cookies, Candy, and Coke: Examining State Sugar-Sweetened-Beverage Tax Policy from a Multiple Streams Approach

International Review of Public Administration ◽

10.1080/12294659.2013.10805242 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 93-120 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Samantha L. Mosier

Keyword(s):

Tax Policy ◽

Multiple Streams ◽

Sugar Sweetened Beverage ◽

Sweetened Beverage ◽

Multiple Streams Approach

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Comment to “Sugar-sweetened beverage and diet soda consumption and the 7-year risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus in middle-aged Japanese men”

European Journal of Nutrition ◽

10.1007/s00394-014-0680-5 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 53 (4) ◽

pp. 1135-1135 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Cheng Chen

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Middle Aged ◽

Japanese Men ◽

Sugar Sweetened Beverage ◽

Sweetened Beverage ◽

Diet Soda ◽

Soda Consumption

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Prevalence of mask wearing in northern Vermont in response to SARS-CoV-2

10.1101/2020.07.23.20158980 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Brian Beckage ◽

Thomas E Buckley ◽

Maegan E Beckage

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Face Mask ◽

Disease Spread ◽

Extended State ◽

Middle Aged ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Improve Compliance ◽

Middle Aged Adults ◽

Effect Of Age ◽

Age And Sex

Information on prevalence of face mask usage in response to SARS-CoV-2 is required to both model disease spread and to improve compliance with mask usage. We sought to (1) estimate the prevalence of mask usage in northern Vermont and to (2) assess the effect of age and sex on mask usage. We monitored the entrances to businesses and visually assessed individuals age, sex, and mask usage from a distance. We collected 1004 observations from 16 May through 30 May 2020 as businesses began to reopen following an extended state-wide lockdown. We analyzed these data using Bayesian random effects logistic regression. 75.5% of individuals used a mask with significant effects of age and sex on mask usage. Females were more likely than males to wear masks (83.8%, n=488 vs.67.6%, n=516); the odds of mask usage in males were 53% of those for females. Elders were most likely to wear a mask (91.4%, n=209) followed by young adults (74.8%, n=246), middle-aged adults (70.7%, n=519) and children (53.3%, n=30). The odds of an elder wearing a mask were 16.7 times that of a child, while the odds for young adults and middle-aged adults were ≈3 times greater than for a child. Highest mask usage was in elder females (96.3%, n=109) and lowest mask usage was in male children (43.8%, n=16). We found high prevalence of mask usage overall, but also large differences in mask usage with age and sex. Females and elders had the highest use of face masks.

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No major sex differences in muscle protein synthesis rates in the postabsorptive state and during hyperinsulinemia-hyperaminoacidemia in middle-aged adults

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.00348.2009 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 107 (4) ◽

pp. 1308-1315 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

Gordon I. Smith ◽

Philip Atherton ◽

Dominic N. Reeds ◽

B. Selma Mohammed ◽

Hadia Jaffery ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protein Synthesis ◽

Sex Differences ◽

Plasma Insulin ◽

Muscle Protein ◽

Muscle Protein Synthesis ◽

Middle Aged ◽

Men And Women ◽

Plasma Phenylalanine ◽

Phosphorylated Akt ◽

Middle Aged Adults

Men have more muscle than women, but most studies evaluating sex differences in muscle protein metabolism have been unable to discern sexual dimorphism in basal muscle protein turnover rates in young and middle-aged adults. We hypothesized that the anabolic response to nutritional stimuli (i.e., amino acids and insulin) would be greater in young/middle-aged men than women. We therefore measured the rates of muscle protein synthesis (MPS) in 16 healthy individuals [8 men and 8 women, matched for age (mean ± SE: 37.7 ± 1.5 yr) and body mass index (25.2 ± 0.7 kg/m2)] after an overnight fast (plasma insulin ∼5 μU/ml and plasma phenylalanine ∼60 μM) and during a hyperinsulinemic-hyperaminoacidemic-euglycemic clamp (plasma insulin ∼28 μU/ml; plasma phenylalanine ∼110 μM; plasma glucose ∼5.4 mM). The rates of MPS were not different between men and women (ANOVA main effect for sex; P = 0.49). During the clamp, the rate of MPS increased by ∼50% ( P = 0.003) with no difference in the increases from basal values between men and women (+0.019 ± 0.004 vs. +0.018 ± 0.010%/h, respectively; P = 0.93). There were also no differences between men and women in the basal concentrations of muscle phosphorylated AktSer473, AktThr308, mTORSer2448, and p70s6kThr389 or in the hyperinsulinemia-hyperaminoacidemia-induced increases in phosphorylation of those signaling elements ( P ≥ 0.25). We conclude that there are no major differences in the rate of MPS and its intracellular control during basal conditions and during hyperinsulinemia-hyperaminoacidema between young and middle-aged adult men and women.

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Projected Impact of Mexico’s Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Tax Policy on Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease: A Modeling Study

PLoS Medicine ◽

10.1371/journal.pmed.1002158 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. e1002158 ◽

Cited By ~ 63

Author(s):

Luz Maria Sánchez-Romero ◽

Joanne Penko ◽

Pamela G. Coxson ◽

Alicia Fernández ◽

Antoinette Mason ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Tax Policy ◽

Sugar Sweetened Beverage ◽

Sweetened Beverage ◽

Modeling Study

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Sex Differences in Diabetes and Risk of Incident Coronary Artery Disease in Healthy Young and Middle-Aged Adults

Diabetes Care ◽

10.2337/dc13-1755 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 37 (3) ◽

pp. 830-838 ◽

Cited By ~ 65

Author(s):

Rita Rastogi Kalyani ◽

Mariana Lazo ◽

Pamela Ouyang ◽

Evrim Turkbey ◽

Karinne Chevalier ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Coronary Artery Disease ◽

Sex Differences ◽

Coronary Artery ◽

Middle Aged ◽

Artery Disease ◽

Middle Aged Adults

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Sex differences in serum leptin and its relation to markers of cardiometabolic risk in middle-aged adults: Evidence from a population-based study

Nutrition ◽

10.1016/j.nut.2014.09.007 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 31 (3) ◽

pp. 491-497 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Michelle Alessandra de Castro ◽

Valéria Troncoso Baltar ◽

Dirce Maria Lobo Marchioni ◽

Regina Mara Fisberg

Keyword(s):

Sex Differences ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Population Based ◽

Middle Aged ◽

Population Based Study ◽

Serum Leptin ◽

Middle Aged Adults

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Sex Differences in Blood Pressure Hemodynamics in Middle-Aged Adults With Overweight and Obesity.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.736042345.793563705 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Katherine Denton

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Sex Differences ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Middle Aged ◽

Middle Aged Adults

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SOS Teeth: Age and Sex Differences in the Prevalence of First Priority Teeth among a National Representative Sample of Young and Middle-Aged Adults

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17134847 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (13) ◽

pp. 4847 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Galit Almoznino ◽

Itzhak Abramovitz ◽

Ortal Kessler Baruch ◽

Ron Kedem ◽

Noam E. Protter ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Confidence Interval ◽

Representative Sample ◽

Significant Negative Correlation ◽

Middle Aged ◽

Care Needs ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Code Number ◽

The Mean ◽

Middle Aged Adults ◽

Age And Sex

Background: “SOS teeth” are defined as the first priority teeth for treatment, that have distinct cavitation reaching the pulp chamber or only root fragments are present. Objectives: To assess the prevalence and distribution of SOS teeth with regard to age and sex difference among young to middle-aged adults. Methods: This is a cross-sectional records-based study of a nationally representative sample, consisting of young to middle-aged military personnel, who attended the military dental clinics of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) for one year. SOS teeth definition corresponds to code number 6 of the “Caries Assessment Spectrum and Treatment (CAST)” as an instrument to assess dental caries. Data pertaining to age and sex were drawn from the central demographic database and that of SOS teeth were obtained from the Dental Patient Record (DPR). Results: The study included 132,529 dental records. The prevalence of patients with SOS teeth was 9.18 % (12,146/132,323). The number of teeth that were found to be SOS teeth was 18,300, i.e., 1.5 SOS teeth per “diseased” patient (18,300/12,146). The mean number of SOS teeth per the whole study population was 0.14 ± 0.52 and the range was 0–20. The mean number of SOS teeth per patient had a statistically significant negative correlation with age (p < 0.001; Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.997; 95% confidence interval: 0.997–0.998) and with male sex compared to females (p < 0.001; OR = 1.029 confidence interval: 1.023–1.036). Conclusion: Assessment of first priority SOS teeth may be part of the dentist’s work-up. It provides dentists and health authorities with useful information regarding urgent dental care needs to plan dental services.

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