Association of blood groups/Rh and diabetes mellitus in Karachi city, Pakistan

The main purpose of this study was to find out a possible association between ABO blood groups or Rh and diabetes mellitus (DM) in the local population of eight (8) different towns of Karachi, Pakistan. For this purpose a survey was carried out in Karachi to have a practical observation of these towns during the period of 9 months from June 2019 to Feb. 2020. Out of eighteen (18) towns of Karachi, samples (N= 584) were collected from only eight (8) Towns of Karachi and gave a code-number to each town. Diabetic group sample was (n1=432) & pre-diabetes sample was (n2 =152). A standard Abbot Company Glucometer for Random Blood Sugar (RBS) and Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) tests, standard blood anti sera were used for ABO/Rh blood type. Health assessment techniques were performed ethically by taking informed consent from all registered subjects. Finally data was analyzed by SPSS version 20.0. In our current study, the comparison of ABO blood groups frequencies between diabetic and pre-diabetic individuals were carried out. The percentage values of blood Group-B as given as: (32% in DM vs. 31% in pre-diabetics), followed by blood Group-O as: (18% in DM vs. 11% in pre-diabetics). Contrary to Group-“B” & “O”, blood Group-A and Group-AB were distribution percentage higher pre-diabetic as compared to DM patients, as given as: Group-A (32% in pre-diabetics vs. 26% in DM) & Group-AB (26% in pre-diabetics vs. 24% in diabetic’s patients). In addition, percentage distribution of Rh system was also calculated, in which Rh+ve Group was high and more common in DM patients as compared to pre-diabetics; numerically given as: Rh+ve Group (80% in DM vs. 72% in pre-diabetics). Different views and dimensions of the research topic were studied through literature support, some have found no any association and some established a positive association still some were not clear in making a solid conclusion. It is concluded that DM has a positive correlation with ABO blood groups, and people with Group-B have increased susceptibility to DM disease.

Safety and feasibility study of using polyphosphate (PolyP) in alveolar cleft repair: a pilot study

Background Bone grafting is an important surgical procedure to reconstruct alveolar bone defects in patients with cleft lip and palate. Polyphosphate (PolyP) is a physiological polymer present in the blood, primarily in platelets. PolyP plays a role as a phosphate source in bone calcium phosphate deposition. Moreover, the cleavage of high-energy bonds to release phosphates provides local energy necessary for regenerative processes. In this study, polyP is complexed with calcium to form Calcium polyP microparticles (Ca-polyP MPs), which were shown to have osteoinductive properties in preclinical studies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility, safety, and osteoinductivity of Ca-polyP MPs, alone or in combination with BCP, in a first-in-human clinical trial. Methods This single-blinded, parallel, prospective clinical pilot study enrolled eight adolescent patients (mean age 18.1: range 13–34 years) with residual alveolar bone cleft. Randomization in two groups (four receiving Ca-polyP MPs only, four a combination of Ca-polyP MPs and biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP)) was performed. Patient follow-up was 6 months. Outcome parameters included safety parameters and close monitoring of possible adverse effects using radiographic imaging, regular blood tests, and physical examinations. Osteoinductivity evaluation using histomorphometric analysis of biopsies was not possible due to COVID restrictions. Results Due to surgical and feasibility reasons, eventually, only 2 patients received Ca-polyP MPs, and the others the combination graft. All patients were assessed up to day 90. Four out of eight were able to continue with the final assessment day (day 180). Three out of eight were unable to reach the hospital due to COVID-19 restrictions. One patient decided not to continue with the study. None of the patients showed any allergic reactions or any remarkable local or systematic side effects. Radiographically, patients receiving Ca-polyP MPs only were scored grade IV Bergland scale, while patients who got the BCP/Ca-polyP MPs combination had scores ranging from I to III. Conclusions Our results indicate that Ca-polyP MPs and the BCP/Ca-polyP MPs combination appear to be safe graft materials; however, in the current setting, Ca-polyP MPs alone may not be a sufficiently stable defect-filling scaffold to be used in alveolar cleft repair. Trial registration Indonesian Trial Registry under number INA-EW74C1N by the ethical committee of Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia with code number 1063/UN4.6.4.5.31/PP36/2019.

Evaluation of the effect of multipoint intra-mucosal vaginal injection of a specific cross-linked hyaluronic acid for vulvovaginal atrophy: a prospective bi-centric pilot study

Background Vulvo-vaginal atrophy (VVA) is one of the common consequences of estrogen deficiency especially after the menopause. Several studies have assessed the effects of Hyaluronic acid (HA) on physical and sexual symptoms associated with VVA with promising results. However, most of these studies have focused on subjective assessment of symptom response to topically administered preparations. Nonetheless, HA is an endogenous molecule and it is logical that its effects are best realized if injected in the superficial epithelial layers. Desirial® is the first crosslinked HA that is administered by injection in the vaginal mucosa. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of multipoint vaginal intra-mucosal injections of specific cross-linked hyaluronic acid (DESIRIAL®, Laboratoires VIVACY) on several clinical and patient reported core outcomes. Methods A cohort bi-centric pilot study. The chosen outcomes included change in vaginal mucosa thickness, biological markers for collagen formation, vaginal flora, vaginal pH, vaginal health index, vulvo-vaginal atrophy symptoms and sexual function 8 weeks post Desirial® injection. Patients’ satisfaction was also assessed using the patient global impression of improvement (PGI-I) scale. Results A total of 20 participants were recruited between 19/06/2017 and 05/07/2018. At the end of the study, there was no difference in the median total thickness of the vaginal mucosa or in procollagen I, III or Ki67 fluorescence. However, there was a statistically significant increase in COL1A1 and COL3A1 gene expression (p = 0.0002 and p = 0.0010 respectively). There was also a significant reduction in reported dyspareunia, vaginal dryness, vulvar pruritus, vaginal chafing and significant improvement in all female sexual function index dimensions. Based on PGI-I, 19 patients (95%) reported varying degrees of improvement where, 4 (20%) felt slightly better; 7 (35%) better and 8 (40%) much better. Conclusions Multi-point vaginal intra-mucosal injections, of Desirial® (a crosslinked HA) was significantly associated with the expression of CoL1A1 and CoL3A1 suggesting stimulation of collagen formation. Furthermore, there was a significant reduction in VVA symptomatology and a significant improvement in patient satisfaction and sexual function scores. However, there was no demonstrable change in the total vaginal mucosal thickness. Study registration ID-RCB: 2016-A00124-47, Protocol code number: LOCAL/2016/PM-001.

Noise-Immune Labels of Residual Codes for Improving Solution Efficiency to Packet Overflow in an Optical Label-Switched Buffer

In this paper, an optical buffering solution based on label switching is proposed, where packets are buffered by identifying and renewing the light labels of pseudo-orthogonal codes. The buffer overflow occurs when label switching fails to perform on the queued packets due to the insufficient labels. Assigning an increased code number to the buffer could reduce the overflow effect, but the decoder noise mitigates its efficiency. Therefore, we study a noise-immune labeling method of residual function by advancing the correlation properties of the existing codes. The proposed label-switching scheme improves the solution efficiency to buffer overflow as a lower code-error probability can be reached. Moreover, multiple label codes can be simultaneously generated from a shared light source to achieve a power-efficient buffer structure.

Catalog of History Manuscrip Collection of Rekso Pustoko Mangkunegaran Library Collection Surakarta

ABSTRACT: The Rekso Pustoko Mangkunegaran Library has various types of historical manuscripts, covering history from ancient to modern periods. The existence of these collections is certainly very useful for writing history, especially the history of Java. Unfortunately, there are still many historical researchers in Indonesia who use colonial archival sources such as Besluit, Algemeen Verslag, Memorie van Overgave and documents such as Staatsblad, Rijksblad and Regeering Almanac instead of using existing historical manuscripts. This is due to the difficulties experienced by historical researchers in reading manuscripts which in terms of material are written by hand and use Javanese language and letters. To overcome this problem, it is necessary to catalog the manuscripts. The catalog of historical manuscripts in addition to containing the manuscript code number also contains a synopsis of the contents of the manuscript. This, in addition to making it easier for researchers to find manuscripts, also helps in understanding the contents of historical manuscripts from the Rekso Pustoko Mangkunegaran collection. The purpose of this service is to catalog the historical manuscripts of the Rekso Pustoko Mangkunegaran collection. ABSTRAK: Perpustakaan Rekso Pustoko Mangkunegaran mempunyai berbagai jenis manuskrip sejarah, meliputi sejarah dari periode kuno hingga modern. Keberadaan koleksi-koleksi ini tentu sangat bermanfaat bagi penulisan sejarah terutama sejarah Jawa. Sayangnya, masih banyak peneliti sejarah di Indonesia yang lebih banyak menggunakan sumber arsip kolonial seperti Besluit, Algemeen Verslag, Memorie van Overgave maupun dokumen seperti Staatsblad, Rijksblad dan Regeering Almanak dibandingkan memanfaatkan manuskrip sejarah yang ada. Hal ini dikarenakan kesulitan yang dialami peneliti sejarah dalam membaca manuskrip yang dari segi material ditulis dengan tangan serta menggunakan bahasa dan huruf Jawa. Untuk mengatasi masalah ini diperlukan upaya katalogisasi manuskrip. Katalogisasi manuskrip sejarah selain berisi nomor kode manuskrip juga berisi sinopsis dari isi manuskrip. Hal ini selain mempermudah peneliti dalam menemukan manuskrip juga sekaligus membantu dalam memahami isi manuskrip sejarah koleksi Rekso Pustoko Mangkunegaran. Tujuan dilakukannya pengabdian ini adalah untuk membuat katalog manuskrip sejarah koleksi Rekso Pustoko Mangkunegaran.

Methods of Numeration of Discrete Sequences

Introduction. Numeration, or code, discrete sequences act fundamental part in the theory of recognition and estimation. By the code get codes or indexes of the programs and calculated functions. It is set that the universal programs are that programs which will realize all other programs. This one of basic results in the theory of estimation. On the basis of numeration of discrete sequences of Godel proved a famous theorem about incompleteness of arithmetic. Purpose of the article. To develop synonymous numerations by the natural numbers of eventual discrete sequences programs and calculable functions mutually. Results. On the basis of numerations of eventual discrete sequences numerations are built for four commands of machine with unlimited registers (MUR) in the natural numbers of type of 4u, 4u +1, 4u+2, 4u+3 accordingly. Every program consists of complete list of commands. On the basis of bijection for four commands of MUR certainly mutually synonymous numerations for all programs of MUR. Thus, on the basis of the set program it is possible effectively to find its code number, and vice versa, on the basis of the set number it is possible effectively to find the program. Conclusions. Synonymous numerations by the natural numbers of complete discrete sequences are developed mutually, programs for MUR and calculable functions. Leaning against numeration of the programs it is set in the theory of calculable functions, that the universal programs are, that programs which will realize all other programs. By application of the calculated functions and s-m-n theorem are got to operation on the calculated functions: combination ?x and ?y, giving work ?x?y, operation of conversion of functions, effective operation of recursion. Thus, the index of function ?x?y is on the indexes of x and y [2]. Keywords: numeration, Godel code number, diagonal method.

Polyphosphate (PolyP) for alveolar cleft repair, study protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial.

Objective: Bone grafting is an important surgical procedure to restore missing bone in patients with alveolar cleft lip/palate, aiming to stabilize either sides of maxillary segments by inducing new bone formation, and in bilateral cleft cases also to stabilize the pre- maxilla. Polyphosphate (PolyP), a physiological polymer composed of orthophosphate units linked together with high-energy phosphate bonds, is a naturally existing compound in platelets which, when complexed with calcium as Ca-polyP microparticles (Ca-polyP MPs), was proven to have osteoinductive properties in preclinical studies. Aim: To evaluate the feasibility, safety and osteoinductivity of Ca-polyP MPs as a bone-inducing graft material in humans. Methods: This prospective non-blinded first-in-man clinical pilot study shall consist of 8 alveolar cleft patients of 13 years or older to evaluate the feasibility and safety of Ca-PolyP MPs as a bone-inducing graft material. Patients will receive Ca-polyP graft material only, or Ca-polyP in combination with biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) as a bone substitute carrier. During the trial, the participants will be investigated closely for safety parameters using radiographic imaging, regular blood tests, and physical examinations. After 6 months, a hollow drill will be used to prepare the implantation site to obtain a biopsy. The radiographic imaging will be used for clinical evaluation; the biopsy will be processed for histological/histomorphometric evaluation of bone formation. Discussion: This is the first-in-man study evaluating the safety and feasibilty of the polyP as well as the potential regenerative capacity of polyP using an alveolar cleft model.Trial registration {31a} The clinical trial protocol received a written approval by the ethical committee of Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia with code number 1063/UN4.6.4.5.31/PP36/2019. On completion of the trial, the results on safety, feasibility and bone formation with polyP as graft material will published.

Safety and feasibility study of using Polyphosphate (PolyP) in alveolar cleft repair, A Pilot study.

Background: Bone grafting is an important surgical procedure to reconstruct alveolar bone defects in patients with cleft lip and palate. Polyphosphate (PolyP) is a physiological polymer present in blood, primarily in platelets. PolyP is playing a role as phosphate source in bone calcium phosphate deposition. Moreover, the cleavage of high-energy bonds to release phosphates provides local energy necessary for regenerative processes. In this study, polyP is complexed with calcium to form Calcium polyP microparticles (Ca-polyP MPs), which were shown to have osteoinductive properties in preclinical studies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility, safety and osteoinductivity of Ca-polyP MPs in-first human clinical trial.Methods: This single blinded, randomized, prospective clinical pilot study enrolled eight adolescent patients (mean age 18.1: range 13 - 34 years) with residual alveolar bone cleft. Randomization in two groups (four receiving Ca-polyP MPs only, four a combination of Ca-polyP MPs and biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP)) was performed. Patient follow-up was six months. Outcome parameters included safety parameters and close monitoring of possible adverse effects using radiographic imaging, regular blood tests, and physical examinations.Results: Due to surgical and technical reasons, eventually only 2 patients received Ca-polyP MPs, and the others the combination graft. All patients were assessed up to day 90. Four out of eight were able to continue with the final assessment day (day180). Three out eight were unable to reach the hospital due to Covid-19 restrictions. One patient decided not to continue with the study.No allergies or remarkable local or systematic reaction were noticed in all patients. Radiographically, patients receiving Ca-polyP MPs only were scored grade IV Bergland scale, while patients received combination Ca-polyP MPs and BCP were ranged from score I to III.Conclusions: Ca-polyP MPs and combination of Ca-polyP MPs/BCP are safe graft materials, however, Ca-polyP MPs alone are not sufficiently stable defect-filling scaffolds to be used in alveolar cleft repair.Trial registration: Indonesian Trial Registry under number INA-EW74C1N by the ethical committee of Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia with code number 1063/UN4.6.4.5.31/PP36/2019

Factors Influencing the Extent of the Ethical Codes: Evidence from Slovakia

Even though formalization of ethical principles is a must in today’s business, research and evidence in the Slovak conditions remain scarce. Yet, creating an ethical business climate and especially the formalization of ethics through codes of ethics incorporated in corporate standards is a particularly interesting phenomenon in the conditions of transit economies due to the significant role of multinationals in this process. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine main factors influencing the extent of ethical codes in 225 subsidiaries of multinational companies operating in Slovakia. The conducted questionnaire study containing items focused on area and extent of ethical code, number of employees, economic performance, regional and industrial scope, ownership structure, and nationality of executive director was used as a tool for data collection. Factor analysis was processed to identify the interdependencies between observed variables and to find the latent variables. Further, the Kruskal–Wallis test was applied to identify the differences among the variables along with the Bonferroni correction test, which specified the items between which the significant difference occurred. The following findings emerged. First, companies with lower extent of ethical code use general phrases. When they want to specialize on any ethics problems, extent must be wider. Second, companies with a lower number of employees do not need extensive ethical code due to clear rules with which they are familiar in a direct way by owners. In multinational companies, the communication of ethical rules is realized via ethical codes with specific purposes because the direct way is impossible. Third, companies with foreign ownership used different managerial approaches, and therefore ethical codes differ in extent and content.

The variation of essential oil and carvacrol contents of native grown Thymbra Spicata var. Spicata L.

In the study, it is aimed to create breeding lines of thyme (Thymbra spicata L.), which is important both culturally and economically, by selecting a single plant among the plants grown in different regions in Hatay. For this purpose, a genetic pool was created for Thymbra spicata L. plant in the plant samples taken from the locations where the plants are densely grown, and these plants were examined in terms of leaf characteristics, number of oil glands per unit area, oil gud size and essential oil components. Plants were propagated and preserved with cuttings taken from these single plants. In this study, which includes the pre-selection stage, 213 plants from 68 different locations were determined in the province of Hatay. The essential oil ratios of the plants varied between 0.70% and 3.90% and showed a wide variation. The rate of carvacrol, which is the main component of the essential oil of the thyme plant, was between 28.12% and 78.48%. Plants with code number Z14, Z3, Z25, Z38, Z77, Z104, Z35 and Z43 with an essential oil ratio of 3.5% and above and plants with code number Z167, Z165 and Z64 with a high carvacrol ratio were selected to be used in future breeding studies.