Influence of leftover antibiotics on self-medication with antibiotics for children: a cross-sectional study from three Chinese provinces

ObjectivesTo investigate leftover antibiotics and their influence on self-medication with antibiotics (SMA) for Chinese children, and further explore the different influences of leftovers from two main sources: previous prescriptions and pharmaceutical purchases.DesignA cross-sectional questionnaire study.SettingThe participants were approached through kindergartens and primary schools as well as in vaccination clinics.ParticipantsA total of 9526 parents from three Chinese provinces whose children were aged 0–13 years completed the survey.Outcome measuresThe prevalence of keeping antibiotics at home for children and the proportion of leftover antibiotics from two main sources were measured by a self-administrated questionnaire. Logistic regression models were established to examine the association between keeping antibiotics at home and SMA for children, specifically the risks of leftovers from two main sources.ResultsOverall, 4580 (48.1%) reported keeping antibiotics at home for children. Among those who had leftovers, 2891 (63.1%) reported that their leftovers came from previous prescriptions and 1619 (35.3%) reported that their leftovers came from pharmaceutical purchases. Mothers, older age of child, higher household income, higher education level and medical background were significantly associated with keeping antibiotics at home. Keeping antibiotics at home was significantly associated with SMA for children (adjusted OR=4.91, 95% CI 3.84 to 6.28). Particularly, compared with parents who did not keep antibiotics at home, parents who kept leftover antibiotics from previous prescriptions and those whose leftovers came from pharmaceutical purchases were 3.80 (95% CI 2.89 to 5.00) and 6.45 (95% CI 4.89 to 8.51) times more likely to engage in SMA for children, respectively.ConclusionsKeeping antibiotics at home for children was pervasive in China. Most leftovers came from previous prescriptions, while those from pharmacies had a higher risk of SMA for children.

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The multimorbidity of hypertension and osteoarthritis and relation with sleep quality and hyperlipemia/hyperglycemia in China’s rural population

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-96523-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Li Ran ◽

Qi Chen ◽

Jingyi Zhang ◽

Xinlong Tu ◽

Xiaodong Tan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sleep Quality ◽

Regression Models ◽

Joint Effect ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Poor Sleep ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Additive Interaction ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Remote Rural Area

AbstractHypertension (HTN) and osteoarthritis (OA) are frequent in middle-aged and elderly people, and the co-occurrence of these two diseases is common. However, the pathogenesis of the multimorbidity of both diseases and the relation with sleep quality, hyperlipemia, and hyperglycemia is unclear. We conducted a cross-sectional study to make sense of the multimorbidity of HTN and OA and the relation with sleep quality, hyperlipemia, and hyperglycemia. The relation between sleep quality and OA and its joint effect with hyperlipemia or hyperglycemia was evaluated with logistic regression models. The additive interaction was assessed with the relative excess risk due to interaction (REEI), the attributable proportion (AP), and the synergy index (S). According to this research in a remote rural area, approximately 34.2% of HTN patients are accompanied with OA and 49.1% are suffering poor sleep. Both hyperlipemia/hyperglycemia and sleep quality were related to OA prevalence with crude ORs of 1.43 (95% CI 1.014–2.029) and 1.89 (95% CI 1.411–2.519, P < 0.001) respectively. An observed additive effect was found greater than the sum of the effects of sleep quality and hyperlipemia/hyperglycemia posed on OA prevalence alone. This additive interaction was observed in females (OR = 3.19, 95% CI 1.945–5.237) as well as males ≥ 65 years old (OR = 2.78, 95% CI 1.693–4.557), with RERI, AP, and S significant. Therefore, poor sleep and hyperlipemia/hyperglycemia are associated with OA, and further studies on the additive interaction among females and males ≥ 65 are warranted.

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Association between Eating Away from Home and Hyperuricemia: A Population-Based Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study in China

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2019/2792681 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Zifeng Liu ◽

Xiaoting Su ◽

Mianli Xiao ◽

Peien Zhou ◽

Jianwei Guo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Regression Models ◽

Population Based ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Noncommunicable Diseases ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Nutrition Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Health And Nutrition ◽

Home Food

Hyperuricemia (HU) is a risk factor for different kinds of chronic noncommunicable diseases, and eating away from home (EAFH) may play an important role in their development, which has been ignored greatly so far. This study aimed to investigate the association between EAFH and HU in different models. A cross-sectional study involving 8,322 participants of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) was conducted. Logistic regression models were used to analyze the data. We found that participants who consumed more away-from-home food had a higher risk for HU, and the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) (for each increment in grades of EAFH) were 1.11 (1.02, 1.20) in a multiadjusted model (adjusted for age, gender, province, net individual income, body mass index, smoking, leisure-time physical activities, energy intake, and sleep duration). As for stratified analyses, the aOR (95% CI) of EAFH was 1.12 (1.01, 1.24) for men and 1.06 (0.92, 1.21) for women. Similar results can be found in the middle-aged and obese population, with aOR (95% CI) of EAFH as 1.17 (1.05, 1.30) and 1.15 (1.03, 1.29), respectively. In conclusion, EAFH is positively associated with the prevalence of HU.

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Gingivitis Susceptibility and its Relation to Periodontitis in Men

Journal of Dental Research ◽

10.1177/154405910608501213 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 85 (12) ◽

pp. 1134-1137 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

T. Dietrich ◽

E. Krall Kaye ◽

M.E. Nunn ◽

T. Van Dyke ◽

R.I. Garcia

Keyword(s):

Regression Models ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Multiple Logistic Regression ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Bleeding On Probing ◽

Attachment Loss ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Quit Smoking ◽

Former Smokers

The objective of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate whether gingivitis susceptibility is associated with periodontitis. We analyzed data of 462 men in the VA Dental Longitudinal Study aged 47 to 92 years who had never smoked or had quit smoking 5+ years previously. Multiple logistic regression models, with tooth-level bleeding on probing at sites with attachment loss ≤ 2 mm as the dependent variable, were derived with adjustment for plaque, calculus, crown coverage, age, income, education, marital status, body mass index, diabetes, and vitamin C intake, and stratification by age (< 65, 65+ years). Periodontitis and mean attachment loss were positively associated with bleeding on probing, with stronger associations among men < 65 years old (for periodontitis, OR 2.1; 95% CI 1.5, 3.1) than men 65+ years of age (OR 1.2; 95% CI 0.9, 1.6). Our results suggest that among never and former smokers, gingivitis susceptibility is higher among men with periodontitis compared with that in men without periodontitis.

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Association between the HTR2C rs1414334 C/G gene polymorphism and the development of the metabolic syndrome in patients treated with atypical antipsychotics

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.2163 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 ◽

pp. e2163 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

José María Rico-Gomis ◽

Antonio Palazón-Bru ◽

Irene Triano-García ◽

Luis Fabián Mahecha-García ◽

Ana García-Monsalve ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Regression Models ◽

Atypical Antipsychotics ◽

Binary Logistic Regression ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome

Few studies have assessed the association between the rs1414334 C/G polymorphism in the HTR2C gene and the development of the metabolic syndrome in patients treated with atypical antipsychotics. To provide further evidence, a cross-sectional study was conducted in Spain between 2012 and 2013 in 166 patients with these characteristics. In these patients, the association between the polymorphism and the presence of the metabolic syndrome was determined by implementing binary logistic regression models adjusted for variables associated with the metabolic syndrome. We did not confirm previous claims that the C allele of the polymorphism was linked to the metabolic syndrome: the association was in the opposite direction and non-significant. This conclusion held after taking gender and lifestyle variables into account.

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A cross-sectional study of antibiotic misuse among Chinese children in developed and less developed provinces

The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries ◽

10.3855/jidc.11938 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (02) ◽

pp. 129-137 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Yannan Xu ◽

Jingjing Lu ◽

Chenhui Sun ◽

Xiaomin Wang ◽

Yanhong Jessika Hu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Use ◽

Educational Interventions ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Shaanxi Province ◽

Self Medication ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Health Crisis ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Development Levels ◽

At Home

Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance is a global health crisis and primarily caused by antibiotic misuse. Antibiotic misuse among children is particularly concerning, and its prevalence may vary from region to region in China with different development levels. Methodology: Zhejiang and Shaanxi were selected to represent developed and less developed provinces in China, respectively. Data of 2924 parents in Zhejiang and 3355 parents in Shaanxi whose children were 0-13 years old were collected through multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling and a self-administrated questionnaire. Chi-square tests and logistic regression models were used for statistical analysis. Results: Compared to parents in Zhejiang, those in Shaanxi were more likely to keep antibiotics for children at home, to engage in self-medication with antibiotics for children, and to make their children take antibiotics prophylactically. While there were no significant provincial differences between parents’ requests for antibiotics during pediatric consultations, parents in Shaanxi province were more likely to receive prescribed antibiotics. Conclusions: Children in less developed provinces face higher risks of antibiotic misuse at home as well as when attending medical practitioners. Comprehensive educational interventions are required to improve antibiotic use for children all over China but particularly in less developed provinces such as Shaanxi. Furthermore, non-prescription sales and over-prescribing of antibiotics should be reduced by targeted strategies.

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Characteristics of Pica Behavior among Mothers around Lake Victoria, Kenya: A Cross-Sectional Study

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16142510 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (14) ◽

pp. 2510

Author(s):

Esther O. Chung ◽

Brian Mattah ◽

Matthew D. Hickey ◽

Charles R. Salmen ◽

Erin M. Milner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Regression Models ◽

Lake Victoria ◽

Soft Rock ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Postpartum Women ◽

Soil N ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Logistic Regression Models

Background: Pica, the craving and purposeful consumption of nonfoods, is poorly understood. We described the prevalence of pica among women on Mfangano Island, Kenya, and examined sociodemographic and health correlates. Methods: Our cross-sectional study included 299 pregnant or postpartum women in 2012. We used a 24-h recall to assess pica, defined as consumption of earth (geophagy), charcoal/ash, or raw starches (amylophagy) and built multivariable logistic regression models to examine sociodemographic and health correlates of pica. Results: Eighty-one women (27.1%) engaged in pica in the previous 24 h, with 59.3% reporting amylophagy and 56.8% reporting geophagy, charcoal, and/or ash consumption. The most common substances consumed were raw cassava (n = 30, 36.6%), odowa, a chalky, soft rock-like earth (n = 21, 25.6%), and soil (n = 17, 20.7%). Geophagy, charcoal, and/or ash consumption was negatively associated with breastfeeding (OR = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.18–0.81), and amylophagy was associated with pregnancy (OR = 4.31, 95% CI: 1.24–14.96). Pica was more common within one of six study regions (OR = 3.64, 95% CI: 1.39–9.51). We found no evidence of an association between food insecurity and pica. Conclusion: Pica was a common behavior among women, and the prevalence underscores the need to uncover its dietary, environmental, and cultural etiologies.

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How patients with COVID-19 managed the disease at home during the first wave in Spain: a cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2021-048702 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. e048702

Author(s):

María Romay-Barja ◽

Mario Pascual-Carrasco ◽

María José De Tena-Dávila ◽

María Falcón ◽

Carmen Rodriguez-Blazquez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Online Survey ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Emotional Impact ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Care Needs ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Preventive Practices ◽

Hospitalised Patients ◽

At Home

ObjectiveMost patients with mild COVID-19 had to stay at home trying to implement an optimal quarantine. The aim of this study was to describe the COVID-19 cases during the first wave of the pandemic in Spain, how they managed the disease at home, focusing on differences by age, as well as differences in knowledge, attitudes and preventive practices, compared with the uninfected population.DesignAn online survey was used to conduct a cross-sectional study of individuals who were 14 years or older living in Spain during the COVID-19 lockdown. The main variable was a COVID-19 case. Logistic regression models for COVID-19 cases were obtained using a backward stepwise procedure to assess the association between social variables, disease knowledge, attitudes, prevention practices and emotional impact.Results3398 people completed the survey. Participants’ mean age was 49.6 (SD=14.3). COVID-19 was significantly more prevalent among married people (5.3%) and those currently doing an on-site work (8.7%). Most of the COVID-19 cases stayed at home (84.0%) during the episode. There were significant age-based differences with regard to self-isolation conditions at home during the disease. COVID-19 cases showed better attitudes, practices and knowledge about disease symptoms and transmission than the uninfected population. COVID-19 cases also felt more depressed (adjusted OR: 3.46, 95% CI 1.45 to 8.26) and had better preventive behaviour than the uninfected population, such as always wearing a mask outside the home (adjusted OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.06 to 2.30).ConclusionCOVID-19 cases found it difficult to comply with recommended home self-isolation conditions, with differences by age group. COVID-19 had an important impact on care dependency in non-hospitalised patients, who were mostly dependent on their families for care. It is necessary to reinforce social and health services and to be ready to meet the care needs of populations during the different waves or in future epidemics.

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Threshold Effects of Serum Uric Acid on Chronic Kidney Disease in US Women without Hypertension and Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study

Kidney & Blood Pressure Research ◽

10.1159/000502183 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 44 (5) ◽

pp. 1036-1049 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Guiping Hu ◽

Yi Bai ◽

Tian Chen ◽

Shichuan Tang ◽

Lihua Hu

Keyword(s):

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Uric Acid ◽

Regression Models ◽

Inflection Point ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Threshold Effects ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Logistic Regression Models

Background: Serum uric acid (SUA) has been associated with increased risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in observational studies; however, data in women without hypertension and diabetes are sparse. Purpose: To examine the association between SUA and CKD among women without hypertension and diabetes. Methods: In this cross-sectional study of 6,776 US women without hypertension and diabetes from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999–2006), we investigated the relationship between SUA and CKD using multivariable logistic regression models. Moreover, a generalized additive model and smooth curve fitting (penalized spline method) and a 2 piecewise logistic regression models were conducted to address for nonlinearity. Results: The prevalence of CKD was 8.3%. Multiple logistic analyses showed that per 1 mg/dL increase in SUA was associated with 39% increased prevalence of CKD. Analyses using restricted cubic spline confirmed that the association between SUA and CKD was nonlinear. Further, threshold and saturation effect analysis showed that the inflection point of SUA was 4.5 mg/dL. The ORs (95% CIs) were 0.84 (0.66–1.08) on the left side of inflection point and 1.87 (1.56–2.24) on the right side of inflection point, respectively. Subgroup analysis showed that the stronger association between SUA and CKD was observed in elder women with never/former smoking and higher fasting blood glucose levels (all p values for interaction <0.05). Conclusion: Our study suggested threshold effects of SUA on the prevalence of CKD among US women without hypertension and diabetes. SUA levels >4.5 mg/dL were positively and independently associated with CKD.

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Postural Asymmetries and Assistive Devices Used by Adults With Cerebral Palsy in Lying, Sitting, and Standing

Frontiers in Neurology ◽

10.3389/fneur.2021.758706 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Elisabet Rodby-Bousquet ◽

Atli Agustsson

Keyword(s):

Cerebral Palsy ◽

Regression Models ◽

Binary Logistic Regression ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Assistive Devices ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Change Position

Purpose: To describe the use of assistive devices and postural asymmetries in lying, sitting and standing positions in adults with cerebral palsy, and to analyze postural asymmetries and any associations with their ability to maintain or change position and time in these positions.Methods: A cross-sectional study based on data from the Swedish Cerebral Palsy follow-up program of 1,547 adults aged 16–76 years, at Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels I (n = 330), II (n = 323), III (n = 235), IV (n = 298), and V (n = 361). Assistive devices such as wheelchairs, seating systems, adjustable beds, standing equipment and time in each position were reported. The Posture and Postural Ability Scale was used to identify asymmetries and rate the ability to maintain or change position. Binary logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (OR) for postural asymmetries in supine, sitting and standing.Results: Assistive devices were used by 63% in sitting (range 5–100% GMFCS levels I–V), 42% in lying (4–92% levels I-V), and 32% in standing (2–70% levels II–V). Wheelchairs were used as seating systems by 57%. Most adults had postural asymmetries in supine (75%; range 35–100% levels I–V), sitting (81%; 50–99% levels I–V) and standing (88%; 65–100% levels I–V). Men were more likely than women to have postural asymmetries, and the likelihood of postural asymmetries increased with age, GMFCS levels and inability to change position. Inability to maintain position increased the probability of postural asymmetries in all positions from OR 2.6 in standing to OR 8.2 in lying and OR 13.1 in sitting.Conclusions: Almost twice as many adults used assistive devices in sitting than in lying or standing. Two thirds of the adults who used standing devices used it for <1 h per day, indicating that they might spend the remaining 23 out of 24 h per day either sitting or lying. Asymmetric postures were frequent across all ages and were highly associated with inability to change or maintain position.

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Positive association between Brucella spp seroprevalences in livestock and humans from a cross-sectional study in Garissa and Tana River Counties, Kenya

10.1101/658864 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

S.W. Kairu-Wanyoike ◽

D. Nyamwaya ◽

M. Wainaina ◽

J. Lindahl ◽

E. Ontiri ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Regression Models ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Mixed Effects ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Household Level ◽

Tana River ◽

Seropositive Animal

AbstractBackgroundBrucella spp. is a zoonotic bacterial agent of high public health and socio-economic importance. It infects many species of animals including wildlife, and people may get exposed through direct contact with an infected animal or consumption of raw or undercooked animal products. We implemented a linked livestock-human cross-sectional study to determine seroprevalences and risk factors of Brucella spp. in livestock and humans. We also estimated intra-cluster correlation coefficients (ICCs) for these observations at the household and village levels.MethodologyThe study was implemented in Garissa County (specifically Ijara and Sangailu areas) and Tana River (Bura and Hola) counties. A household was the unit of analysis and the sample size was derived using the standard procedures. Serum samples were obtained from selected livestock and people from randomly selected households. Humans were sampled in both counties while livestock could be sampled only in Tana River County. Samples obtained were screened for anti-Brucella IgG antibodies using ELISA kits. Data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed effects logistic regression models with the household (herd) and village being used as random effects.ResultsThe overall seroprevalences were 3.47% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.72 – 4.36%) and 35.81% (95% CI: 32.87 – 38.84) in livestock and humans, respectively. In livestock, older animals and those sampled in Hola had significantly higher seroprevalences that younger ones or those sampled in Bura. Herd and village random effects were significant and ICC estimates associated with these variables were 0.40 (95% CI: 0.22 – 0.60) and 0.24 (95% CI: 0.08 – 0.52), respectively. For human data, older people, males, and people who lived in pastoral areas had significantly higher Brucella spp. seroprevalences than younger ones, females or those who lived in irrigated or riverine areas. People from households that had at least one seropositive animal were 3.35 (95% CI: 1.51 – 7.41) times more likely to be seropositive compared to those that did not. Human exposures significantly clustered at the household level; the ICC estimate obtained was 0.21 (95% CI: 0.06 – 0.52).ConclusionThe presence of a seropositive animal in a household significantly increased the risk of exposure in people in that household. Brucella spp. exposures in both livestock and humans clustered significantly at the household level. This suggests that risk-based surveillance measures, guided by locations of primary cases reported, either in humans or livestock, can be used to detect Brucella spp. infections livestock or humans, respectively.Author summaryBrucellosis is an important zoonotic disease that primarily affects livestock and wildlife. In humans, the disease is characterized by prolonged fever, body aches, joint pains and weakness while in livestock, the disease causes abortions and infertility. We carried out a study in northeastern Kenya (Garissa and Tana River Counties) to identify factors that affect the distribution of the disease in people and livestock. Livestock and people from randomly selected households were recruited and serum samples obtained for screening using anti-Brucella IgG ELISA kits to determine their Brucella spp. exposure. Data obtained were analyzed using mixed effects logistic regression models. Results obtained show that human and animal Brucella spp. seroprevalences cluster at the household level. The odds of exposure in humans were at least three times higher in households that had at least one seropositive animal compared to those that did not. These results can be used to design risk-based surveillance systems where each Brucella infection identified in livestock or humans could signal potential locations of other secondary infections.

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