scholarly journals Linear growth and mid-childhood cognitive outcomes in three birth cohorts of term-born children: an approach to integrating three growth models to explore critical windows

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. e036850
Author(s):  
Michael Leung ◽  
Aditi Krishna ◽  
Seungmi Yang ◽  
Diego G Bassani ◽  
Daniel E Roth
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Change Score ◽  
Primary Outcome Measure ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Cognitive Outcomes ◽  
Physical Growth ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Prenatal Growth

ObjectiveTo illustrate that a mediation framework can help integrate inferences from three growth models to enable a comprehensive view of the associations between growth during specific developmental windows and mid-childhood IQ.DesignWe analysed direct and indirect associations between mid-childhood IQ and length/height growth in five early-life age intervals bounded by conception, birth, early, mid and late infancy, and mid-childhood using estimates from three growth models (lifecourse, conditional change and change score) applied to three historical birth cohorts.Participants and setting12 088 term-born children from the Collaborative Perinatal Project (CPP) in the USA (n=2170), the Promotion of Breastfeeding Intervention Trial (PROBIT) in Belarus (n=8275) and the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey (CLHNS) in the Philippines (n=1643).Primary outcome measureMid-childhood IQ.ResultsOur analyses revealed cross-cohort and cross-interval variations in the direct and indirect effects of foetal and early childhood physical growth on mid-childhood IQ. For example, in CPP, there was a direct association of prenatal growth with IQ that was not evident in the other cohorts, whereas in PROBIT and CLHNS, we observed that foetal and early growth-IQ associations were mediated through size in later periods.ConclusionLifecourse, conditional change and change score growth models yield complementary inferences when appropriately interpreted. Future longitudinal studies of associations of early-life growth with later outcomes would benefit from adopting a causal mediation framework to integrate inferences from multiple complementary growth models.

scholarly journals A comparison of the socio-economic determinants of growth retardation in South African and Filipino infants

2008 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1220-1228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura L Jones ◽  
Paula L Griffiths ◽  
Linda S Adair ◽  
Shane A Norris ◽  
Linda M Richter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Individual Variables ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Context Specific

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the association between household socio-economic status (SES) at birth and poor infant growth such as small for gestational age (SGA) and stunting across two different socio-cultural settings: South Africa and the Philippines.DesignData were from two longitudinal birth cohorts, the Birth to Twenty (Bt20) study in South Africa and the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey (CLHNS) in the Philippines.SubjectsBt20 infants (n 2293 total; reduced to 758 (SGA), 450 (stunting 1 year) and 401 (stunting 2 years)) and CLHNS infants (n 2513 total; reduced to 2161 (SGA), 1820 (stunting 1 year) and 1710 (stunting 2 years)).ResultsCLHNS infants were significantly more likely to be born SGA (20·9 v. 11·7 %) and be stunted at 1 year (32·6 v. 8·7 %) and 2 years (48·9 v. 21·1 %) compared with Bt20 infants. Logistic regression analyses showed that SES (index) was a significant predictor of stunting at 1 and 2 years of age in the CLHNS cohort. SES (index or individual variables) was not a significant predictor of SGA in either cohort, or of stunting in the Bt20 cohort. Maternal education, ownership of a television and toilet facilities were all independent predictors of stunting in the CLHNS cohort.ConclusionsThe social and economic milieu within the Philippines appears to place CLHNS infants at greater risk of being born SGA and being stunted compared with Bt20 infants. The present research highlights the importance of investigating the individual SES variables that predict infantile growth faltering, to identify the key areas for context-specific policy development and intervention.

Early-life environment and human capital: evidence from the Philippines

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Evan D. Peet
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Early Life ◽  
National Level ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Cognitive Outcomes ◽  
Ozone Exposure ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Lifetime Earnings ◽  
Capital Development

AbstractThis study examines how human capital develops in response to early-life weather and pollution exposures in the Philippines. Both pollution and weather are examined in relation to short- and long-term human capital outcomes. We combine a three-decade longitudinal survey measuring human capital development, a database of historical weather, and multiple databases characterizing carbon monoxide and ozone in the Philippines during the 1980s. We find evidence that extreme precipitation and temperature affect short-term anthropometric outcomes, but long-term outcomes appear unaffected. For long-term cognitive outcomes, we find that early-life pollution exposures negatively affect test scores and schooling. These long-term responses to early-life pollution exposures extend to the labor market with reduced hours worked and earnings. The implication is that a 25 per cent reduction in early-life ozone exposure would increase per person discounted lifetime earnings by $1,367, which would scale to $2.05 billion at the national level (or 2 per cent of 2005 GDP).

Archival Big Data and the Spanish Flu in Copenhagen

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Abildgren
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Early Life Exposure ◽  
Spanish Flu ◽  
One Year

Purpose The Spanish Flu 1918–1920 saw a high degree of excess mortality among young and healthy adults. The purpose of this paper is a further exploration of the hypothesis that high mortality risk during The Spanish Flu in Copenhagen was associated with early life exposure to The Russian Flu 1889–1892. Design/methodology/approach Based on 37,000 individual-level death records in a new unique database from The Copenhagen City Archives combined with approximate cohort-specific population totals interpolated from official censuses of population, the author compiles monthly time series on all-cause mortality rates 1916–1922 in Copenhagen by gender and one-year birth cohorts. The author then analyses birth cohort effects on mortality risk during The Spanish Flu using regression analysis. Findings The author finds support for hypotheses relating early life exposure to The Russian Flu to mortality risk during The Spanish Flu. Some indications of possible gender heterogeneity during the first wave of The Spanish Flu – not found in previous studies – should be a topic for future research based on data from other countries. Originality/value Due to lack of individual-level death records with exact dates of birth and death, previous studies on The Spanish Flu in Denmark and many other countries have relied on data with lower birth cohort resolutions than the one-year birth cohorts used in this study. The analysis in this paper illustrates how archival Big Data can be used to gain new insights in studies on historical pandemics.

AME+Cyber: Evaluating the online delivery of a holistic cyber-related talent development program

2021 ◽  
pp. 026142942110543
Author(s):  
Ophelie Desmet ◽  
Danielle Crimmins ◽  
Kathryn C. Seigfried-Spellar ◽  
Marcia Gentry
Keyword(s):  
Online Learning ◽  
Achievement Motivation ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Change Score ◽  
Cognitive Outcomes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Score Analysis ◽  
Motivation Enhancement ◽  
Enrichment Program

The present study used an explanatory mixed-method design to examine the effects of the Achievement Motivation Enhancement (AME)+Cyber enrichment program and teachers’ perception of procedures and outcomes in the context of emergency remote teaching, including online and hybrid formats, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Three teachers implemented the program with 57 students in grades 9 through 12. To evaluate the program, we combined change score analysis of pretest and posttest data on academic self-perception, self-regulation, goal valuation, cyber-related interest, as well as descriptive interpretative analysis of interview data. We found the online learning format was more effective than the hybrid format for the affective and cognitive outcomes. Qualitative findings suggested pedagogical concerns and struggle with online learning due to emergency remote teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic, centered around a lack of student engagement and interaction that appropriate levels of training and practice could remedy. Implications and future research suggestions are discussed.

What explains the large disparity in child stunting in the Philippines? A decomposition analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-36
Author(s):  
Valerie Gilbert T. Ulep ◽  
Jhanna Uy ◽  
Lyle Daryll Casas
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Probability Model ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Nutrition Status ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Child Stunting ◽  
Filipino Children ◽  
Linear Probability

Abstract Objective: About a third of under-five Filipino children are stunted, with significant socio-economic inequality. This study aims to quantify factors that explain the large gap in stunting between poor and non-poor Filipino children. Design: Using the 2015 Philippine National Nutrition Survey (NNS), we conducted a linear probability model to examine the determinants of child stunting then an Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition to explain the factors contributing to the gap in stunting between poor and non-poor children. Setting: Philippines Participants: 1, 881 children aged 6-23 months Results: The overall stunting prevalence was 38.5% with significant gap between poor and non-poor (45.0% vs. 32.0%). Maternal height, education, and maternal nutrition status account for 26%, 18%, and 17% of stunting inequality, respectively. These are followed by quality of prenatal care (12%), dietary diversity (12%), and iron supplementation in children (5%). Conclusions: Maternal factors account for more than 50% of the gap in child stunting in the Philippines. This signifies the critical role of maternal biological and socio-economic circumstances in improving the linear growth of children.

Genotype Effects on β-Carotene Conversion to Vitamin A: Implications on Reducing Vitamin A Deficiency in the Philippines

2021 ◽  
pp. 037957212110602
Author(s):  
Mark Pretzel P. Zumaraga ◽  
Jose Maria Reynaldo Apollo Arquiza ◽  
Mae Anne Concepcion ◽  
Leah Perlas ◽  
Ma. Neda Alcudia-Catalma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Fisher Exact Test ◽  
National Capital Region ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Vitamin A Status ◽  
Genotype Frequencies

Background: The study aimed to identify two beta-carotene 15,15′-monooxygenase (BCMO1) mutations, namely R267S and A379V, and determine their association with vitamin A status among Filipinos 6 to 19 years old respondents of the 2013 Philippine National Nutrition Survey living in the National Capital Region. Materials and Methods: This study followed cross-sectional design. Whole blood specimen was collected in the morning and was used as source of genomic DNA and serum for retinol concentration determination. Fisher exact test was performed to determine whether genotype frequencies were associated to retinol concentrations/vitamin A deficiency status. A level of P < .05 was identified as significant. Results: A total of 693 Filipino children and adolescents were included. Of the 693, there were at least 7.6% who bears the combined mutations for R267S + A379V. Association analysis showed that an inverse relationship exists between the A379V TT variant and vitamin A status. Although the exact role of these identified polymorphisms on retinol/carotenoid metabolism need to be confirmed in dedicated functional studies. Conclusion: This study has identified for the first time the presence of 2 nonsynonymous genetic variants/mutations in the coding region of BCMO1 gene. Interestingly, one of these two variants, the A379V T, was found to be associated with vitamin A status. It is, therefore, warranted to investigate the role of BCMO1 variants for the success of supplementation programs and fortification efforts among vulnerable populations in this region. Genetic variability should be considered for future provitamin A supplementation recommendations among children and adolescents in the Philippines.

scholarly journals Seventeen-Year Changes in Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference, Elevated Blood Pressure, and Diabetes Phenotypes in a Cohort of Filipino Women

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 561-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda S. Adair ◽  
Christopher Kuzawa ◽  
Thomas McDade ◽  
Delia B. Carba ◽  
Judith B. Borja
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Waist Circumference ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Secular Trends ◽  
Elevated Blood Pressure ◽  
Elevated Blood ◽  
Nutrition Survey

Obesity, hypertension, and diabetes have risen dramatically in Asia, but few cohort studies track age and secular trends in these conditions. We use Cebu (The Philippines) Longitudinal Health and Nutrition survey data to document 1998 to 2015 prevalence and co-occurrence of body mass index (BMI; >25 kg/m2), high waist circumference (WC; >80 cm), elevated blood pressure (EBP; systolic ⩾130 or diastolic ⩾85 mm Hg), and type 2 diabetes among ~2000 women aged 29 to 62 years in 1998; and identify their relationship to community, household, and individual factors using longitudinal logistic regression. Prevalence (1998-2015) rates were 35% to 49%, BMI >25 kg/m2; 32% to 58% high WC; 21% to 59% EBP; and 2% to 14% diabetes. Only 20% of women had none of these conditions in 2015. Diabetes was strongly driven by age and secular trends in high WC related to higher socioeconomic status and urbanization. Hypertension increased with age in lower socioeconomic status rural and more affluent urban women. Results underscore the continuing need for public health measures to prevent obesity and to identify and treat hypertension and diabetes.

scholarly journals 1459Socioeconomic position influence on the early-life individual exposome in the Italian NINFEA birth cohort

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Costanza Pizzi ◽  
Chiara Moccia ◽  
Giovenale Moirano ◽  
Antonio d'Errico ◽  
Milena Maule ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Environmental Risk Factors ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Exposure Pattern

Abstract Background Early exposure to unhealthy lifestyles and environmental risk factors is known to affect health throughout the life-course. There is also evidence that the exposure patterns are influenced by the socioeconomic position (SEP). Methods We use the data of the Turin participants of the Italian NINFEA birth cohort (n∼2500) to study how family SEP drives the early life exposome. SEP at birth is measured through the EHII (Equivalized Household Income Indicator), while the exposome includes urban environment, diet and lifestyle exposures measured during infancy. We use standard regression models to evaluate the effect of EHII on each exposome variable accounting for multiple comparison and potential confounders (Drivers-Exposome Wide Association Study – DExWAS) and the hierarchical clustering on the principal components approach to identify groups with similar exposure pattern. Results The DExWAS show that low EHII is associated with lower consumption of fruit and vegetables, lower levels of NO2, building and facilities densities, traffic, walkability and connectivity index, higher land-use diversity index, and higher exposure to pets. The hierarchical cluster analysis identifies three groups, with subjects belonging to the cluster characterized by higher level of urban environment risk factors and a healthier diet having a higher mean EHII. Conclusions These SEP-early life exposome analyses will be replicated in several European birth cohorts participating in the H2020 ATHLETE and LifeCycle projects. Key messages In the Italian city of Turin children from low SEP family are exposed to higher levels of environmental risk factors and unhealthy lifestyles during infancy.

Early-life Predictors of Human Longevity: Analysis of the XIXth Century Birth Cohorts

2003 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. 177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia S. Gavrilova ◽  
Leonid A. Gavrilov ◽  
Galina N. Evdokushkina ◽  
Victoria G. Semyonova
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Human Longevity ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Xixth Century

Abstract 194: Cognitive Outcome in Acute Simvastatin Treatment for Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Stroke ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
George Wong ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Cerebral Infarction ◽  
Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Primary Outcome Measure ◽  
Cognitive Outcomes ◽  
Cognitive Outcome ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Modified Rankin Scale ◽  
Simvastatin Treatment

Objectives: Experimental evidence has indicated the benefit of simvastatin in the treatment of subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). Recently, acute simvastatin treatment was not shown to be beneficial in neurological outcome using modified Rankin Scale. Cognitive function is another important dimension of outcome assessment and yet had not been investigated in statin studies for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. We therefore explored whether acute simvastatin treatment would improve cognitive outcomes. Methods: The study recruited SAH patients with acute simvastatin treatment enrolled in a randomized controlled double-blinded clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01038193). A control cohort of SAH patients without simvastatin treatment was identified with propensity score matching of age and admission grade. Primary outcome measure was Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Secondary outcome measures were delayed ischaemic deficit (DID), delayed cerebral infarction, modified Rankin Scale (mRS), and Mini-Mental State Examination( MMSE). Results: Fifty-one SAH patients with acute simvastatin treatment and 51 SAH patients without simvastatin treatment were recruited for analysis. At 3 months, there were no differences in MoCA scores (MoCA: 21+/-6 vs. 21+/-5, p=0.772). MoCA-assessed cognitive impairment (MoCA<26) was not different (75% vs. 80%, OR 0.7, 95%CI 0.3 to 1.8, p=0.477). There were also no differences in DID, delayed cerebral infarction, favorable mRS outcome, and MMSE scores, and MMSE-assessed cognitive impairment between both groups. Conclusions: The current study does not support that acute simvastatin treatment improves cognitive outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

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