scholarly journals Model-based estimation of the economic burden of cholera in Africa

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. e044615
Author(s):  
Vittal Mogasale ◽  
Samuel Mwaura Ngogoyo ◽  
Vijayalaxmi V Mogasale
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Productivity Loss ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Human Capital Approach ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Premature Deaths ◽  
Scenario Analyses ◽  
Data Variability ◽  
Uncertainty Analyses

ObjectivesTo estimate the economic burden of cholera in Africa.SettingsCholera affected 44 countries in Africa.ParticipantsThe analysis used data from public sources in Africa published until September 2019.MethodsBased on existing data from field-based cost-of-illness studies, estimated cholera incidence rates, and reported cholera cases to WHO, this research estimates the economic burden of cholera in Africa from a societal perspective with 2015 as the base year. The estimate included out-of-pocket costs, public health system costs, productivity loss related to illness and an optional productivity loss related to premature deaths valued by the human capital approach. As various input data such as cholera incidence, hospitalisation rates and the number of workdays lost were not well defined, a series of scenario analyses and uncertainty analyses, accounting for unknowns and data variability, was conducted. Similarly, the value of time lost due to illness and deaths using the human capital approach was explored through scenario analyses.ResultsIn 2015, an estimated 1 008 642 cases in 44 African countries resulted in an economic burden of US$130 million from cholera-related illness and its treatment. When the estimated 38 104 cholera deaths were included in the analysis, the economic burden increased to US$1 billion or international $2.4 billion for the same year. At the same time, when only the 71 126 cases and 937 deaths reported to the WHO are considered, the economic burden was only US$68 million for the year 2015. The estimates of economic burden are thus heavily dependent on the cholera incidence rate, how time lost due to illness and deaths are calculated, hospitalisation rates and hospitalisation costs.ConclusionThe findings can be used as an economic justification for cholera control in Africa and for generating value-for-money evidence to underpin Ending Cholera—A Global Roadmap to 2030 with considerations to study limitations.

scholarly journals 837 Economic burden of fire-related deaths in Finland: indirect costs using a human capital approach

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (Suppl 2) ◽  
pp. A299.1-A299
Author(s):  
Kari Haikonen ◽  
Pirjo Lillsunde ◽  
Philippe Lunetta ◽  
Esa Kokki
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Human Capital Approach

scholarly journals Economic productivity loss due to breast cancer in Norway – a case control study using the human capital approach

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fredrik A Dahl ◽  
Jūratė Šaltytė Benth ◽  
Eline Aas ◽  
Hilde Lurås
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Breast Cancer Incidence ◽  
Productivity Loss ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Human Capital Approach ◽  
Age At Diagnosis ◽  
National Productivity

We estimate the productivity loss attributable to breast cancer in Norway, using a human capital approach where the value to the national economy of subjects’ labor is estimated through their income. Since the approach takes the viewpoint of the society, it includes reduced labor due to mortality as well as reduction among survivors. A case-control design was used. The Norwegian Cancer Registry identified 2,010 patients aged 45-54 years, with breast cancer as their first life-long malignancy diagnosis in 1992-1996. Statistics Norway matched these with random controls of the same age, marital status and municipality residency, and provided data on pension qualifying income until the year 2005, inflation adjusted to 2012 €. The effect of the cancer diagnosis on income throughout the follow-up period was estimated as the difference between the cases’ and controls’ income, corrected for systematic differences between cases and controls before the diagnosis. A quadratic curve approximation was used to estimate effects after the 13 years follow-up period, and a bootstrap resampling approach was applied to compute confidence intervals (CI). Regression modeling was used to estimate life-long productivity loss as a function of age at diagnosis. This was combined with the current Norwegian age distribution of breast cancer incidence, to estimate the national productivity loss due to breast cancer. For our cohort, the 13-years productivity loss attributable to the diagnosis was estimated to 102,600 € per case, with 95% CI (88,500, 116,700). The life-long estimate was 119,200 €, CI (95,400, 155,600). The annual national productivity loss was estimated to 179,900,000 €, or 58,200 € per case. For those aged < 65 at diagnosis, the estimate was 94,300 € per case. The estimated life-long productivity loss depends heavily on the age at diagnosis. The results can be used for evaluating the societal economic benefit from breast cancer prevention programs. Published: Online December 2017. In print December 2017.

The economic impact of cancer-related premature mortality in Brazil: A human capital approach analysis.

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 7068-7068
Author(s):  
Marianna De Camargo Cancela ◽  
Leonardo Borges Lopes de Souza ◽  
Luis Felipe Leite Martins ◽  
Dyego Souza ◽  
Anton Barchuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Productivity Loss ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Human Capital Approach ◽  
Cancer Type ◽  
Regional Patterns ◽  
The North ◽  
The Impact

7068 Background: One method of calculating indirect costs of cancer is the analysis of productivity loss. Using the human capital approach, we estimate how much cancer-related premature mortality indirectly impacts the economy. Given the diverse causes of cancer death and sociodemographic profiles in Brazil, we estimated lost productivity due to cancer by regions, providing evidence for local decision-makers. Methods: Data of all cancers deaths among working-age people (15-64 years for men and 15-60 for women) occurring in 2016 were extracted from the National Mortality System, by region, sex and age-group. Data on life expectancy, workforce participation, unemployment and wages were extracted from the Brazilian National Institute of Geographics and Statistics. Loss of productivity was calculated as the value of time between death and potential retirement age. Results: In total 536,827 (men) and 407,737 (women) years of potential productive life (YPPLL) were lost in 2016, corresponding to US$ 6,196,682,092 (PPP) for Brazil. The profile of YPPLL by cancer type varied by region. In the affluent South and Southeast regions, the cancers with higher impact in men were lung (12.4% and 9.9% of total YPPLL) and colorectal (9.6% and 10.4% of total YPPLL) while in the less affluent North and Northeast, stomach cancer was responsible for 17% and 12% of YPPLL, respectively. Among women, breast cancer had the highest impact in all regions (21.7%-26.2%), excepting the North, where cervical cancer was responsible for 31.3% of the YPPLL. Nationally, individual YPPLL was higher for testicular cancer in males (31.3 years) and Hodgkin’s disease in females (20.2). In the North and the Northeast, despite lower mortality rates, the economic impact of productivity loss was higher, representing 0.23 and 0.29% of the regional GDP. Conclusions: Our results show the indirect economic impact of premature cancer mortality in Brazil, at a total cost of US$ 6,196,682,092 in 2016, representing 0.2% of the entire country’s GDP. The regional patterns highlight the need for adaption of public policies, typical from a country in transition, with the impact of lifestyle and infection-related cancers simultaneously and differently affecting economically the regions.

Economic burden of fire-related deaths in Finland, 2000–2010: Indirect costs using a human capital approach

Burns ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-62
Author(s):  
Kari Haikonen ◽  
Pirjo M. Lillsunde ◽  
Philippe Lunetta ◽  
Esa Kokki
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Human Capital Approach

scholarly journals Prevalence and socioeconomic burden of diabetes mellitus in South Korean adults: a population-based study using administrative data

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sung-Hee Oh ◽  
Hyemin Ku ◽  
Kang Seo Park
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Diabetic Complications ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Productivity Loss ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Claims Database ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Subgroup Analyses ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Capita Cost

Abstract Background Diabetes leads to severe complications and imposes health and financial burdens on the society. However, currently existing domestic public health studies of diabetes in South Korea mainly focus on prevalence, and data on the nationwide burden of diabetes in South Korea are lacking. The study aimed to estimate the prevalence and economic burden of diabetes imposed on the South Korean society. Methods A prevalence-based cost-of-illness study was conducted using the Korean national claims database. Adult diabetic patients were defined as those aged ≥20 years with claim records containing diagnostic codes for diabetes (E10-E14) during at least two outpatient visits or one hospitalization. Direct costs included medical costs for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes and transportation costs. Indirect costs included productivity loss costs due to morbidity and premature death and caregivers’ costs. Subgroup analyses were conducted according to the type of diabetes, age (< 65 vs. ≥65), diabetes medication, experience of hospitalization, and presence of diabetic complications or related comorbidities. Results A total of 4,472,133 patients were diagnosed with diabetes in Korea in 2017. The average annual prevalence of diabetes was estimated at 10.7%. The diabetes-related economic burden was USD 18,293 million, with an average per capita cost of USD 4090 in 2019. Medical costs accounted for the biggest portion of the total cost (69.5%), followed by productivity loss costs (17.9%), caregivers’ costs (10.2%), and transportation costs (2.4%). According to subgroup analyses, type 2 diabetes, presence of diabetic complications or related comorbidities, diabetes medication, and hospitalization represented the biggest portion of the economic burden for diabetes. As the number of complications increased from one to three or more, the per capita cost increased from USD 3991 to USD 11,965. In inpatient settings, the per capita cost was ~ 10.8 times higher than that of outpatient settings. Conclusions South Korea has a slightly high prevalence and economic burden of diabetes. These findings highlight the need for effective strategies to manage diabetic patients and suggest that policy makers allocate more health care resources to diabetes. This is the first study on this topic, conducted using a nationally representative claims database in South Korea.

scholarly journals Incidence of HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2000–2015: The Interplay Between Social Determinants and Behavioral Risk Factors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepa Jahagirdar ◽  
Magdalene Walters ◽  
Avina Vongpradith ◽  
Xiaochen Dai ◽  
Amanda Novotney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Behavioral Risk ◽  
Hiv Incidence ◽  
Hiv Knowledge ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Final Model ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Disease Study

AbstractHIV incidence in sub-Saharan Africa declined substantially between 2000 and 2015. In this analysis, we consider the relative associations of nine structural and individual determinants with this decline. A linear mixed effects model of logged HIV incidence rates versus determinants was used. The data were from mathematical modelling as part of the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study in 43 sub-Saharan African countries. We used forwards selection to determine a single final model of HIV incidence rate. The association of economic variables and HIV knowledge with incidence was found to be driven by education, while ART coverage had the largest impact on other determinants’ coefficients. In the final model, education years per capita contributed the most to explaining variation in HIV incidence rates; a 1-year increase in mean education years was associated with a 0.39 (− 0.56; − 0.2, t = − 4.48 p < 0.01) % decline in incidence rate while a unit increase in ART coverage was associated with a 0.81 (− 1.34; − 0.28, t = − 3.01, p < 0.01) % decline in incidence rate.

scholarly journals A Human Capital Approach to Academic Advising

1997 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leigh S. Shaffer
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Adult Education ◽  
Academic Advising ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Job Training ◽  
Vocational Interests ◽  
Geographic Mobility ◽  
Human Capital Approach ◽  
On The Job Training

Human capital, defined as any characteristic of a worker that contributes to that worker's productivity, is presented in this article as a unifying theme for academic advising in higher education. Five categories of human capital–formal education, adult education, on-the-job-training, health, and geographic mobility–and academic advising issues related to developing students' human capital in each category are presented. Students' vocational interests are identified with developing their human capital, and the principle of maximizing human capital is introduced as a basis for students' choices of academic curricula and particular courses and programs.

scholarly journals Economic Analysis of Severe TBI Treatment in Uganda

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (28) ◽  
pp. 1637-1650
Author(s):  
Michael Haglund ◽  
Lauren Simpsom ◽  
Jonathan Chang ◽  
Anthony Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Economic Benefit ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Health Benefit ◽  
Human Capital Approach ◽  
Mulago Hospital ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Severe Tbi ◽  
Data Surveillance ◽  
Long Term Impact

Introduction: Although the majority of the global burden of disease occurs in low- and middle-income countries, there is a paucity of data surveillance and analysis on the incidence of, morbidity and mortality associated with, and economic costs attributable to traumatic brain injury (TBI).Methods: A prognostic model was used to estimate outcomes of conservative and neurosurgical treatment for severe TBI based on data from a cohort of patients at the national referral hospital, Mulago Hospital, in Uganda during a 13-month study period. To evaluate the long-term impact of treatment for severe TBI, averted DALYs were calculated and converted to dollars using the human capital and the value of a statistical life (VSL) approaches. This cohort was then used as a representative sample for assessing the benefit of treating severe TBI for all of Uganda.Results: During the study period, 127 cases of severe TBI were treated averting 1,448 DALYs [0,0,0], 1,075 DALYs [3,1,0.04], or 974 DALYs [3,1,0.03]. Using the human capital approach, the economic benefit of intervention ranged from $1.3 million to $1.7 million. The VSL approach estimated an economic benefit of $282,902 to over $11 million. The health benefit of treating severe TBI for all Ugandans was estimated at between about 11,000 and 17,000 averted DALYs per year with an annual potential economic benefit of $15 to $20 million as determined with the human capital approach and $3.3 to $130 million with the VSL approach.Discussion: Treatment of severe TBI in Uganda has the potential to reduce a significant proportion of morbidity, mortality, and economic burden, which indicates the importance of treating severe TBI in developing countries. 

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