Study on Motorcycle Crash Cost in Bandung City

Crash cost is an important component for conducting economic analysis in selecting countermeasures for crash locations. It is used to convert the benefit of crash or fatality reduction into monetary terms. Many research on crash cost have been carried out in Indonesia. Most of the research utilized gross output/human capital approach. However, this approach has been widely criticized for not being able to describe the quality of life of crash casualties and the costs of pain, grief and suffering (i.e. human cost). The concept of Value of Statistical Life (VoSL) has been introduced by InDeV (2016) to calculate the human cost, which is assessed by using willingness to pay approach. To obtain a more reliable estimation of crash cost for Indonesia, it is necessary to conduct a study on crash cost involving motorcycles which incorporates the estimation of human cost. The VoSL is obtained by interviewing motorcycle users for willingness to pay with safety equipment. Based on the analysis, it is obtained that the value of statistical life (VoSL) for fatality in a road crash was estimated to be Rp.2.3 billion. The unit cost of fatal injury is Rp.3.08 billion, serious injury is Rp.333 million and slight injury is Rp.24.9 million. The unit cost of fatal crash on arterial roads is Rp.3.23 billion, serious crash is Rp.451 million and the slight crash is Rp.114 million. The unit cost of fatal crash on collector roads is Rp.3.16 billion, serious crashes is Rp.381 million and minor crash is Rp.69.4 million. The unit cost of fatal crash on local roads is Rp.3.09 billion, serious crash is Rp.338 million, and minor crash is Rp.29.8 million. Keywords: Motorcycle crash cost, gross output approach, human capital approach, willingness to pay approach

Model-based estimation of the economic burden of cholera in Africa

ObjectivesTo estimate the economic burden of cholera in Africa.SettingsCholera affected 44 countries in Africa.ParticipantsThe analysis used data from public sources in Africa published until September 2019.MethodsBased on existing data from field-based cost-of-illness studies, estimated cholera incidence rates, and reported cholera cases to WHO, this research estimates the economic burden of cholera in Africa from a societal perspective with 2015 as the base year. The estimate included out-of-pocket costs, public health system costs, productivity loss related to illness and an optional productivity loss related to premature deaths valued by the human capital approach. As various input data such as cholera incidence, hospitalisation rates and the number of workdays lost were not well defined, a series of scenario analyses and uncertainty analyses, accounting for unknowns and data variability, was conducted. Similarly, the value of time lost due to illness and deaths using the human capital approach was explored through scenario analyses.ResultsIn 2015, an estimated 1 008 642 cases in 44 African countries resulted in an economic burden of US$130 million from cholera-related illness and its treatment. When the estimated 38 104 cholera deaths were included in the analysis, the economic burden increased to US$1 billion or international $2.4 billion for the same year. At the same time, when only the 71 126 cases and 937 deaths reported to the WHO are considered, the economic burden was only US$68 million for the year 2015. The estimates of economic burden are thus heavily dependent on the cholera incidence rate, how time lost due to illness and deaths are calculated, hospitalisation rates and hospitalisation costs.ConclusionThe findings can be used as an economic justification for cholera control in Africa and for generating value-for-money evidence to underpin Ending Cholera—A Global Roadmap to 2030 with considerations to study limitations.

Economic Value of Life in Iran: The Human Capital Approach

Background: The human life value is among the most important challenges of the health economic evaluation. This limitation has reduced the feasibility of applying the cost-benefit method in evaluations of health interventions and policies. Using the human capital approach and discounted value of future earnings, the present study calculated the human capital of different age groups. Methods: The required data were obtained using “income and expenditures of Iranian households” data in 2015 from the Statistical Center of Iran, which included the information on 19380 urban households. Results: According to the calculation of human capital, the maximum value of a statistical life year in the highincome group was related to the age group of 30-34 yr old (223,286 US$ equals to 9378 million Iranian Rials). The lowest value in all three groups of high, medium and low income is related to the age group of 85 and older. In addition, the economic value of statistical life year for men has been calculated as higher than that of women, however, in older age groups, the human capital of both genders have been converging. Conclusion: The economic value of life for young people aged between 20 to 30 yr was higher than other demographic groups. The findings of the research help to provide a more accurate base for the cost-benefit analysis of health and social policies. Considering the economic value of the statistical life for different age groups may change policy priorities in areas related to health and life of human beings.

Economic impact of cervical cancer premature mortality in Brazil 2001-2030: a human capital approach

Background Cervical cancer is a preventable disease, vaccination and screening for precursor lesions are effective primary prevention measures. Some developed countries aim to eradicate it in the near future. In Brazil, there is still a need for progress in cervical cancer control. Using the human capital approach, we estimate how much cervical cancer-related premature mortality indirectly impacts the economy through productivity loss. Given the diversity of sociodemographic profiles in Brazil, we estimated lost productivity due to cervical cancer by regions, providing evidence for local decision-makers. Methods Data of all cancers deaths among working-age women (15-64 years) occurring between 2001 and 2015 were extracted from the National Mortality System, by region and age-group. Data on life expectancy, workforce participation, unemployment and wages were obtained from the Brazilian National Institute of Geographics and Statistics. NordPred package by software R was used to calculate predictions to 2030. Loss of productivity was calculated as the value of time between death and potential retirement age, adjusted for unemployment and participation rates. Results Nationally, 76,617 premature cervical deaths occurred between 2001 and 2015, and 90,437 deaths are predicted for 2016-2030, corresponding to an observed cost of US$2,260,623 (thousands) and a predicted cost of US$4,939,561 (thousands). The impact of cervical-cancer related productivity varied by region. In the affluent South and Southeast regions, 14% and 11.5% of the loss related to cancer premature mortality will be due to cervical cancer (2016-2030) while in the North and Northeast, it will be responsible for 26.8% and 17.5% of the loss, respectively. Conclusions If the situation in Brazil remains the same, the economic impact of cervical cancer deaths among working-age women will remain critical. It is urgent to reinforce primary prevention measures, especially in the North and Northeast regions. Key messages The number of cervical cancer deaths among working-age women in Brazil is predicted to increase until 2030. It is urgent to reinforce cervical cancer primary prevention measures, especially in the North and Northeast regions.

The economic impact of cancer-related premature mortality in Brazil: A human capital approach analysis.

7068 Background: One method of calculating indirect costs of cancer is the analysis of productivity loss. Using the human capital approach, we estimate how much cancer-related premature mortality indirectly impacts the economy. Given the diverse causes of cancer death and sociodemographic profiles in Brazil, we estimated lost productivity due to cancer by regions, providing evidence for local decision-makers. Methods: Data of all cancers deaths among working-age people (15-64 years for men and 15-60 for women) occurring in 2016 were extracted from the National Mortality System, by region, sex and age-group. Data on life expectancy, workforce participation, unemployment and wages were extracted from the Brazilian National Institute of Geographics and Statistics. Loss of productivity was calculated as the value of time between death and potential retirement age. Results: In total 536,827 (men) and 407,737 (women) years of potential productive life (YPPLL) were lost in 2016, corresponding to US$ 6,196,682,092 (PPP) for Brazil. The profile of YPPLL by cancer type varied by region. In the affluent South and Southeast regions, the cancers with higher impact in men were lung (12.4% and 9.9% of total YPPLL) and colorectal (9.6% and 10.4% of total YPPLL) while in the less affluent North and Northeast, stomach cancer was responsible for 17% and 12% of YPPLL, respectively. Among women, breast cancer had the highest impact in all regions (21.7%-26.2%), excepting the North, where cervical cancer was responsible for 31.3% of the YPPLL. Nationally, individual YPPLL was higher for testicular cancer in males (31.3 years) and Hodgkin’s disease in females (20.2). In the North and the Northeast, despite lower mortality rates, the economic impact of productivity loss was higher, representing 0.23 and 0.29% of the regional GDP. Conclusions: Our results show the indirect economic impact of premature cancer mortality in Brazil, at a total cost of US$ 6,196,682,092 in 2016, representing 0.2% of the entire country’s GDP. The regional patterns highlight the need for adaption of public policies, typical from a country in transition, with the impact of lifestyle and infection-related cancers simultaneously and differently affecting economically the regions.

Academic Advising as a Pre-Step for the Introduction of the Human Capital Approach to Solve the Issue of Quality in the Algerian University

This paper looks at higher education problems in Algeria and the necessity of introducing ‘academic advising’ as a pre-step of the human-capital approach to solve the issue of quality. In the aftermaths of ‘the bloody decade’, Algeria lost the pillars of its tertiary education. To compensate, the government relied on mass access to universities which has in its turn resulted in low quality. This work seeks to check the usability of the human capital approach in solving the quality problem in Algerian universities. Because education could offer both monetary and non-monetary profits, it is considered lucrative to invest in developing human skills and competences which constitute the capital that guarantees earning a living. This research, thus, proposes ‘academic advising’ as a first step on the short term. The current paper presents a descriptive analysis of 50 questionnaires answered by middle and high school teachers and headmasters, university students and professors and guidance counselors. The results of this qualitative study show how ‘academic advising’ when extended up to the university level can harness the learner’s capital.