The economic impact of cancer-related premature mortality in Brazil: A human capital approach analysis.

7068 Background: One method of calculating indirect costs of cancer is the analysis of productivity loss. Using the human capital approach, we estimate how much cancer-related premature mortality indirectly impacts the economy. Given the diverse causes of cancer death and sociodemographic profiles in Brazil, we estimated lost productivity due to cancer by regions, providing evidence for local decision-makers. Methods: Data of all cancers deaths among working-age people (15-64 years for men and 15-60 for women) occurring in 2016 were extracted from the National Mortality System, by region, sex and age-group. Data on life expectancy, workforce participation, unemployment and wages were extracted from the Brazilian National Institute of Geographics and Statistics. Loss of productivity was calculated as the value of time between death and potential retirement age. Results: In total 536,827 (men) and 407,737 (women) years of potential productive life (YPPLL) were lost in 2016, corresponding to US$ 6,196,682,092 (PPP) for Brazil. The profile of YPPLL by cancer type varied by region. In the affluent South and Southeast regions, the cancers with higher impact in men were lung (12.4% and 9.9% of total YPPLL) and colorectal (9.6% and 10.4% of total YPPLL) while in the less affluent North and Northeast, stomach cancer was responsible for 17% and 12% of YPPLL, respectively. Among women, breast cancer had the highest impact in all regions (21.7%-26.2%), excepting the North, where cervical cancer was responsible for 31.3% of the YPPLL. Nationally, individual YPPLL was higher for testicular cancer in males (31.3 years) and Hodgkin’s disease in females (20.2). In the North and the Northeast, despite lower mortality rates, the economic impact of productivity loss was higher, representing 0.23 and 0.29% of the regional GDP. Conclusions: Our results show the indirect economic impact of premature cancer mortality in Brazil, at a total cost of US$ 6,196,682,092 in 2016, representing 0.2% of the entire country’s GDP. The regional patterns highlight the need for adaption of public policies, typical from a country in transition, with the impact of lifestyle and infection-related cancers simultaneously and differently affecting economically the regions.

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Economic impact of cervical cancer premature mortality in Brazil 2001-2030: a human capital approach

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckaa166.1120 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽

Author(s):

M De ◽

Camargo Cancela ◽

L Borges ◽

Lopes de Souza ◽

L F Leite Martins ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Human Capital ◽

Primary Prevention ◽

Economic Impact ◽

Premature Mortality ◽

Human Capital Approach ◽

Prevention Measures ◽

The North ◽

Working Age ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background Cervical cancer is a preventable disease, vaccination and screening for precursor lesions are effective primary prevention measures. Some developed countries aim to eradicate it in the near future. In Brazil, there is still a need for progress in cervical cancer control. Using the human capital approach, we estimate how much cervical cancer-related premature mortality indirectly impacts the economy through productivity loss. Given the diversity of sociodemographic profiles in Brazil, we estimated lost productivity due to cervical cancer by regions, providing evidence for local decision-makers. Methods Data of all cancers deaths among working-age women (15-64 years) occurring between 2001 and 2015 were extracted from the National Mortality System, by region and age-group. Data on life expectancy, workforce participation, unemployment and wages were obtained from the Brazilian National Institute of Geographics and Statistics. NordPred package by software R was used to calculate predictions to 2030. Loss of productivity was calculated as the value of time between death and potential retirement age, adjusted for unemployment and participation rates. Results Nationally, 76,617 premature cervical deaths occurred between 2001 and 2015, and 90,437 deaths are predicted for 2016-2030, corresponding to an observed cost of US$2,260,623 (thousands) and a predicted cost of US$4,939,561 (thousands). The impact of cervical-cancer related productivity varied by region. In the affluent South and Southeast regions, 14% and 11.5% of the loss related to cancer premature mortality will be due to cervical cancer (2016-2030) while in the North and Northeast, it will be responsible for 26.8% and 17.5% of the loss, respectively. Conclusions If the situation in Brazil remains the same, the economic impact of cervical cancer deaths among working-age women will remain critical. It is urgent to reinforce primary prevention measures, especially in the North and Northeast regions. Key messages The number of cervical cancer deaths among working-age women in Brazil is predicted to increase until 2030. It is urgent to reinforce cervical cancer primary prevention measures, especially in the North and Northeast regions.

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The Economic Impact of the Mercedes Benz Investment on the State of Alabama

Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics ◽

10.1017/s1074070800008646 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 31 (2) ◽

pp. 371-382 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ellene Kebede ◽

Mudiayi Sylvain Ngandu

Keyword(s):

Economic Impact ◽

Human Resource Development ◽

Motor Vehicle ◽

The State ◽

The North ◽

Direct Benefits ◽

State Economy ◽

Multiplier Effects ◽

The Cost ◽

The Impact

AbstractAs part of its strategy to attract new businesses, in 1994 the State of Alabama won the Mercedes Benz bid to establish an automobile assembly plant in Vance, Tuscaloosa County, Alabama at the cost of $222 to $253 million worth of incentives. The study assessed the economic impact of the Mercedes Benz investment using IMPLAN. The IMPLAN industry code 49, industrial construction, and industry code 384, motor vehicle, were used to project the impact of the investment for the construction and production phases respectively. The results from four scenarios indicated that the investment would generate sizable direct and indirect employment, income, output, and tax revenue for the state economy. From the estimated revenue, the pay-out period for the cost of the incentive would be from four to seven years. The scenarios also indicated that the increase in the volume of locally purchased automobile parts will increase the multiplier effects for the state economy. Currently, the direct benefits from suppliers accrue to other states with established suppliers networks. The finding also suggested a heavy concentration of the impact of Mercedes Benz plant in the north and northeast part of the state. These counties were also the beneficiaries of past agglomeration economies in terms of critical physical infrastructure and human resource development.

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The economic impact of air pollution: a European assessment

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckaa165.084 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽

Author(s):

S Conti ◽

P Ferrara ◽

L S D'Angiolella ◽

S C Lorelli ◽

G Agazzi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Economic Burden ◽

Indirect Costs ◽

Premature Mortality ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Life Years ◽

Health Related ◽

Disease Study ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background In 2017, the Global Burden of Disease Study estimated that in Europe 0.42 million deaths and 8.9 million disability-adjusted life years were attributable to air pollution. Monetizing this burden is a key step for estimating benefits of exposure reduction strategies. However, robust and synthetic estimates of direct (e.g. due to hospitalizations or medications) and indirect (e.g. due to premature mortality or loss of productivity) health-related costs of air pollution seem to be still lacking. We carried out a systematic review, aimed at identifying evidence from research in Europe. Methods We searched 5 electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, SCOPUS, Web Of Science) in which we applied algorithms tracing keywords such as “cost of illness”, “health care costs”, “economics” and synonyms, together with “air pollution” and synonyms. We limited our search to articles written in English and Italian, without date restriction. Results The initial search retrieved 2420 records. 200 were classified as relevant, and 38 fulfilled inclusion criteria. Most of them (68%) were published after 2010. 26% were multi-country studies, while the remaining focused on a single country or city. Investigated pollutants were usually particulate matter (79% of the studies) and nitrogen oxides (37%). The approaches to the economic analysis were heterogeneous: estimates could include direct and/or indirect costs. Among the studies, the most comprehensive one (12 countries) estimated that complying with WHO guidelines would avert €31 billion yearly, of which €19 million due to hospitalizations. Conclusions Over the last decade, progress has been made in evaluating the economic burden of air pollution. However, estimates based on indirect costs are affected by high levels of uncertainty, while those based on direct costs are more robust and should be further investigated, since they are crucial information for healthcare policy makers. Key messages Air pollution poses a high economic burden on European countries, mainly due to social costs. More attention should be devoted to estimating direct healthcare costs of air pollution, in order to properly inform policy makers about the impact on healthcare systems.

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Economic evaluations of patient-navigation programs in cancer care.

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2016.34.7_suppl.14 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 34 (7_suppl) ◽

pp. 14-14

Author(s):

Chloe Gerves-Pinquie ◽

Anne Girault ◽

Claude Sicotte ◽

Etienne Minvielle

Keyword(s):

Randomized Controlled Trials ◽

Economic Impact ◽

Societal Perspective ◽

Cancer Care ◽

Patient Navigation ◽

Productivity Loss ◽

Indirect Costs ◽

Economic Evaluations ◽

Controlled Trials ◽

Randomized Controlled

14 Background: Lack of coordination is challenging our health care systems. This is especially true in cancer care, which is based on multiple treatment alternatives and several types of patient-professional interactions. One recommendation is to develop patient navigation programs based on telemedicine in order to avoid costs that are due to under-coordination among providers and/or between patients and providers. The objective of our study was to identify the evidence on the economic impact of such programs in oncology, and to develop a methodological framework to conduct economic evaluations. Methods: We conducted a literature review, exploring articles indexed in Medline (2005-2015), and focusing on economic evaluations of navigation programs in oncology, with particular attention to the use of telemedicine. Results: Of the 14 studies included, nine were randomized controlled trials. Four studies adopted a societal perspective. Every study computed the direct costs of the program. Six studies included indirect costs in the total costs associated with the program, mainly based on patient productivity loss and travel cost. Only two papers included indirect costs associated with informal care. Two studies showed that patient navigation programs were less costly than standard care. Most of the total cost of patient navigation is attributable to direct medical costs (i.e. patient admission, diagnostic follow-up and medical intervention). Conclusions: More evidence is needed regarding the economic impact of navigation programs in oncology. This review provides some guidance for the design of economic evaluations. If these programs are funded through public resources, a societal perspective should be adopted since it covers the direct, indirect and intangible costs of the program. Furthermore, a key strategy will be to identify the most common situations of under-coordination occurring alongside the usual care pathway and measure avoidable costs. This advocates for an extended use of economic evaluations based on randomized controlled trials.

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The economic burden of cervical cancer in Eswatini: Societal perspective

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0250113 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. e0250113

Author(s):

Cebisile Ngcamphalala ◽

Ellinor Östensson ◽

Themba G. Ginindza

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Economic Burden ◽

Invasive Cervical Cancer ◽

Productivity Loss ◽

Indirect Costs ◽

Premature Mortality ◽

Medical Costs ◽

Cost Driver ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Care Utilization

Background Cervical cancer imposes considerable economic burden on societies and individuals. There is lack of evidence regarding this from the developing world and particularly from sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, the study aimed to estimate the societal costs of cervical cancer in Eswatini. Materials and methods The cost of illness study (CoI) was applied using national specific clinical and registry data from hospitals, registries and reports to determine the prevalence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cervical cancer in Eswatini in 2018. Cost data included direct medical costs (health care utilization in inpatient and outpatient care), direct non-medical costs (patient costs for traveling) and indirect costs based on productivity loss due to morbidity (patient time during diagnosis and treatment) and premature mortality. Results The estimated total annual cost for cervical cancer was $19 million (ranging between $14 million and $24 million estimated with lower and upper bounds). Direct cost represented the majority of the costs at 72% ($13.7 million) out of which total pre-cancerous treatment costs accounted for 0.7% ($94,161). The management of invasive cervical cancer was the main cost driver with costs attributable to treatment for FIGO III and FIGO IV representing $1.7 million and $8.7 million respectively. Indirect costs contributed 27% ($5.3 million) out of which productivity loss due to premature mortality represented the majority at 67% ($3.5 million). Conclusion The economic burden of cervical cancer in Eswatini is substantial. National public health prevention strategies with prophylactic HPV vaccine and screening for cervical lesions should therefore be prioritized to limit the extensive costs associated with cervical cancer.

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Indirect cost of non-communicable diseases deaths in the World Health Organization African Region

International Archives of Medicine ◽

10.3823/2304 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Joses Muthuri Kirigia ◽

Germano M Mwabu ◽

James Machoki M'Imunya ◽

Rosenabi Deborah Karimi Muthuri ◽

Lenity Honesty Kainyu Nkanata ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Capital ◽

Low Income ◽

Communicable Diseases ◽

Total Loss ◽

Human Capital Approach ◽

World Health ◽

African Region ◽

Non Communicable Diseases ◽

Management Interventions ◽

The Impact

Background: In 2012, a total of 9 398 809 deaths from all causes occurred in the WHO African Region; out of which 2 788 381 (29.67%) were due to non-communicable diseases (NCD). The objective of this study was to estimate future gross domestic product (GDP) losses associated with NCD deaths in the African Region for use to advocate for increased investments into prevention and management of NCDs. Methods: Human capital approach is used to estimate non-health GDP losses associated with NCD deaths. Future non-health GDP losses were discounted at 3%. The analysis was done for three income groups of countries and six age groups. One-way sensitivity analysis at 5% and 10% discount rates was undertaken to assess the impact on expected non-health GDP loss estimates.Results: The 2 788 381 NCD deaths that occurred in the African Region in 2012 are estimated to have resulted in a total discounted GDP loss of Int$ 61 302 450 005. Out of that total loss, 20.36% was borne by those aged 0-4 years; 12.76% by 5-14 years; 16.64% by 15-29 years; 44.93% by 30-59 years; 2.99% by 60-69 years; and 2.33% by those aged 70 years and above. Thus, those aged between 15 and 59 years bore 61.57% of the GDP losses.Approximately 47.4%, 33.1% and 19.5% of the total loss was borne by high and upper middle-, lower middle- and low-income countries respectively. The average total non-health GDP loss was Int$ 21 985 per NCD death. The average non-health GDP lost per NCD death was Int$ 54 534 for Group 1, Int$ 21 492 for Group 2 and Int$ 9 096 for Group 3. Conclusion: Premature NCD deaths are associated with substantive GDP losses in countries of the African Region. Therefore, unless African countries and their development partners bolster their investments to assure universal population coverage of cost-effective promotive, preventive and management interventions for NCDs, prospects of achieving the United Nations General Assembly Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) might be greatly undermined in Africa.Key words: Non-communicable diseases, non-health GDP loss, NCD prevention and management, human capital approach

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Direct non-medical and indirect costs of diabetes and its associated complications in Vietnam: an estimation using national health insurance claims from a cross-sectional survey

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032303 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. e032303 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Thi Tuyet Mai Kieu ◽

Hong Nhung Trinh ◽

Huy Tuan Kiet Pham ◽

Thanh Binh Nguyen ◽

Junice Yi Siu Ng

Keyword(s):

Health Insurance ◽

Indirect Costs ◽

Premature Mortality ◽

Medical Costs ◽

Second Phase ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Secondary Sources ◽

Working Age ◽

The Impact

ObjectiveThe prevalence of diabetes in Vietnam has increased from 2.5% in 2007 to 5.5% in 2017, but the burden of direct non-medical and indirect costs is unknown. The objective of this study was to estimate the direct non-medical costs and indirect costs due to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its associated complications among Vietnam Health Insurance System (VHIS) enrollees in Vietnam.DesignThe first phase was a cross-sectional survey of patients with T2DM. In the second phase, data from the previous phase were used to predict direct non-medical costs and presenteeism costs of VHIS enrollees diagnosed with T2DM based on demographic and clinical characteristics in 2017. The human-capital approach was used for the calculation of indirect costs.Setting and participantsThis study recruited 315 patients from a national hospital, a provincial hospital and a district hospital aged 18 or above, diagnosed with T2DM, enrolled in VHIS, and having at least one visit to hospitals between 1 June and 30 July 2018. The VHIS dataset contained 1,395,204 patients with T2DM.Outcome measuresThe direct non-medical costs and presenteeism were collected from the survey. Absenteeism costs were estimated from the VHIS database. Costs of premature mortality were calculated based on the estimates from secondary sources.ResultsThe total direct non-medical and indirect costs were US$239 million in 2017. Direct non-medical costs were US$78 million, whereas indirect costs were US$161 million. Costs of absenteeism, presenteeism and premature mortality corresponded to 17%, 73% and 10% of the indirect costs. Patients incurred annual mean direct non-medical costs of US$56. Annual mean absenteeism and presenteeism costs for patients in working age were US$61 and US$267, respectively.ConclusionsThe impact of T2DM on direct non-medical and indirect costs on diabetes is substantial. Direct non-medical and absenteeism costs were higher in patients with complications.

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Displacement, marginalization and changing economic structure: counting the intangible costs of riverbank erosion in Majuli island of India

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-20602 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Avijit Sahay

Keyword(s):

Political Ecology ◽

Economic Impact ◽

Economic Structure ◽

Entire Population ◽

Intangible Cost ◽

Profound Impact ◽

The North ◽

Riverbank Erosion ◽

Intangible Costs ◽

The Impact

The paper focuses on the impact of riverbank erosion on the island of Majuli. Majuli is a large and populous river island in the India state of Assam. However, the island suffers from the erosional work of Rivers Brahmaputra in the south and Luhit in the north and this has led to the loss of land and the resultant displacement of population in 110 out of 243 villages of Majuli. The most significant impact of riverbank erosion has been on the livelihood pattern of the island, as erosion has affected both agriculture and fishing activities. However, the impact of erosion is not felt equally by the entire population of Majuli. Those who live near the banks of the river are disproportionately affected by erosion, while those living in the more central parts of the island have benefitted from it by using the changing economic structure of the island. Riverbank erosion has thus, had a profound impact on the society, economy and livelihood structure of the island and has created a more unequal society. The paper tries to count this intangible cost of riverbank erosion by analyzing the disparity in the economic impact of riverbank erosion from the perspective of political ecology with the help of survey and personal interviews carried out in Majuli.Keywords: Majuli, Brahmaputra, Riverbank Erosion, Displacement, Economic Impact, Political Ecology

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Cancer and productivity loss in the Irish economy: an employer’s perspective

The Irish Journal of Management ◽

10.1515/ijm-2017-0003 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 5-20 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Paul Hanly ◽

Alison Pearce ◽

Linda Sharp

Keyword(s):

Productivity Loss ◽

Indirect Costs ◽

Premature Mortality ◽

Premature Death ◽

Productivity Costs ◽

Health Technologies ◽

Friction Cost Approach ◽

Friction Cost ◽

Mortality Cost ◽

Multiplier Effects

Abstract The extant literature suggests that cancer-related premature mortality costs have increased over time and are projected to increase further. Previous studies have generally employed a societal rather than an employer-based costing framework. A question therefore remains over the magnitude of productivity costs associated with premature death from cancer from an employer perspective. The objective of this study was to measure the productivity costs associated with cancer-related premature mortality in Ireland using the employer-focussed friction-cost approach (FCA). This entailed the application of an involuntary turnover costing framework rarely used in the management literature and represents the first estimate of its kind in Ireland. The all-cancer premature mortality cost was valued at €14.3 million in 2009. We modelled the sensitivity of our costs to changes in underlying labour market conditions and to ‘multiplier effects’ which represent recent advances in the FCA. We advocate that future studies should concentrate on combining elements of direct turnover cost according to accounting costing frameworks with the indirect costs measured by the FCA. Implications for current guidelines for the economic evaluation of health technologies in Ireland are also discussed.

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