scholarly journals Impact of benzalkonium chloride-preserved and preservative-free latanoprost eye drops on cultured human conjunctival goblet cells upon acute exposure and differences in physicochemical properties of the eye drops

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. e000892
Author(s):  
Olivia Müllertz ◽  
Anne Hedengran ◽  
Zaynab Ahmad Mouhammad ◽  
Josefine Freiberg ◽  
Richárd Nagymihály ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Benzalkonium Chloride ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Acute Exposure ◽  
Eye Drops ◽  
Drop Mass ◽  
Mucin Release ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Preservative Free

ObjectiveTo investigate the short-term impact on human conjunctival goblet cell (GC) survival and mucin release of acute exposure to benzalkonium chloride (BAK) preserved and preservative-free (PF) 0.005% (w/v) latanoprost (LT) eye drops, and to compare the eye drops’ physicochemical properties.Methods and analysisPrimary GC cultures were established from human conjunctival donor tissue. The impact of eye drops on GC survival was assessed using a lactate dehydrogenase assay. Mucin release was evaluated through mucin-specific immunostaining. pH value, osmolality, drop mass and surface tension for all LT eye drops were measured.ResultsAfter application with PF-LT for 30 min (min), the GC survival was maintained compared with control (p=0.9941), while all BAK-LT eye drops reduced survival with approximately 30% (p<0.02). Following application with PF-LT for 30 min, mucin was found around the GC nucleus, as seen in the vehicle control, indicating no secretion. In contrast, BAK-LT caused diffuse staining of mucin, similar to the secretagogue histamine, indicating stimulation of secretion. The pH value of the BAK-LT and PF-LT eye drops were 6.0–6.9 and 6.8, respectively. The osmolality was 258–288 mOsm/kg for the BAK-LT eye drops and 276 for PF-LT eye drops. The mean drop mass was 26–31 mg for the BAK-LT eye drops and 30 mg for PF-LT. The surface tension was lower for all BAK-LT eye drops (31.1–32.1 mN/m) compared with PF-LT (42 mN/m).ConclusionPF-LT compared with various branded and generic LT preparations containing BAK are less cytotoxic when applied to cultured GCs.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of a Preservative-Free Eye Drop, Cyclosporine 0.05% Emulsion, and Omega-3 Supplementation as a Fixed Combination in Dry Eye Disease – a Pilot Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-06
Author(s):  
Tokko HA ◽  
Al-Awadi A ◽  
Somani S
Keyword(s):  
Dry Eye ◽  
Fixed Combination ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Combination Regimen ◽  
Eye Drops ◽  
Secondary Outcome Measure ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Preservative Free

Purpose: We aim to evaluate the impact of combining a preservative-free drop, cyclosporine 0.05% emulsion, and omega-3 oral supplementation on the signs and symptoms of dry eye in a typical ophthalmic practice.Design: A retrospective case series conducted on patients with dry eye disease.Methods: Patients diagnosed with dry eye in a typical ophthalmology practice were initiated on a fixed combination regimen which included a preservative-free eye drop (I-DROP ® PUR GEL, I-MED pharma), cyclosporine 0.05% ophthalmic emulsion, and oral omega-3 supplement(Dry Eye Omega Benefits®, PRN)for 3 monthsconsecutively. The primary outcome measured was a symptom score using the Canadian Dry Eye Assessment Tool (CDEA). Secondary outcome measure was Non-invasive Keratograph Break-up Time (NIKBUT). Primary and secondary outcomes measured at baseline and 3 months following intervention were compared.Results: Thirty-six patients were included with a female male ratio of 2.6:1 and average age of 64.Patient symptoms improved significantly following the intervention as demonstrated by a lower CDEA score during the second visit compared to the first visit (16.11 vs. 19.50, respectively) (p< .05). NIKBUT scores were also significantly improved as demonstrated by a higher score during the second visit compared to the first in both the right (13.18 vs. 11.44) (p< .05) and left (14.62 vs. 12.78) (p< .01) eyes, respectively.Conclusion: A fixed combination of preservative-free eye drops, cyclosporine 0.05% and omega-3 supplementation may be an effective first line treatment option in alleviating symptoms and improving signs of patients suffering from dry eye.

scholarly journals Benzalkonium Chloride-Preserved Anti-Glaucomatous Eye Drops and Their Effect on Human Conjunctival Goblet Cells in vitro

2021 ◽  
pp. 69-75
Author(s):  
Anne Hedengran ◽  
Xenia Begun ◽  
Olivia Müllertz ◽  
Zaynab Mouhammad ◽  
Rupali Vohra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Viability ◽  
Cell Survival ◽  
Goblet Cell ◽  
Benzalkonium Chloride ◽  
Goblet Cells ◽  
Eye Drops ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Conjunctival Goblet Cells

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Most intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering eye drops are preserved with benzalkonium chloride (BAK). This can increase side effects and decrease adherence. Particularly, damage to the mucin-producing conjunctival goblet cells may be an issue due to instability of the tear film. We aimed to investigate the effect of IOP-lowering eye drops preserved with BAK on cultured human conjunctival goblet cells. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Eye drops Brimonidine Tartrate Teva (BT) with 0.005% BAK, Dorzolamide Stada (DS) with 0.0075% BAK, Optimol<sup>®</sup> (OP) with 0.01% BAK, and Latanoprost Teva (LT) with 0.02% BAK were included. Human primary cultured goblet cell survival was evaluated using a lactate dehydrogenase assay on human goblet cells after treatment for 30 min and 6 h with the different anti-glaucoma drug formulations. <b><i>Results:</i></b> All eye drops examined, except BT, reduced goblet cell survival. The impact of eye drops on goblet cell viability was correlated with the time of exposure as well as to the concentration of BAK. After 30 min of exposure, cell viability was 93% for BT (0.005% BAK; <i>p</i> = 0.93), 71% for DS (0.0075% BAK; <i>p</i> = 0.067), 70% for OP (0.01% BAK; <i>p</i> = 0.054), and 69% for LT (0.02% BAK; <i>p</i> = 0.022), and exposure for 6 h reduced cell survival to 74% for BT (<i>p</i> = 0.217), 52% for DS (<i>p</i> = 0.011), 34% for OP (<i>p</i> = 0.017), and 31% for LT (<i>p</i> = 0.0007). <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> LT, OP, and DS reduced human goblet cell survival in a time-dependent manner. BT did not affect goblet cell survival. Cell survival was correlated with the BAK concentration in the eye drops making 0.02% BAK-preserved LT most toxic and 0.005% BAK-preserved BT least toxic. Based on the present study, decreasing BAK in eye drops for chronic use seems important to reduce damage to the goblet cells. However, future studies are needed to further explore this finding.

scholarly journals The physicochemical properties of preserved and preservative‐free latanoprost eye drops and their impact on human conjunctival goblet cells

2022 ◽  
Vol 100 (S267) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivia Müllertz ◽  
Anne Nagstrup ◽  
Zaynab Ahmad Mouhammad ◽  
Josefine Clement Freiberg ◽  
Richard Nagymihaly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Goblet Cells ◽  
Eye Drops ◽  
Conjunctival Goblet Cells ◽  
Preservative Free

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF GAS FLARING ON THE MICROBIAL AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS IN DELTA STATE

2021 ◽  
pp. e309
Author(s):  
Joseph Enuenwemba ◽  
Nduka Uraih ◽  
William Tanimowo ◽  
Hilda Emmanuel-Akerele
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Local Government Area ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gas Flaring ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact

This study was carried out to determine the impact of gas flaring on microbial and physicochemical characteristics of soil around Ebedei and Kwale Flow Stations in Delta State, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected around Ebedei, in Ukwuani local government area, and Kwale, in Ndokwe West local government area both in Delta State, as well as in their environs. While the soil samples were collected for the analysis of physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil. The highest concentration of the heavy metals was obtained at 10m away from the flaring sites (P < 0.05). In both Ebedei and Kwale, the Fe concentration is significantly higher (1080.33 and 1080.68 mg/kg, respectively) that the other two heavy metals. However, there was a significant difference in the concentration of Zn between Ebedei and Kwale (P < 0.05). In both Ebedei and Kwale, the ECEC concentration is significantly higher (8.16 and 6.57 meq/100g, respectively) that the other chemical parameters. The physicochemical properties were similar at the different distances away from gas flaring sites (P> 0.05). EC decreased from 119.12µs/cm (at 10m) to 50.4 (at 100m) and then to 44.37 (at 200m). pH value remained acidic ranging from 4.97 (at 10m) to 5.9 (at 200m); moisture content ranged from 3.25% (at 10m) to 5.89% (at 200m); organic matter ranged from 1.07% (at 10m) to 1.61 % (at 200m); NO3 reduced sharply from 10.35 mg/kg (at 10m) to 3.92mg/kg (at 100m) and then to 2.4mg/kg (at 200m); phosphate dropped from 0.91mg/kg at (at 10m) to 0.95mg/kg (at 100m) to 0.42mg/kg (at 200m). There was a significant difference in the amount of some physicochemical properties in the soil samples collected from the gas flaring areas in Ebedei and Kwale (P<0.05). Ebedei, Kwale and environs constitute part of the most vegetative and productive areas of the Niger Delta region, these areas are also rich in several pharmacological properties and water resources. The Government should ensure the enforcement of laws aimed at minimizing the amount of gas flared into the atmosphere. Urgent efforts should be geared at cushioning the effect of gas flaring on the communities affected, probably by compensating them or, by relocating them to a more environmental friendly settlement with compensations.

Efficacy and safety evaluation of benzalkonium chloride preserved eye-drops compared with alternatively preserved and preservative-free eye-drops in the treatment of glaucoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
pp. bjophthalmol-2019-315623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Hedengran ◽  
Alvilda T Steensberg ◽  
Gianni Virgili ◽  
Augusto Azuara-Blanco ◽  
Miriam Kolko
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Benzalkonium Chloride ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Risk Of Bias ◽  
Selective Reporting ◽  
Eye Drops ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Safety Measures ◽  
Preservative Free

Background/aimsThis systematic review compared the efficacy and safety of benzalkonium chloride (BAK)-preserved eye-drops with alternatively preserved (AP) and preservative-free (PF) eye-drops.MethodsPubMed, EMBASE and MEDLINE were searched for randomised controlled trials in June and October 2019. Study selection, data extraction and risk of bias assessment were made by two independent reviewers using the Cochrane Handbook. Studies on prostaglandin analogue or beta-blocker eye-drops and patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension were included. Primary outcome was change in intraocular pressure (IOP). Secondary outcomes were safety measures as assessed in original study.ResultsOf 433 articles screened, 16 studies were included. IOP meta-analysis was conducted on 13 studies (4201 patients) ranging from 15 days to 6 months. No significant differences between BAK versus PF and AP were identified (95% CI −0.00 to 0.30 mm Hg, p=0.05). Meta-analyses revealed no differences between BAK versus AP and PF with regards to conjunctival hyperaemia (risk ratio (RR) 1.05, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.22, 3800 patients, 9 studies), ocular hyperaemia (RR 1.31, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.78, 2268 patients, 5 studies), total ocular adverse events (RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.88 to 1.20, 1906 patients, 5 studies) or tear break-up time (mean difference 0.89, 95% CI −0.03 to 1.81, 130 patients, 3 studies). Diverse reporting on safety measures made comparison challenging. Risk of bias was assessed as high or unclear in many relevant domains, suggesting potential selective reporting or under-reporting.ConclusionNo clinically significant differences on efficacy or safety could be determined between BAK versus AP and PF. However, there were substantial uncertainties on safety.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42019139692

scholarly journals Comparison of cytotoxicity of fluoroquinolone antimicrobial eye drops and its effect on their bioavailability

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara S Hintuba ◽  
Yuri V Takhtaev ◽  
Igor N Okolov ◽  
Vera A Motyleva ◽  
Roman B Shlyakman
Keyword(s):  
Corneal Epithelium ◽  
Benzalkonium Chloride ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Eye Drops ◽  
Cytostatic Effect ◽  
Cytotoxic Potential ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Chamber Fluid ◽  
Preservative Free

In addition to the breadth of activity of antibacterial medications as well as to their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, their safety and bioavailability represent an important aspect. Currently, there is no consensus on fluoroquinolone toxicity. The aim of the present study was to compare the total cytotoxic effect on corneal epithelium and bioavailability of three antibacterial fluoroquinolone eye drops, registered in the Russian Federation: 1) Oftaquix™ (levofloxacin 5 mg/ml; preservative benzalkonium chloride (BAC) 0.05 mg/ml; produced by Santen Oy, Finland), hereafter “levofloxacin (original)”; 2) Signicef® (levofloxacin 5 mg/ml; preservative BAC 0.1 mg/ml; produced by Sentiss Pharma Pvt. Ltd., India), hereafter “levofloxacin (generic)”; 3) Vigamox® (moxifloxacin® 5 mg/ml; preservative-free; produced by Alcon Laboratories, Inc., USA) hereafter “moxifloxacin” - using in vivo methods and determining the possible effect of preservative presence (in different concentration) or of its absence on reaching the minimal threshold concentrations of the antibiotic in the anterior chamber fluid, using the high-yield liquid chromatography combined with mass-spectrometric detection. The study showed that tested antibacterial medications could exert a cytostatic effect on the corneal epithelium at in vivo conditions and differ in their cytotoxic potential. Benzalkonium chloride presence in Signicef in a concentration twice as high than that of the main medication (Oftaquix) causes a proven by confocal microscopy effect on the corneal epithelium, and this may influence the bioavailability of the medication.

Can We Optimise the Medical Therapy of Glaucoma?

2012 ◽  
Vol 06 (05) ◽  
pp. 275
Author(s):  
James Gilbart ◽  
Christophe Baudouin ◽  
Carl Erb ◽  
Lutz Pillunat ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Eye ◽  
Benzalkonium Chloride ◽  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Meibomian Gland ◽  
Diurnal Variations ◽  
Dry Eye Syndrome ◽  
Eye Drops ◽  
Antiglaucoma Medication ◽  
Ocular Symptoms ◽  
Preservative Free

The use of glaucoma medications containing the preservative benzalkonium chloride (BAK) is associated with a number of ocular symptoms including ocular surface disease and dry eye syndrome. These are debilitating conditions and current strategies of therapeutic escalation compound the problem. The effects are greater in sensitive patients and rises as the number of eye drops used increases. Preservative-free antiglaucoma medications are available and should be considered in patients with primary dry eye syndrome, ocular allergy, meibomian gland dysfunction, contact lens wearing, corneal and conjunctival adverse reactions to antiglaucoma medication and pre-operative to trabeculectomy. The importance of elevated diurnal variations in intraocular pressure (IOP) in glaucoma patients was also considered.

DIP quality influenced by process water quality

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 51-60
Author(s):  
DENNIS VOSS ◽  
HANS-JOACHIM PUTZ ◽  
SAMUEL SCHABEL
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Tension ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Process Water ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Water Parameters ◽  
Effects Of Ph ◽  
Contamination Levels

The need for deinking mills to reduce their fresh water consumption has resulted in higher loads of various contaminants in the process water. Lower recovered paper quality also leads to higher contamination levels in the mills. This higher load has an influence on achievable target brightness. The objective of the work was to determine and explain the main reasons for relatively poor deinked pulp quality or poor deinking potential based on the influence of recovered paper composition and process water quality. The process water parameters significantly affect the deinking potential of recovered paper. The test results showed the negative effects of increased water hardness. For standard recovered paper mixtures, flotation selectivity is higher with increasing flotation pH-value. Good results were realized for standard recovered paper with low hardness, low surface tension, and high pH-value. The results for recovered paper containing flexo newsprint could be slightly improved with low hardness, low surface tension, and low pH-value. The results of the test program using design of experiments showed interacting effects of pH-value and surface tension on luminosity and flotation selectivity.

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