scholarly journals Paradox of hypercholesterolaemia in highly trained, keto-adapted athletes

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. e000429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brent C Creighton ◽  
Parker Neil Hyde ◽  
Carl M Maresh ◽  
William J Kraemer ◽  
Stephen D Phinney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Distribution ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
High Fat ◽  
High Carbohydrate ◽  
Lipoprotein Particle ◽  
Ldl Particles ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Ultra Endurance

ObjectiveA growing number of ultra-endurance athletes have switched to a very low-carbohydrate/high-fat eating pattern. We compared markers of cholesterol and the lipoprotein profile in a group of elite ultra-runners consuming a high-carbohydrate (HC) or low-carbohydrate (LC) diet.MethodsFasting blood was obtained from competitive male ultra-endurance runners habitually consuming a very low-carbohydrate (LC; n=10) or high-carbohydrate (HC; n=10) diet to determine blood cholesterol profile, lipoprotein particle distribution and sterol biomarkers of cholesterol balance.ResultsPlasma total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) cholesterol were all significantly greater (p<0.000) in the LC group (65%, 83% and 60%, respectively). There were also significant differences in lipoprotein particle distribution as evidenced by a greater size and concentration of large HDL and LDL particles, and total LDL particle concentration was significantly greater in the LC group, but they had significantly fewer small LDL particles.ConclusionUltra-endurance athletes habitually consuming a very low-carbohydrate/high-fat diet for over a year showed unique cholesterol profiles characterised by consistently higher plasma LDL-C and HDL-C, less small LDL particles, and lipoprotein profiles consistent with higher insulin sensitivity. There may be a functional purpose to the expansion of the circulating cholesterol pool to meet the heightened demand for lipid transport in highly trained, keto-adapted athletes.

scholarly journals Effects of Palm Stearin versus Butter in the Context of Low-Carbohydrate/High-Fat and High-Carbohydrate/Low-Fat Diets on Circulating Lipids in a Controlled Feeding Study in Healthy Humans

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1944
Author(s):  
Parker N. Hyde ◽  
Teryn N. Sapper ◽  
Richard A. LaFountain ◽  
Madison L. Kackley ◽  
Alex Buga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Distribution ◽  
Oxidized Ldl ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Palm Stearin ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
High Carbohydrate ◽  
Ldl Particles ◽  
Low Carbohydrate

Background. Foods rich in saturated fatty acids (SFAs) have been discouraged by virtue of their cholesterol-raising potential, but this effect is modulated by the food source and background level of carbohydrate. Objective. We aimed to compare the consumption of palm stearin (PS) versus butter on circulating cholesterol responses in the setting of both a low-carbohydrate/high-fat (LC/HF) and high-carbohydrate/low-fat (HC/LF) diet in healthy subjects. We also explored effects on plasma lipoprotein particle distribution and fatty acid composition. Methods. We performed a randomized, controlled-feeding, cross-over study that compared a PS- versus a Butter-based diet in a group of normocholesterolemic, non-obese adults. A controlled canola oil-based ‘Run-In’ diet preceded the experimental PS and Butter diets. All diets were eucaloric, provided for 3-weeks, and had the same macronutrient distribution but varied in primary fat source (40% of the total fat). The same Run-In and cross-over experiments were done in two separate groups who self-selected to either a LC/HF (n = 12) or a HC/LF (n = 12) diet track. The primary outcomes were low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-C, triglycerides, and LDL particle distribution. Results. Compared to PS, Butter resulted in higher LDL-C in both the LC/HF (13.4%, p = 0.003) and HC/LF (10.8%, p = 0.002) groups, which was primarily attributed to large LDL I and LDL IIa particles. There were no differences between PS and Butter in HDL-C, triglycerides, or small LDL particles. Oxidized LDL was lower after PS than Butter in LC/HF (p = 0.011), but not the HC/LF group. Conclusions. These results demonstrate that Butter raises LDL-C relative to PS in healthy normocholesterolemic adults regardless of background variations in carbohydrate and fat, an effect primarily attributed to larger cholesterol-rich LDL particles.

723-P: Effect of Low-Carbohydrate High-Fat vs. High-Carbohydrate Low-Fat Diet on HbA1c Control in Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Diabetes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 723-P
Author(s):  
LINGWANG AN ◽  
DANDAN WANG ◽  
XIAORONG SHI ◽  
CHENHUI LIU ◽  
KUEICHUN YEH ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Chinese Patients ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
High Carbohydrate ◽  
Low Fat Diet ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Hba1c Control

scholarly journals Appetite and blood glucose profiles in humans after glycogen-depleting exercise

1999 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 947-954 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen J. Melanson ◽  
Margriet S. Westerterp-Plantenga ◽  
L. Arthur Campfield ◽  
Wim H. M. Saris
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Respiratory Quotient ◽  
Moderate Exercise ◽  
High Fat ◽  
High Carbohydrate ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Glucose Profiles ◽  
Regulatory Functions ◽  
Glycogen Stores ◽  
The Relationship

Regulatory functions of glycogen stores and blood glucose on human appetite, particularly relating to exercise, are not fully understood. Ten men (age 20–31 yr) performed glycogen-depleting exercise in an evening, ate a low-carbohydrate dinner, and stayed overnight in the laboratory. The next day, blood glucose was monitored continuously for 517 ± 23 (SE) min. Subjects had access to high-fat and high-carbohydrate foods after baseline glucose and respiratory quotient were determined. In the afternoon, 1 h of moderate exercise was performed. Baseline respiratory quotient was 0.748 ± 0.008, plasma free fatty acids were 677 ± 123 μmol/l, insulin was 4.8 ± 0.5 μU/ml, and leptin was 1.9 ± 0.3 ng/ml. Postabsorptively, 8 of 10 meals were initiated during stability in blood glucose. Postprandially, the association between meal initiation and blood glucose declines became significant (χ2 = 7.82). During moderate exercise, blood glucose initially decreased but recovered before completion. When the glycogen buffer is depleted, meal initiation can occur during blood glucose stability; the relationship between blood glucose declines and meal initiation reestablishes with refeeding.

scholarly journals A 12-week low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet improves metabolic health outcomes over a control diet in a randomised controlled trial with overweight defence force personnel

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (11) ◽  
pp. 1158-1164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caryn Zinn ◽  
Julia McPhee ◽  
Nigel Harris ◽  
Micalla Williden ◽  
Kate Prendergast ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Metabolic Health ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Randomised Controlled

Overweight, obesity, and poor health is becoming a global concern for defence force personnel. Conventional nutrition guidelines are being questioned for their efficacy in achieving optimal body composition and long-term health. This study compared the effects of a 12-week low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet with a conventional, high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet on weight reduction and metabolic health outcomes in at-risk New Zealand Defence Force personnel. In this randomised controlled trial, 41 overweight personnel were assigned to intervention and control groups. Weight, waist circumference, fasting lipids, and glycaemic control were assessed at baseline and at 12 weeks. Within-group change scores were analysed using the t statistic and interpreted using a p < 0.05 level of statistical significance. Between-group mean differences and confidence intervals were analysed using effect sizes and magnitude-based inferences. Twenty-six participants completed the trial (14 intervention, 12 control). Both groups showed statistically significant weight and waist circumference reductions; the intervention group significantly reduced triglycerides and serum glucose and significantly increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc). Relative to control, the intervention group showed small, possibly to likely beneficial effects for weight, triglycerides, glucose, insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; moderate, likely beneficial effects for HDL cholesterol, triglyceride:HDLc ratio and HbA1c; and a small, likely harmful effect for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. This dietary approach shows promise for short-term weight loss and improved metabolic health outcomes conditions compared with mainstream recommendations. It should be offered to defence force personnel at least as a viable alternative means to manage their weight and health.

scholarly journals Lipoprotein Particle Predictors of Arterial Stiffness after 17 Years of Follow Up: The Malmö Diet and Cancer Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Jacob Hartz ◽  
Ronald M. Krauss ◽  
Mikael Göttsater ◽  
Olle Melander ◽  
Peter Nilsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Arterial Stiffness ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Lipid Lowering ◽  
Cancer Study ◽  
Lipoprotein Particle ◽  
Ldl Particles ◽  
Diet And Cancer

Background. Central arterial stiffness is a surrogate of cardiovascular risk and predicts cardiovascular mortality. Apolipoprotein B lipoproteins are also established cardiovascular risk factors. It is not known whether specific lipoprotein subclasses measured in the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study and previously shown to be associated with coronary heart disease also predict arterial stiffening after a mean period of 17 years. Methods. Lipoprotein particle analysis was performed on 2,505 men and women from Malmö, Sweden, from 1991 to 1994, and arterial stiffness was assessed by carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (c-fPWV) on this same cohort from 2007 to 2012. Associations between c-fPWV and lipoprotein particles were determined with multiple linear regression, controlling for sex, presence of diabetes, waist-to-hip circumference, and smoking status at baseline, as well as heart rate (measured at the carotid artery), mean arterial pressure, antihypertensive and lipid-lowering medications, C-reactive protein (CRP), and age at the time of c-fPWV measurement. Results. The results confirm that triglycerides (TG) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) but not low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) predict c-fPWV. We identify a positive predictive association for very small, small, and medium (high risk), but not large LDL particles. There was a negative association for large HDL particles. The relationships between c-fPWV and high-risk LDL particles were unaffected by adjusting for LDL-c or CRP and were only mildly attenuated by adjusting for the homeostatic model for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Due to the collinearity of very small, small, and medium LDL particles and dyslipidemia (elevated TG and decreased HDL-c), the observed relationship between c-fPWV and high-risk LDL particles became insignificant after controlling for the concentration of HDL-c, large cholesterol-rich HDL particles, and TG. Conclusions. The development of central arterial stiffness previously associated with combined dyslipidemia may be mediated in part by LDL particles, particularly the very small-, small-, and medium-sized LDL particles.

scholarly journals A Cross-Sectional Study on the Dietary Pattern Impact on Cardiovascular Disease Biomarkers in Malaysia

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tilakavati Karupaiah ◽  
Khun-Aik Chuah ◽  
Karuthan Chinna ◽  
Peter Pressman ◽  
Roger A. Clemens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Disease Biomarkers ◽  
Lipoprotein Particles ◽  
High Carbohydrate ◽  
Low Carbohydrate

Abstract We conducted this cross-sectional population study with a healthy multi-ethnic urban population (n = 577) in Malaysia, combining nutritional assessments with cardiometabolic biomarkers defined by lipid, atherogenic lipoproteins, inflammation and insulin resistance. We found diametrically opposing associations of carbohydrate (246·6 ± 57·7 g, 54·3 ± 6·5%-TEI) and fat (total = 64·5 ± 19·8 g, 31·6 ± 5·5%-TEI; saturated fat = 14·1 ± 2·7%-TEI) intakes as regards waist circumference, HDL-C, blood pressure, glucose, insulin and HOMA2-IR as well as the large-LDL and large-HDL lipoprotein particles. Diets were then differentiated into either low fat (LF, <30% TEI or <50 g) or high fat (HF, >35% TEI or >70 g) and low carbohydrate (LC, <210 g) or high carbohydrate (HC, >285 g) which yielded LFLC, LFHC, HFLC and HFHC groupings. Cardiometabolic biomarkers were not significantly different (P > 0.05) between LFLC and HFLC groups. LFLC had significantly higher large-LDL particle concentrations compared to HFHC. HOMA-IR2 was significantly higher with HFHC (1·91 ± 1·85, P < 0·001) versus other fat-carbohydrate combinations (LFLC = 1·34 ± 1·07, HFLC = 1·41 ± 1·07; LFHC = 1·31 ± 0·93). After co-variate adjustment, odds of having HOMA2-IR >1.7 in the HFHC group was 2.43 (95% CI: 1·03, 5·72) times more compared to LFLC while odds of having large-LDL <450 nmol/L in the HFHC group was 1.91 (95% CI: 1·06, 3·44) more compared to latter group. Our data suggests that a HFHC dietary combination in Malaysian adults is associated with significant impact on lipoprotein particles and insulin resistance.

The effects of high-carbohydrate and high-fat diets on the serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations of endurance athletes

Metabolism ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 33 (11) ◽  
pp. 1003-1010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul D. Thompson ◽  
Eileen M. Cullinane ◽  
Ruth Eshleman ◽  
Mark A. Kantor ◽  
Peter N. Herbert
Keyword(s):  
Serum Lipid ◽  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
High Fat ◽  
High Carbohydrate ◽  
High Fat Diets ◽  
Fat Diets

Effect of diet on triolein absorption in weanling rats

1990 ◽  
Vol 258 (1) ◽  
pp. G38-G44 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Flores ◽  
P. M. Brannon ◽  
M. A. Wells ◽  
M. Morrill ◽  
O. Koldovsky
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Intact Animal ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Fat Absorption ◽  
High Fat ◽  
High Carbohydrate ◽  
Weanling Rats ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Triton Wr 1339

To determine the effect of altered dietary fat intake on the rate of fat absorption in the intact animal, we fed male weanling rats either a high fat-low carbohydrate (HF-LC) (calories: 67% fat, 10% carbohydrate, 20% protein) or low fat-high carbohydrate (LF-HC) (calories: 10% fat, 67% carbohydrate, 20% protein) diet for 8 days. Absorption of [14C]triolein was estimated by determining 1) 14CO2 expiration in breath, 2) intestinal triglyceride output using Triton WR-1339, an inhibitor of lipoprotein lipase, and 3) quantitating the disappearance of labeled triolein from the gastrointestinal tract. Changes in the activity of pancreatic lipase and amylase confirmed the adaptation to altered fat and carbohydrate intake. Animals fed the HF-LC diet exhibited approximately twofold greater triolein disappearance, oxidation, and intestinal triglyceride output compared with animals fed LF-HC. There was also a highly significant linear relationship between 14CO2 excretion and intestinal triglyceride output in both diet groups. These data show that high dietary fat content markedly enhances in vivo fat absorption in the weanling rat.

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