The impact of urban speed reduction programmes on health system cost and utilities

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 262-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Babak Mohit ◽  
Zohn Rosen ◽  
Peter A Muennig
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Severe Injuries ◽  
Speed Reduction ◽  
Traffic Calming ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Probability Of Death ◽  
Minor Injuries ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundVehicle speed changes impact the probability of injuring a pedestrian in ways that differ from the way that it impacts the probability of a collision or of death. Therefore, return on investment in speed reduction programmes has complex and unpredictable manifests. The objective of this study is to analyse the impact of motor vehicle speed reduction on the collision-related morbidity and mortality rates of urban pedestrians.Methods and FindingsWe created a simple way to estimate the public health impacts of traffic speed changes using a Markov model. Our outcome measures include the cost of injury, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) gained and probability of death and injury due to a road traffic collision. Our two-way sensitivity analysis of speed, both before the implementation of a speed reduction programme and after, shows that, due to key differences in the probability of injury compared with the probability of death, speed reduction programmes may decrease the probability of death while leaving the probability of injury unchanged. The net result of this difference may lead to an increase in injury costs due to the implementation of a speed reduction programme. We find that even small investments in speed reductions have the potential to produce gains in QALYs.ConclusionsOur reported costs, effects and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios may assist urban governments and stakeholders to rethink the value of local traffic calming programmes and to implement speed limits that would shift the trade-off to become between minor injuries and no injuries, rather than severe injuries and fatalities.

scholarly journals Analysing the impact of traffic incidents on express road traffic flow using FREEVAL

2018 ◽  
Vol 231 ◽  
pp. 01008
Author(s):  
Eliza Ciszewska-Kulwińska ◽  
Aleksandra Romanowska ◽  
Wojciech Kustra
Keyword(s):  
Travel Time ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Traffic Incidents ◽  
Speed Reduction ◽  
Road Section ◽  
Time Extension ◽  
Location Type ◽  
The Impact

Traffic incidents occurring on motorways or express roads cause disruptions and deteriorate traffic conditions. The impact will differ depending on the type of incident, its duration and space blocked on the roadway and can be measured with e.g. average speed reduction, extension of travel time, time lost or overall costs of traffic disruptions. The aim of the paper is to analyse this impact, based on data from the Tri-City Ring Road (Poland). The analyses were conducted on a macroscopic level, with the use of a simulation software FREEVAL. The analysed road section was divided into homogeneous basic, merge and diverge segments. Particular traffic disturbances were introduced into individual segments, in order to represent a traffic accident or short-term road works leading to a blocked shoulder, closure of 1 lane or 2 lanes for the duration of 15 to 60 minutes. The total of 150 scenarios were analysed. The results of the analyses helped to assess how travel time and vehicle speed change depending on the location, type and duration of the traffic incident. It was found, for example, that in the case of right shoulder blockage, travel time will not change significantly (up to 3%) while the closing of 1 of 2 or 2 of 3 lanes will cause significant travel time extension (by over 500%).

Methods to Reduce Traffic Speed in High-Pedestrian Rural Areas

2003 ◽  
Vol 1828 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Kamyab ◽  
Steve Andrle ◽  
Dennis Kroeger ◽  
David S. Heyer
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Speed Limit ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Speed Reduction ◽  
Traffic Calming ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
The Impact

Many Minnesota counties are faced with the problem of high vehicle speeds through towns or resort areas that have significant pedestrian traffic. The impact of speed reduction strategies in high-pedestrian areas in rural counties of Minnesota was investigated. Speed data were collected at two selected study sites under their existing conditions ("no-treatment" or "before" condition) and after the proposed speed reduction strategies were installed. Second "after" data conditions were collected to study the short-term and long-term impact of the implemented strategies. The traffic-calming techniques employed at the Twin Lakes site consisted of removable pedestrian islands and pedestrian crossing signs. A dynamic variable message sign that sent a single-word message ("Slow") to motorists traveling over the speed limit was installed at the Bemidji site. The research study shows that the traffic-calming strategy deployed in Twin Lakes was effective in significantly reducing the mean speed and improving speed limit compliance in both the short term and long term. Despite proven effectiveness, the deployed speed reduction treatment in Bemidji Lake failed to lower the speed at the study site. The single-word message on the sign and the location of the sign, as well as a lack of initial enforcement, were the primary reasons for such failure.

scholarly journals Improper Driver Action as a Cause of Road Accidents / Niewłaściwe Działania Kierowców Jako Przyczyna Powstawania Zdarzeń Drogowych

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-98
Author(s):  
Łukasz Muślewski
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Road Accident ◽  
Process Safety ◽  
Driving Experience ◽  
The Road ◽  
Human Driver ◽  
Proper Estimation ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Road traffic is inseparably connected with road accident. This is the human-driver whose role in the transportation process safety is of key importance. Driving a motor vehicle requires from the driver not only knowledge but also physical and psychical fitness. They need to have the ability of quick reaction, proper estimation of the road situation and doing maneuvers adequate to it. In this study, an assessment of the impact of improper behaviors of drivers on occurrence of road collisions and accidents, has been analyzed on the basis of literature analysis and the authors’ own research. In effect of the carried out tests there has been made a classification of the road events with a division into: cause, place, date, and time of their occurrence as well as drivers’ age and their driving experience. The whole study has been performed on the basis of a real transportation company, operating on the territory of an urban agglomeration with the population of 500 inhabitants.

scholarly journals Impact of traffic calming on acoustic climate in street surrounding

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 235-252
Author(s):  
Janusz Bohatkiewicz ◽  
Wioleta Czarnecka ◽  
Krzysztof Jamrozik ◽  
Sebastian Biernacki ◽  
Maciej Hałucha
Keyword(s):  
Road Traffic ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Calculation Model ◽  
General Outline ◽  
Speed Reduction ◽  
Traffic Calming ◽  
Traffic Volumes

The paper presents the methods to improve safety and quality of life of people living in the neighborhood of roads and the situation of road users by means of traffic calming. The focus is kept on positive impact of traffic calming measures on acoustic climate in the surrounding of roads. The paper also contains the characteristics of selected impacts of road traffic on the environment together with a general outline of traffic calming as an instrument to mitigate the negative influence. Various possibilities to frame the acoustic climate and reduce transport-related inconvenience by means of different traffic calming methods are present as well. Then a case study (regional road No 824 in Puławy) is used to assess the effectiveness of specific solutions of comprehensive traffic calming with regard to speed reduction and abatement of noise emissions. Analyses are based on measurements’ results (traffic volumes, driving speeds and noise levels) and on acoustic calculations performed by the authors as part of their own study (internal research & development program of EKKOM). On the basis of measurements’ results and calculations the paper also addresses the problem of lack of correction factors related to traffic calming in the calculation model and the one of errors in noise modeling while preparing the case study.

scholarly journals The Impacts of Climate Change on Road Traffic Accidents in Saudi Arabia

Climate ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Mazharul Islam ◽  
Majed Alharthi ◽  
Md. Mahmudul Alam
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Road Traffic Accidents ◽  
Impact Of Climate Change ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Impacts Of Climate Change

The potential costs of road traffic accidents (RTAs) to society are immense. Yet, no study has attempted to examine the impact of climate change on RTAs in Saudi Arabia, though RTA-leading deaths are very high, and the occurrence of climatic events is very frequent. Therefore, this study aims to assess the impact of climate change on RTAs in Saudi Arabia and to recommend some climate change mitigation and adaptation policies to make roads safe for all. This study employed annual data from 13 regions of Saudi Arabia, from 2003 to 2013. The data were analyzed on the basis of panel regression models—fixed effect, random effect, and the pooled ordinary least square. The findings show that temperature, rainfall, sandstorms, and number of vehicles were statistically and significantly responsible for RTAs in Saudi Arabia in the study period. This study also found that RTAs both inside and outside cities significantly caused injuries, but only RTAs inside cities significantly caused death. Furthermore, the death from RTAs injuries was found to be statistically significant only for motor vehicle accidents. The findings will assist policymakers in taking the right courses of action to mitigate the negative impacts of climate change through understanding climate influence on RTAs.

scholarly journals COVID-19, lockdowns and motor vehicle collisions: empirical evidence from Greece

2021 ◽  
pp. injuryprev-2020-044139
Author(s):  
Sotiris Vandoros
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Motor Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Steep Decline ◽  
Level I ◽  
Minor Injuries ◽  
Econometric Approach ◽  
Serious Injuries ◽  
Reduced Mobility ◽  
The Impact

Reduced mobility during COVID-19 lockdowns means not only fewer vehicles at risk of collision, but also an opportunity to speed on empty streets. The objective of this paper is to examine the impact of the first wave of the pandemic and the first lockdown on motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) and associated injuries and deaths in Greece. Using monthly data at the regional unit level, I provide descriptive evidence and subsequently follow a difference-in-differences econometric approach, comparing trends in 2020 with those of the previous 5 years while controlling for unemployment and petrol prices. I found a steep decline in collisions, injuries and deaths compared with what would have been otherwise expected. In March and April 2020, there were about 1226 fewer collisions, 72 fewer deaths, 40 fewer serious injuries and 1426 fewer minor injuries compared with what would have been expected in the absence of the pandemic.

scholarly journals Identification of the Determinants of the Effectiveness of On-Road Chicanes in the Village Transition Zones Subject to a 50 km/h Speed Limit

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 4002
Author(s):  
Alicja Barbara Sołowczuk ◽  
Dominik Kacprzak
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Management ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Speed Reduction ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Transition Zones ◽  
The Road ◽  
Traffic Calming ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Traffic Volumes ◽  
The Village

In recent years, in which a considerable increase in the road traffic volumes has been witnessed, traffic calming has become one the key issues in the area of road engineering. This concerns, in particular, trunk roads passing through small villages with a population of up to 500 and the road section length within the village limits of ca. 1400–1700 m. A successful traffic calming scheme must involve primarily effective reduction in inbound traffic speed. A review of the data from various countries revealed that chicanes installed in the transition zones may have a determining effect on the success of the traffic calming project. The effectiveness of such chicanes depends mainly on the type of chicane, its location on the carriageway, its shape and the size of the lateral deflection imposed by the chicane on the inbound lane. The purpose of this study was to identify the speed reduction determinants in traffic calming schemes in village transition zones, based on a central island horizontally deflecting one lane of a two-lane two-way road with 50 km/h speed restriction. As part of the study, vehicle speeds were measured just before and after the chicanes under analysis. Furthermore, the inbound lane traffic volumes were measured in field and a number of factors were identified, including the applied traffic management scheme, road parameters, view of the road ahead and of the village skyline, isolated buildings, road infrastructure and adjacent roadside developments. The obtained data were analysed with a method employing tautologies of the selected 32 factors affecting the drivers’ perception. A single aggregate parameter was proposed for assessing the coincidence of the influence of selected factors on speed reduction. The analysis of the existing schemes and the results of statistical analyses carried out in this study confirmed the authors’ hypothesis that the combined selected factors produce a desirable effect and that they should be additionally enhanced by the application of solar powered devices.

scholarly journals Methods and simulation to reduce fuel consumption in driving cycles for category N1 motor vehicles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Kolin ◽  
S. E. Silantyev ◽  
Petr Rogov ◽  
M. E. Gnenik
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Commercial Vehicle ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Driving Cycles ◽  
Light Commercial Vehicle ◽  
The Impact

The paper presents the results of using the simulation model estimating the fuel consumption of a light commercial vehicle in road traffic cycles; virtual tests are performed. The impact analysis of the motor vehicle design parameters on fuel consumption in NEDC and WLTC cycles is conducted. Numerical values of average fuel consumption are obtained for variation of the main parameters of the structure in NEDC and WLTC cycles. Energy distribution is shown during the motion of category N1 light commercial vehicle.

scholarly journals The Compatibility of Motor Vehicle Insurance Law between the UK and EU

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Hasan Alissa
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Insurance Law ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Motor Vehicle Insurance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

This thesis examines the EU and UK regulation in respect of motor insurance law, including the Motor Vehicle Insurance Directives (MVID), the Road Traffic Acts 1930 and 1988, the Uninsured Drivers’ Agreements and the Untraced Drivers’ Agreements. It provides a critical assessment of the compatibility of national laws with their EU source/parent laws – in both the substantive elements of the laws and the administrative and procedural rules under which they operate, and, given the significance of the UK’s withdrawal from the EU, the impact of Brexit is considered. The study will ably demonstrate the deficiencies in the UK’s transposition of the law and will argue, given the supporting case law and the underlying rationale for the development of the Directives – the free movement principles of people and goods, that an rationale can be presented that the offending aspects of the national law should be disapplied. It is this aspect of the work which is unique and offers a consistent and certain future for motor vehicle insurance law and the rights of third-party victims in the UK.

scholarly journals Incorporating Driver Relaxation into Factory Adaptive Cruise Control and its Implications on Traffic Operation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Zhou ◽  
Jorge Laval
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Cruise Control ◽  
Smooth Transition ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Cruise Control ◽  
Lane Changing ◽  
Speed Reduction ◽  
Time Headway ◽  
Traffic Operation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Lateral Propagation

Current adaptive cruise control (ACC) systems adopt fixed desired time headway, which leads to an abrupt speed reduction after being cut-in by a lane changer in front or when changing lanes too close to the new leader. In contrast, human drivers behave differently and feature a variable spacing within 20 or 30 seconds right after a cut-in or lane change. Motivated by the smooth transition found in driver relaxation, the paper aims to incorporate relaxation into ACC systems. Based on the open-source ACC platform, Openpilot, Comma.ai, the paper proposes a feasible relaxation model compatible with current factory ACCs, which has also been tested using a market car with stock ACC hardware. The study further investigates the impact of relaxation ACC on traffic operation. Numerical simulation suggests that incorporating relaxation into ACC can help: i) reduce the magnitude of speed perturbations in both cut-in vehicles and followers; ii) stabilize the lane-changing traffic by reducing the speed variance and prevent the lateral propagation of congestion, and iii) increase the average vehicle speed and capacity in merging traffic.

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