Income distribution, public services expenditures, and all cause mortality in US states

Islamic perspective views poverty as a result of several structural reasons, namely environmental damage due to human activity (Surah Ar Rum: 41); ignorance and the miserliness of the wealthy (Surah Al 'Imran: 180); tyranny, exploitation, and oppression of some people over others (Surah At-Tawbah: 34); political, bureaucracy, and economic power concentration in one hand (Surah Al Qasas; 1-88); poverty arising from external factors such as natural disaster or civil wars that drastically changed the rich become poor (Surah Saba ': 14-15). Islam proposes some strategies in order to reduce poverty which covers: 1) Promoting economic growth that benefits to the wider community (pro-poor growth); 2) Encouraging the construction of national budget which protect majority of people (pro-poor budgeting); 3) Assisting infrastructure development that aids many people (pro-poor infrastructure); 4) Establishing proper basic public services in favor of the broader community (pro-poor public services); and 5) Pushing equity and income distribution policies that prioritize the poor (pro-poor income distribution).

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Youth marginalisation will feed Middle East unrest

Emerald Expert Briefings ◽

10.1108/oxan-db217065 ◽

2017 ◽

Keyword(s):

Middle East ◽

Income Distribution ◽

Transition To Adulthood ◽

Public Services ◽

Living Standards ◽

The West ◽

Content Type ◽

Arab Uprisings ◽

Youth Population ◽

Difficult Transition

Subject Youth marginalisation. Significance Six years on from the 2010-11 Arab uprisings, the Arab world’s large youth population (15-29-year-olds) faces an increasingly difficult transition to adulthood, amid widening inequalities, high levels of exclusion and rising conflict, a new UN report concludes. Impacts Conflicts over income distribution, jobs and public services are likely to increase. Pressure to migrate to the Gulf and the West will rise. Regional disparities in living standards will increase, with smaller and more diversified states doing best.

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Investigating Income Inequality Dynamics in the United States

Journal of Income Distribution ◽

10.25071/1874-6322.39685 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 25-53

Author(s):

T M Tonmoy Islam

Keyword(s):

Income Inequality ◽

Income Distribution ◽

Historical Data ◽

Econometric Model ◽

The United States ◽

Positive Influence ◽

Current Level ◽

Us States ◽

Historical Factors

Recently, income inequality has been rising in many parts of the world. This is creating some serious concerns among policymakers, as higher levels of income inequality can lead to various social ills. However, little is known about the role of historical factors in explaining the current level of inequality. I use the model of Durlauf (1996) as reference to create an econometric model to estimate this impact. Using current and historical data of US states, I find that illiteracy rate in 1920 has a strong positive influence on current level of inequality. The simulation results show that eliminating illiteracy in 1920 would have reduced contemporaneous inequality by 1-5 percent. Higher illiteracy indicates a lower level of human capital, and that can affect income distribution. Through the intergenerational transmission of income, this income distribution is exacerbated in the future, leading to higher levels of inequality.

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The Relationship Between Economic Freedom And Income Equality In The United States

International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) ◽

10.19030/iber.v12i5.7822 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 469 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Allen L Webster

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Income Distribution ◽

Economic Freedom ◽

The United States ◽

Us States ◽

Income Equality ◽

The Past ◽

The Us ◽

Fraser Institute ◽

The Relationship

While considerable research in the past has focused on the socioeconomic impact of economic freedom on economic growth among nations, less emphasis has been devoted to the relationship between economic sovereignty and income equality. This is particularly true when the area of focus has been restricted to comparisons among states within the United States. Furthermore, what work has been offered comparing US states has proven to be contradictory. Certain studies reviewed in this paper suggest that higher measures of economic freedom are associated with greater income inequality. On the other hand, evidence exists that less inequality is found in areas with greater economic autonomy. This study uses the Gini Index as measures of income distribution. The Fraser Institute in Vancouver, Canada offers well-respected measures of economic freedom among the US states and the provinces of Canada. These data are used to further examine relationships between state levels of economic freedom and income distribution with the intent to offer some general consensus regarding this all-important association.

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The Impact of Public Services Expenditure on the Spanish Income Distribution

Social Indicators Research ◽

10.1007/s11205-015-0957-y ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 127 (1) ◽

pp. 217-241 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Antonio Jurado ◽

Jesus Perez-Mayo ◽

Francisco Pedraja

Keyword(s):

Income Distribution ◽

Public Services ◽

The Impact

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Short Term Exposure to Air Pollution and Mortality in the US: A Case-Crossover Analysis

10.21203/rs.3.rs-1138337/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Rongqi Liu ◽

Yaguang Wei ◽

Xinye Qiu ◽

Anna Kosheleva ◽

Joel D. Schwartz

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Moving Average ◽

Conditional Logistic Regression ◽

Fine Particulate Matter ◽

Short Term ◽

Us States ◽

Respiratory Mortality ◽

Case Crossover ◽

Short Term Exposure ◽

All Cause Mortality

Abstract Background: Studies examining the association of short-term air pollution exposure and daily deaths have typically been limited to cities and used citywide averages for exposure. This study aims to estimate the associations between short-term exposures to fine particulate matter (PM2.5), ozone (O3), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in multiple US states including rural areas.Methods: We conducted a time-stratified case-crossover study examining the entire population of seven US states from 2000-2015, with over 3 million non-accidental deaths. Daily predictions of PM2.5, O3, and NO2 at 1x1 km grid cells across the contiguous US were linked to mortality based on census track and residential address. For each pollutant, we used conditional logistic regression to quantify the association between exposure and the relative risk of mortality conditioning on meteorological variables and other pollutants. Results: A 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 exposure at the moving average of lag 0-1 day and 10 ppb increase in NO2 exposure at lag 0-3 day were significantly associated with a 0.67% (95%CI: 0.34-1.01%) and 0.20% (95%CI: 0.00-0.39%) increase in the risk of all-cause mortality, respectively. A marginally significant association for mortality was observed with each 10 ppb increase in O3 exposure at lag 0-3 day. The adverse effects of PM2.5 on all-cause mortality persisted when restricting the analysis at lower levels.. PM2.5 was also significantly associated with respiratory mortality and cardiovascular mortality. Conclusions: Short-term exposure to PM2.5 and NO2 is associated with increased risks for all-cause mortality. Our findings delivered evidence that risks of death persisted at levels below currently permissible.

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Distributive Politics and Electoral Incentives: Evidence from Seven US State Legislatures

American Economic Journal Economic Policy ◽

10.1257/pol.4.3.1 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 1-29 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Toke S Aidt ◽

Julia Shvets

Keyword(s):

Public Services ◽

State Legislatures ◽

Distributive Politics ◽

Term Limit ◽

Us States ◽

Common Pool ◽

Electoral Incentives ◽

Unique Data ◽

The Common ◽

Legislative Districts

We study the effect of electoral incentives on the allocation of public services across legislative districts. We develop a model in which elections encourage legislators to cater to parochial interests and thus aggravate the common pool problem. Using unique data from seven US states, we study how the amount of funding that a legislator channels to his district changes when he faces a term limit. We find that legislators bring less pork to their district when they cannot seek re-election. Consistent with the Law of 1/N, this last term reduction in funding is smaller in states with many legislative districts. (JEL D72, H70)

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