scholarly journals O1A.6 The carcinogenicity of pesticides used in new zealand

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. A4.2-A4
Author(s):  
Andrea ‘t Mannetje
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Intervention Strategy ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
International Agency ◽  
Active Ingredients

IntroductionYearly over 3000 tonnes of pesticide active ingredients are applied in New Zealand agriculture. Since the 1980’s, epidemiological studies have reported increased risks of lymphopoietic cancers in agricultural sectors with high pesticide use. Here we aim to estimate the number and total volume of currently used pesticides in New Zealand that are known or suspected human carcinogens, in order to inform interventions.MethodsFor each of the pesticide active ingredients most commonly used in New Zealand, the carcinogenicity classification of three regulatory agencies (The New Zealand Environmental Protection Authority [NZ-EPA], the US Environmental Protection Agency [US-EPA], and the European Chemicals Agency [EU]) were extracted, as well as the classification of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Monograph Programme. Total tonnes of active ingredients that are known or suspected human carcinogens was calculated for each classification.ResultsNone of the pesticides used in New Zealand are classified as known human carcinogens by any of the three regulatory agencies or IARC. Annually New Zealand uses 148–756 tonnes of active pesticide ingredients that are classified as suspected human carcinogens by the three regulatory agencies. If also including the pesticides classified by IARC as possible or probable human carcinogens, the upper estimate doubles to 1475 tonnes, representing half of the total volume of pesticide active ingredients used in New Zealand agriculture. The percentage and volume of active ingredients classified as suspected carcinogens by the three regulatory agencies was highest for the fungicides (8%–60%; 72–540 tonnes), followed by herbicides (3%–10%; 60–200 tonnes), and insecticides (8%, 16 tonnes).ConclusionsAlthough no known human carcinogens are used as pesticides, New Zealand’s high use of pesticides that are suspected carcinogens requires a greater awareness of the presence of potential carcinogens in the agricultural sector and the development of an intervention strategy to reduce cancer risk.

scholarly journals Agrotóxicos comercializados no Brasil com potencial carcinogênico para humanos

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Bernardo De Barros ◽  
Cícero Dos Santos Leandro ◽  
João Roberto Pereira Dos Santos ◽  
Francisco Roberto de Azevedo ◽  
Estelita Lima Cândido
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
International Agency ◽  
Protection Agency

Objetivo: Apontar os agrotóxicos ou ingredientes ativos com potencial carcinogênico, legalmente comercializados no Brasil. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo documental produzido com base na análise do relatório anual de câncer de 2019, emitido pela Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) e nas 128 monografias disponibilizadas pela International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) até o final de 2020, bem como na consulta da lista de monografias autorizadas pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA). Resultados: Foram identificados 69 ingredientes ativos de agrotóxicos que são comercializados no Brasil. Nenhum deles é classificado como carcinógeno. Entretanto, 42 foram considerados provavelmente cancerígenos, sendo 38 deles segundo a classificação da EPA e quatro de acordo com a IARC. Os outros 27 são classificados como possíveis cancerígenos, sendo 25 classificados pela EPA e dois de acordo com a IARC. Considerações finais: É necessária uma revisão no registro dessas substâncias no Brasil, visando evitar imensuráveis danos à saúde humana.

Agent Orange in War Medicine: An Aftermath Myth

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 715-724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lennart Hardell ◽  
Mikael Eriksson ◽  
Olav Axelson
Keyword(s):  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Agent Orange ◽  
Royal Commission ◽  
International Agency ◽  
Cancer Risks ◽  
Phenoxy Herbicides ◽  
Recent Classification ◽  
War Medicine

Since the late 1970s several epidemiological studies have appeared linking exposure to phenoxy herbicides or chlorophenols to some malignant tumors. Most of these compounds are contaminated with dioxins and dibenzofurans; for example, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin (TCDD) is a contaminant of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), a component of Agent Orange which was sprayed in Vietnam during the war. The results of some of the epidemiological studies on cancer risks associated with exposure to these compounds have been manipulated and misinterpreted, particularly by the Australian Royal Commission on the Use and Effects of Chemical Agents on Australian Personnel in Vietnam. Furthermore, a book on Australian war history entitled Medicine at War, commissioned by the Federal Government, reiterates several of these misinterpretations, despite available contrary evaluations from Australian and U.S. authorities. These remarkable and confusing circumstances in the scientific process are considered also in the light of the recent classification of TCDD as carcinogenic to humans, Group 1, by a Working Group at the International Agency for Research on Cancer in Lyon, France.

scholarly journals carcinogenic evaluation of the herbicide glyphosate

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
YOUNES AL JIHAD ◽  
Abdellah HOUARI
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
International Agency ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Carcinogenic Potential ◽  
The Us ◽  
Epidemiology Studies ◽  
Herbicide Glyphosate

Glyphosate, an herbicidal derivative of the amino acid glycine, was introduced to agriculture in the 1970s. Glyphosate is widely considered by regulatory authorities and scientific bodies to have no carcinogenic potential. These have been also reviewed by numerous regulatory agencies including the US Environmental Protection Agency, the European Commission, and the Canadian Pest Management Regulatory Agency; however, The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) published a monograph in 2015 concluding that glyphosate is “probably carcinogenic to humans”. In this review, we evaluated the carcinogenicity of the herbicide glyphosate, based on analyses of case control or cohort epidemiology studies that determinate the association between glyphosate and cancer. There are fourteen case-control studies; the assessment found that the data do not support a causal relationship between glyphosate exposure and cancer. As a result, the Panels concluded that glyphosate is unlikely to pose a carcinogenic risk to humans. Despite this results, future studies could be improved by more careful attention to validating exposure to glyphosate, thus we need for research on the health effects of glyphosate-based herbicides.

scholarly journals Florida's Pesticidal Substances Exempt from the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA-Section 25(b))

EDIS ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2005 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick M. Fishel
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Cooperative Extension Service ◽  
Extension Service ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Original Publication ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
University Of Florida

Effective in 1996, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) exempted products containing 31 pesticidal active ingredients and 160 inert ingredients from FIFRA regulation. The EPA concluded that the exemption of these products would not pose unreasonable risks to public health or the environment. This document is PI-55, one of a series of the Agronomy Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Original publication date August 2005. PI-55/PI092: Florida's Pesticidal Substances Exempt from the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA-Section 25(b)) (ufl.edu)

scholarly journals Minimizing Adverse Environmental Impact: How Murky the Waters

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 219-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reed W. Super ◽  
David K. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
English Language ◽  
Larval Fish ◽  
Cooling Water ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Industrial Facilities

The withdrawal of water from the nation’s waterways to cool industrial facilities kills billions of adult, juvenile, and larval fish each year. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) promulgation of categorical rules defining the best technology available to minimize adverse environmental impact (AEI) could standardize and improve the control of such mortality. However, in an attempt to avoid compliance costs, industry has seized on the statutory phrase “adverse environmental impact” to propose significant procedural and substantive hurdles and layers of uncertainty in the permitting of cooling-water intakes under the Clean Water Act. These include, among other things, a requirement to prove that a particular facility threatens the sustainability of an aquatic population as a prerequisite to regulation. Such claims have no foundation in science, law, or the English language. Any nontrivial aquatic mortality constitutes AEI, as the EPA and several state and federal regulatory agencies have properly acknowledged. The focus of scientists, lawyers, regulators, permit applicants, and other interested parties should not be on defining AEI, but rather on minimizing AEI, which requires minimization of impingement and entrainment.

Análisis de la sensibilidad diferencial de células de mamíferos a clastógenos químicos

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Sonia María Elsa Soloneski
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
International Agency ◽  
Protection Agency

El presente trabajo de Tesis Doctoral tuvo por objetivo analizar el efecto deletéreo ejercido por el fungicida ditiocarbámico zineb así como una de sus formulaciones comerciales más utilizadas en nuestro país, el azzurro (70% zineb, Chemiplant, Argentina). Dicho efecto se evaluó en cultivos in vitro de diferentes células de mamíferos, incluyendo células humanas. Ambos compuestos causaron un incremento significativo en la frecuencia de intercambios de cromátidas hermanas, alteraciones en la cinética de proliferación celular y en el índice mitótico, tanto en células CHO como en linfocitos humanos cultivados in vitro; así como la inducción de aberraciones cromosómicas en éstos últimos. Tanto zineb como azzurro originaron rupturas de simple cadena en el ADN de células CHO. Por otra parte, dichas células fueron eficientes en la reparación total del daño previamente inducido por éstos compuestos. Otra característica fue la inducción de mitosis anormales, evidenciando que el efecto deletéreo ejercido por zineb podría estimular procesos aneugénicos. Asimismo, luego del tratamiento con ambos compuestos se observaron variaciones en las proporciones de células muertas que dependieron tanto del tipo celular estudiado como de los sistemas de cultivo empleados. En presencia de un sistema antioxidante (vitamina E) incorporado a los cultivos de células CHO juntamente con los pesticidas, se observó una disminución significativa de la frecuencia de intercambios de cromátidas hermanas. Contrariamente, la incorporación de vitamina E no modificó el daño inducido en la cinética de proliferación celular ni la actividad mitótica provocada por ambos compuestos. Estos hallazgos indicarían que el efecto deletéreo podría, en parte, estar mediado por la liberación/producción de especies reactivas del oxígeno. Finalmente, tanto zineb como azzurro, promovieron la inducción de micronúcleos en linfocitos humanos cultivados in vitro, demostrándose mediante el empleo de la metodología MAC que las subpoblaciones linfocitarias B CD20+ y T supresoras citotóxicas CD8+ serían las más sensibles a la inducción de aberraciones que el resto de las subpoblaciones linfocitarias humanas estudiadas. Asimismo, se observó mediante la metodología MAC que, tanto las células en interfase como en división de ambas subpoblaciones linfocitarias humanas B y T fueron alteradas. Zineb y azzurro manifestaron, en líneas generales, el mismo patrón de daño inducido evaluado en los diferentes ensayos. De este modo, se podría sugerir que el efecto deletéreo producido por azzurro estaría causado por el principio activo presente en la formulación comercial, descartando la posibilidad de la presencia de algún otro agente/s inductor de daño constituyente de la composición comercial. Estos resultados demuestran que, contrariamente a lo observado previamente por otros autores, el zineb presenta la capacidad de producir daño no sólo al ADN de los diferentes tipos celulares estudiados, sino que, además, produce diversos efectos deletéreos en otros blancos celulares diferentes del ADN. De este modo, su uso masivo podría estar comprometiendo la salud de los organismos expuestos a éstos pesticidas ditiocarbámicos, entre los cuales se encuentran sin lugar a dudas, los seres humanos. Es por eso que la clasificación propuesta por las organizaciones internacionales tales como la Agencia Internacional para la Investigación del Cáncer (International Agency for Research on Cancer) en Francia o la Agencia para la Protección Ambiental (Environmental Protection Agency) de los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica minimizando el riesgo carcinogénico del zineb para los humanos, debería ser reevaluada en un futuro próximo y en consecuencia, regular el uso de este pesticida ditiocarbamato.

The Limits of the Offshore Oil Exploration Ban and Agricultural Sector Deal to Reduce Emissions in New Zealand

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-117
Author(s):  
M.C. Abraham-Dukuma ◽  
F.N. Okpaleke ◽  
Q.M. Hasan ◽  
M. O. Dioha
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Oil Exploration ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
Offshore Oil

Municipal Wastewater Treatment Technology Transfer Activities of the United States Environmental Protection Agency

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 685-698
Author(s):  
J. J. Convery ◽  
J. F. Kreissl ◽  
A. D. Venosa ◽  
J. H. Bender ◽  
D. J. Lussier
Keyword(s):  
Technology Transfer ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
The United States ◽  
Environmental Research ◽  
Outreach Program ◽  
Small Community ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Transfer Programs

Technology transfer is an important activity within the ll.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Specific technology transfer programs such as the activities of the Center for Environmental Research Information, the Innovative and Alternative Technology Program, as well as the Small Community Outreach Program are used to encourage the utilization of cost-effective municipal pollution control technology. Case studies of three technologies including a plant operations diagnostic/remediation methodology, alternative sewer technologies and ultraviolet disinfection are presented. These case studies are presented retrospectively in the context of a generalized concept of how technology flows from science to utilization which was developed in a study by Allen (1977). Additional insights from this study are presented on the information gathering characteristics of engineers and scientists which may be useful in designing technology transfer programs. The recognition of the need for a technology or a deficiency in current practice are important stimuli other than technology transfer for accelerating the utilization of new technology.

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