scholarly journals carcinogenic evaluation of the herbicide glyphosate

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
YOUNES AL JIHAD ◽  
Abdellah HOUARI
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
International Agency ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Carcinogenic Potential ◽  
The Us ◽  
Epidemiology Studies ◽  
Herbicide Glyphosate

Glyphosate, an herbicidal derivative of the amino acid glycine, was introduced to agriculture in the 1970s. Glyphosate is widely considered by regulatory authorities and scientific bodies to have no carcinogenic potential. These have been also reviewed by numerous regulatory agencies including the US Environmental Protection Agency, the European Commission, and the Canadian Pest Management Regulatory Agency; however, The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) published a monograph in 2015 concluding that glyphosate is “probably carcinogenic to humans”. In this review, we evaluated the carcinogenicity of the herbicide glyphosate, based on analyses of case control or cohort epidemiology studies that determinate the association between glyphosate and cancer. There are fourteen case-control studies; the assessment found that the data do not support a causal relationship between glyphosate exposure and cancer. As a result, the Panels concluded that glyphosate is unlikely to pose a carcinogenic risk to humans. Despite this results, future studies could be improved by more careful attention to validating exposure to glyphosate, thus we need for research on the health effects of glyphosate-based herbicides.

Glyphosate Toxicology

2019 ◽  
pp. 343-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheldon Krimsky
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Health Assessment ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
International Agency ◽  
The Political ◽  
Chemical Risk Assessment ◽  
Human Carcinogen ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk Assessment ◽  
The U.S

This chapter explores the glaring scientific differences in the human health assessment of the popular herbicide glyphosate between European and American institutions. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified glyphosate as a probable human carcinogen, while the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) concluded that glyphosate is not likely to be carcinogenic to humans. Both IARC's and the EPA's carcinogenic risk assessment processes are discussed. This work reveals uncertainties in the sciences of toxicology and epidemiology, as well as assumptions made in their applications for evaluating glyphosate. These uncertainties, along with the political context of chemical risk assessment, are at the root of the divergent findings on the carcinogenic risks of glyphosate.

scholarly journals O1A.6 The carcinogenicity of pesticides used in new zealand

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. A4.2-A4
Author(s):  
Andrea ‘t Mannetje
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Intervention Strategy ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
International Agency ◽  
Active Ingredients

IntroductionYearly over 3000 tonnes of pesticide active ingredients are applied in New Zealand agriculture. Since the 1980’s, epidemiological studies have reported increased risks of lymphopoietic cancers in agricultural sectors with high pesticide use. Here we aim to estimate the number and total volume of currently used pesticides in New Zealand that are known or suspected human carcinogens, in order to inform interventions.MethodsFor each of the pesticide active ingredients most commonly used in New Zealand, the carcinogenicity classification of three regulatory agencies (The New Zealand Environmental Protection Authority [NZ-EPA], the US Environmental Protection Agency [US-EPA], and the European Chemicals Agency [EU]) were extracted, as well as the classification of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Monograph Programme. Total tonnes of active ingredients that are known or suspected human carcinogens was calculated for each classification.ResultsNone of the pesticides used in New Zealand are classified as known human carcinogens by any of the three regulatory agencies or IARC. Annually New Zealand uses 148–756 tonnes of active pesticide ingredients that are classified as suspected human carcinogens by the three regulatory agencies. If also including the pesticides classified by IARC as possible or probable human carcinogens, the upper estimate doubles to 1475 tonnes, representing half of the total volume of pesticide active ingredients used in New Zealand agriculture. The percentage and volume of active ingredients classified as suspected carcinogens by the three regulatory agencies was highest for the fungicides (8%–60%; 72–540 tonnes), followed by herbicides (3%–10%; 60–200 tonnes), and insecticides (8%, 16 tonnes).ConclusionsAlthough no known human carcinogens are used as pesticides, New Zealand’s high use of pesticides that are suspected carcinogens requires a greater awareness of the presence of potential carcinogens in the agricultural sector and the development of an intervention strategy to reduce cancer risk.

scholarly journals Regulation of Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) and Perfluorooctane Sulfonic Acid (PFOS) in Drinking Water: A Comprehensive Review

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pontius
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Perfluorooctanoic Acid ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Water Regulation ◽  
Biological Degradation ◽  
The Us ◽  
Legal Constraints

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) are receiving global attention due to their persistence in the environment through wastewater effluent discharges and past improper industrial waste disposal. They are resistant to biological degradation and if present in wastewater are discharged into the environment. The US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) issued drinking water Health Advisories for PFOA and PFOS at 70 ng/L each and for the sum of the two. The need for an enforceable primary drinking water regulation under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) is currently being assessed. The USEPA faces stringent legal constraints and technical barriers to develop a primary drinking water regulation for PFOA and PFOS. This review synthesizes current knowledge providing a publicly available, comprehensive point of reference for researchers, water utilities, industry, and regulatory agencies to better understand and address cross-cutting issues associated with regulation of PFOA and PFOS contamination of drinking water.

scholarly journals Structural characterization of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon degrading enzymes

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (a1) ◽  
pp. C472-C472
Author(s):  
Juliana Coitinho ◽  
Debora Costa ◽  
Samuel Guimaraes ◽  
Cintia Neves ◽  
Simara Araujo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Metabolic Activation ◽  
Degradation Pathway ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
International Agency ◽  
Naphthalene Degradation ◽  
The Us ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of aromatic hydrocarbons composed of two or more fused rings and include naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene amongst others. Exposure to naphthalene has been associated with several toxic manifestations in humans and laboratory animals, with the lens of the eye and the lungs being most sensitive [1]. Additionally, this compound has been reclassified as a possible human carcinogen by the US Environmental Protection Agency and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. It has recently been suggested that naphthalene undergoes metabolic activation to 1,2-naphthoquinone, which reacts with DNA, leading to the formation of apurinic sites on DNA and depurinating DNA adducts [2]. Moreover, a number of studies have attested to the carcinogenic and mutagenic properties of more complex PAHs, suggesting the need for further work on the elimination of these compounds from the environment. The Gram-negative bacterium P. putida G7 is among the best studied naphthalene-degrading species. The genes associated with naphthalene metabolism are localized on NAH7, an 83 kilobase plasmid. In P. putida G7 the naphthalene-oxidation genes are organized into two operons under salicylate control. The first operon (upper naphthalene-degradation pathway) includes the genes nahAaAbAcAdBCDEF, which code for the conversion of naphthalene to salicylate, while the second operon (lower pathway) includes the genes nahGTHINLOMKJ responsible for the oxidation of salicylate via the catechol meta-cleavage pathway [3]. In the last years, our group focused on the structure elucidation and the kinetic characterization of the P. putida G7 enzymes involved in the naphthalene degradation pathway. We intend to present these results which basically describe the 3D structures of NahB, NahF, NahG, NahI, NahK and NahK/NahL complex and some kinetic data of these enzymes and their mutants. This work was supported by FAPEMIG, CNPq and VALE S.A.

scholarly journals Cellular Phone Use and Risk of Tumors: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (21) ◽  
pp. 8079
Author(s):  
Yoon-Jung Choi ◽  
Joel M. Moskowitz ◽  
Seung-Kwon Myung ◽  
Yi-Ryoung Lee ◽  
Yun-Chul Hong
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Cellular Phone ◽  
Case Control ◽  
International Agency ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Significant Positive Association ◽  
Tumor Risk ◽  
Increased Risk

We investigated whether cellular phone use was associated with increased risk of tumors using a meta-analysis of case-control studies. PubMed and EMBASE were searched from inception to July 2018. The primary outcome was the risk of tumors by cellular phone use, which was measured by pooling each odds ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI). In a meta-analysis of 46 case-control studies, compared with never or rarely having used a cellular phone, regular use was not associated with tumor risk in the random-effects meta-analysis. However, in the subgroup meta-analysis by research group, there was a statistically significant positive association (harmful effect) in the Hardell et al. studies (OR, 1.15—95% CI, 1.00 to 1.33— n = 10), a statistically significant negative association (beneficial effect) in the INTERPHONE-related studies (case-control studies from 13 countries coordinated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC); (OR, 0.81—95% CI, 0.75 to 0.89—n = 9), and no statistically significant association in other research groups’ studies. Further, cellular phone use with cumulative call time more than 1000 h statistically significantly increased the risk of tumors. This comprehensive meta-analysis of case-control studies found evidence that linked cellular phone use to increased tumor risk.

scholarly journals Use of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare Data to Conduct Case-Control Studies of Cancer Among the US Elderly

2011 ◽  
Vol 174 (7) ◽  
pp. 860-870 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Engels ◽  
R. M. Pfeiffer ◽  
W. Ricker ◽  
W. Wheeler ◽  
R. Parsons ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Control ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Medicare Data ◽  
The Us ◽  
End Results

scholarly journals ‘Keeping Them Down’

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayra G. Sánchez Barba
Keyword(s):  
Queer Theory ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Science And Technology Studies ◽  
Chemical Substance ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Feminist Science ◽  
Agricultural Pesticides ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
Small Chemical

Chlorpyrifos, the most widely used insecticide in the US, has gained great notoriety as a contested chemical substance after the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency refused to ban it in 2017. Arguing that scientific studies support their observations and suspicions that agricultural pesticides subtly produce neurological and cognitive harm, concerned groups continue to demand US regulatory agencies to ban this chemical. Their narratives demonstrate how the maintenance of unequal racial and capitalist orders across generational time is tied to small chemical exposures permitted by state regulatory agencies during critical temporalities in the life course. This essay shows the importance of including local perspectives in research that seeks to understand how concerns for the mass neurological and cognitive disabling emerge from lived experiences entangled in histories of racism, exploitation, and neglect. Interweaving feminist science and technology studies, queer theory, and critical disability studies, this analysis contributes to the limited scholarship on cognitive disabling in contexts of environmental injustice through exposure to industrially produced chemicals.

scholarly journals Development of an African Esophageal Cancer Consortium

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 31s-31s
Author(s):  
Gwen Murphy ◽  
Valerie McCormack ◽  
Diana Menya ◽  
Blandina Mmbaga ◽  
Katherine Van Loon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Esophageal Cancer ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Real Time ◽  
National Cancer Institute ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Dar Es Salaam ◽  
Eastern Africa ◽  
International Agency ◽  
Case Control Studies

Abstract 44 Background: Esophageal cancer is the sixth leading cause of cancer death worldwide. It kills 400,000 people every year, most of whom live in two distinct geographic bands across central Asia and along the eastern Africa corridor that extends from Ethiopia to South Africa. In these high-risk areas, nearly all cases are esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Our group and others have performed many etiologic, genetic, and early detection and treatment studies of ESCC in central Asia, but this disease remains essentially unstudied in eastern Africa. Over the past few years, several groups have begun quality studies of ESCC in Africa, including case-control studies in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (University of California, San Francisco, and Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences); Eldoret, Kenya (International Agency for Research on Cancer and Moi University); Moshi, Tanzania (International Agency for Research on Cancer and Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute); Bomet, Kenya (National Cancer Institute and Tenwek Hospital); and Lilongwe, Malawi (National Cancer Institute and the UNC-Malawi Project). In November 2015, these groups met and decided to create the African Esophageal Cancer Consortium. The goals of the consortium are to raise awareness of the importance of ESCC in Africa, to coordinate etiologic and molecular studies of ESCC in high-risk populations, and to facilitate provision of therapeutic training and equipment aimed to improve survival and quality of life. Methods: The first coordinated activity was to standardize questionnaires so that data can later be compared and combined. The consortium has embraced mobile health technologies through development of an mHealth app for real-time data capture on a phone or tablet and to collect harmonized data from the outset, increase efficiency, eliminate transcription mistakes, and allow real-time quality control and supervision of field activities from any location. Results: The consortium held its second annual meeting in September 2016. At this meeting, the five member sites affirmed their commitment to the consortium and the first study coordinator was named. Conclusion: Case-control studies in Moshi, Bomet, and Lilongwe are using the mobile app. A case-control study in Dar es Salaam is complete, with results pending. Coordinated genome-wide association and genomic studies are planned, with collection of biospecimens from multiple sites. The consortium is actively working with partners in China to provide affordable stents in Africa for palliative ESCC treatment as well as to secure training to safely and effectively place stents. Annual meetings will continue to follow-up on progress and develop new initiatives. AUTHORS' DISCLOSURES OF POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST No COIs from the authors.

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