The burden and determinants of reproductive tract infections in India: a population based study of women in Goa, India

This study examines the prevalence of self-reported reproductive tract infections (RTIs) and treatment seeking among married, recently pregnant women in Uttar Pradesh state, India. Associations between RTI symptom reporting and background characteristics are examined in a population-based sample of 18,506 married women with a pregnancy in the 3 years prior to a 1995 statewide survey. Logistic regression analyses are used to assess the effects of sociodemographic covariates on the probability of reporting an RTI symptom. Nearly one out of four women reports experiencing at least one RTI symptom, with the most common symptoms being abnormal vaginal discharge and pain during urination. Reporting of RTI symptoms significantly increases if the woman’s last pregnancy did not end in a live birth or if she has low economic status. Symptom reports also increase with age and decrease with parity. Only one-third of women reporting an RTI symptom sought treatment. The results indicate that survey interviews can be a cost-effective option for measuring the magnitude of RTI symptoms experienced and identifying sociodemographic influences. The findings suggest the need for improved RTI screening procedures and treatment at health facilities in this populous state of northern India.

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Laboratory methods for the diagnosis of reproductive tract infections and selected conditions in population-based studies

Investigating Reproductive Tract Infections and other Gynaecological Disorders ◽

10.1017/cbo9780511545627.011 ◽

2009 ◽

pp. 261-282

Keyword(s):

Reproductive Tract ◽

Population Based ◽

Reproductive Tract Infections ◽

Laboratory Methods ◽

Tract Infections

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Syndromic approach for diagnosis of reproductive tract infections among women attending gynaecology OPD in a teaching hospital

MedPulse International Journal of Gynecology ◽

10.26611/10121139 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 122-125

Author(s):

Surabhi Saharan ◽

◽

Jaya Choudhary ◽

Aakarsh Sinha ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Teaching Hospital ◽

Reproductive Tract ◽

Reproductive Tract Infections ◽

Syndromic Approach ◽

Tract Infections

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Reproductive Tract Infections in Dairy Cows: Can Probiotics Curb Down the Incidence Rate?

Dairy ◽

10.3390/dairy2010004 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 40-64

Author(s):

Eduardo Barahona Rosales ◽

Burim N. Ametaj

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Reproductive Tract ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Systemic Circulation ◽

Contributing Factors ◽

Reproductive Tract Infections ◽

Uterine Health ◽

Lower Fertility ◽

Tract Infections ◽

Uterine Diseases

Postpartum uterine diseases are common in dairy cows and are a great concern for the dairy industry as they are associated with various consequences, including lower fertility, lower milk yield, and an overall negative impact on the host health. An infected uterus is a source of bacterial compounds and cytokines that spill into the systemic circulation, spreading inflammation to other organs. In this review article, we discuss a short overview of the anatomy of the reproductive tract of dairy cows and several infectious diseases of the uterus including metritis, endometritis, and pyometra. Additionally, we discuss the microbiome of the reproductive tract in health and during uterine diseases. As well, diagnostic criteria for metritis and endometritis and contributing factors for increased susceptibility to metritis infection are important topics of this review. To better understand how the uterus and reproductive tract respond to bacterial pathogens, a section of this review is dedicated to immunity of the reproductive tract. Both the innate and adaptive immunity systems are also discussed. We conclude the review with a factual discussion about the current treatments of uterine diseases and the new developments in the area of application of probiotics for uterine health. Mechanisms of actions of probiotics are discussed in detail and also some applications to prevent uterine infections in dairy cows are discussed.

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Identifying Risk Factors for Lower Reproductive Tract Infections among Women Using Reusable Absorbents in Odisha, India

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18094778 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (9) ◽

pp. 4778

Author(s):

Padmalaya Das ◽

Danielle Lisnek ◽

Krushna Chandra Sahoo ◽

Shalini Sinha ◽

JyotiRanjan Mohanty ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Reproductive Tract ◽

Laboratory Diagnosis ◽

Poverty Line ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Reproductive Tract Infections ◽

Menstrual Hygiene ◽

Socio Demographic Factors ◽

Tract Infections ◽

Study Laboratory

A large proportion of women in Odisha, India, use reusable absorbents to manage their menstruation. Yet, the risk factors for lower reproductive tract infections (RTIs) related to menstrual hygiene management (MHM) have not been studied among reusable absorbent users. Women of reproductive age attending one of two hospitals from two different cities in Odisha during two separate study intervals were recruited for the study. Laboratory diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis (BV) and vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) were conducted. A questionnaire was used to collect information on MHM practices, water, sanitation, and socio-demographic factors. Among the 509 women who used reusable absorbents, 71.7% were diagnosed with at least one infection. After adjusting for confounders, women with BV were more likely to identify as being a housewife (aOR: 1.8 (1.1–2.9)). Frequent absorbent changing was protective against BV (aOR: 0.5 (0.3–0.8)), whereas frequent body washing increased the odds of BV (aOR: 1.5 (1.0–2.2)). Women with VVC were more likely to be older (aOR: 1.6 (1.0–2.5)), live below the poverty line (aOR: 1.5 (1.1–2.2)), have a non-private household latrine (aOR: 2.2 (1.3–4.0)), dry their absorbents inside the house (aOR: 3.7 (2.5–4.5)), and store absorbents in the latrine area (aOR: 2.0 (1.3–2.9)). Washing absorbents outside the house was protective against VVC (aOR: 0.7 (0.4–1.0)). This study highlights the importance of improving MHM practices among reusable absorbent users to prevent lower RTIs among women reusing menstrual materials in Odisha.

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