scholarly journals Adolescents’ perceptions of tobacco accessibility and smoking norms and attitudes in response to the tobacco point-of-sale display ban in Scotland: results from the DISPLAY Study

2019 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2018-054702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirte AG Kuipers ◽  
Catherine Best ◽  
Michael Wilson ◽  
Dorothy Currie ◽  
Gozde Ozakinci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Positive Attitude ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Point Of Sale ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Perceived Access ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Generalised Estimating Equations ◽  
Smoking Attitudes ◽  
Over Time

BackgroundScotland implemented a ban on open display of tobacco products in supermarkets in April 2013, and small shops in April 2015. This study aimed to quantify changes in perceived tobacco accessibility, smoking norms and smoking attitudes among adolescents in Scotland, following the implementation of partial and comprehensive point-of-sale (POS) tobacco display bans.MethodsFrom the Determining the Impact of Smoking Point of Sale Legislation Among Youth (DISPLAY) Study’s 2013–2017 annual surveys we retrieved data comprising 6202 observations on 4836 12–17-year-old adolescents from four schools. Applying generalised estimating equations, associations between time (postban: 2016–2017 vs preban:2013) and three outcomes were estimated. Outcomes were perceived commercial access to tobacco, perceived positive smoking norm (friends think it’s OK to smoke) and positive smoking attitude (you think it’s OK to smoke). Analyses were adjusted for sociodemographics, smoking status, family smoking, friend smoking and e-cigarette use.ResultsCrude trends showed an increase over time in perceived accessibility, norms and attitudes. However, after adjustment for confounders, mainly e-cigarette use, we found significant declines in perceived access (OR = 0.72, 95% CI 0.57 to 0.90) and in positive smoking attitude (OR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.49 to 0.91), but no change in perceived positive smoking norm (OR = 1.00, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.29). Current/past occasional or regular e-cigarette use was associated with higher odds of perceived access (OR = 3.12, 95% CI 2.32 to 4.21), positive norm (OR = 2.94, 95% CI 2.16 to 4.02) and positive attitude (OR = 3.38, 95% CI 2.35 to 4.87).ConclusionOnly when taking into account that the use of e-cigarettes increased in 2013–2017 did we find that the POS tobacco display ban in supermarkets and small shops in Scotland was followed by reductions in adolescents’ perceived accessibility of tobacco and positive attitudes towards smoking.

EmPHasis-10 as a Measure of Health-Related Quality of Life in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: data from PHAR

2020 ◽  
pp. 2000414
Author(s):  
Marissa Borgese ◽  
David Badesch ◽  
Todd Bull ◽  
Murali Chakinala ◽  
Teresa DeMarco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
Patient Characteristics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Clinical Patient ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

IntroductionWhile the performance of the emPHasis-10 (e10) score has been evaluated against limited patient characteristics within the United Kingdom, there is an unmet need for exploring the performance of the e10 score among PAH patients in the United States.MethodsUsing the Pulmonary Hypertension Association Registry, we evaluated relationships between the e10 score and demographic, functional, hemodynamics, and additional clinical characteristics at baseline and over time. Furthermore, we derived a minimally important difference (MID) estimate for the e10 score.ResultsWe analysed data from 565 PAH (75% female) adults 55.6±16.0 years of age. At baseline, the e10 score had notable correlation with factors expected to impact quality of life in the general population, including age, education level, income, smoking status, and body mass index. Clinically important parameters including six-minute walk distance and B-type natriuretic peptide/N-terminal-pro BNP were also significantly associated with e10 score at baseline and over time. We generated a MID estimate for the e10 score of −6.0 points (range −5.0 to −7.6 points).ConclusionsThe e10 score was associated with demographic and clinical patient characteristics suggesting that HRQoL in PAH is influenced by both social factors and indicators of disease severity. Future studies are needed to demonstrate the impact of the e10 score on clinical decision-making and its potential utility for assessing clinically important interventions.

Patterns of E-Cigarette Use Among Youth and Young Adults: Review of the Impact of E-Cigarettes on Cigarette Smoking

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 1320-1330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison Glasser ◽  
Haneen Abudayyeh ◽  
Jennifer Cantrell ◽  
Raymond Niaura
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Product Use ◽  
Youth And Young Adults ◽  
The Impact

Abstract There is concern that e-cigarette use among youth and young adults (YAs) may lead to future cigarette or other combustible tobacco product use. A synthesis of the literature on this topic is needed because existing longitudinal studies are limited in number and not consistent in their conclusions. We conducted a search in PubMed through December 31, 2017 for peer-reviewed studies related to e-cigarette patterns of use. Of 588 relevant studies, 26 had a youth or YA sample, were longitudinal in design, and assessed e-cigarette use at baseline and cigarette smoking at follow-up. Most studies followed a sample over time and compared cigarette smoking at follow-up between baseline e-cigarette users and nonusers. Other studies examined the difference at follow-up in cigarette smoking status among smokers according to e-cigarette use at baseline. Results suggest that, among never smokers, e-cigarette use is associated with the future (6 months to 2.5 years) cigarette trial; however, firm conclusions cannot be drawn because of limitations including small sample size, measurement of experimental use (ie, ever use, past 30-day use) rather than established use, and inadequate controls for potentially confounding variables. Conclusions also cannot be drawn from studies examining the impact of e-cigarette use among smokers due to the limited number of studies and additional limitations. A comprehensive understanding of this literature is needed to inform policy makers and consumers for evidence-based decision-making and to guide future research on e-cigarette use among youth and young adults. Implications The present article provides a review of the impact of e-cigarette use on subsequent cigarette smoking among youth and YAs. Studies presented here suggest that e-cigarette use among nonsmokers is associated with subsequent cigarette smoking, but study designs are subject to numerous limitations. Future research should focus on addressing the characteristics that put youth and YAs at the risk of using either product and how appeal and accessibility of these products are related to product use in order to inform future policy-making.

scholarly journals The impact of the point-of-sale tobacco display ban on young people in Scotland: before-and-after study

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally Haw ◽  
Dorothy Currie ◽  
Douglas Eadie ◽  
Jamie Pearce ◽  
Andy MacGregor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Health Research ◽  
Smoking Initiation ◽  
Public Health Research ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Point Of Sale ◽  
Retail Outlets ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Smoking Susceptibility ◽  
Smoking Attitudes

Background Tobacco displays at point of sale have been shown to increase young people’s pro-smoking attitudes, susceptibility to smoking and smoking initiation. In Scotland, legislation that prohibited tobacco point-of-sale displays was implemented in large stores (i.e. those > 280 m2) in April 2013 and in small retailers in April 2015. Objective To assess the impact of the point-of-sale tobacco display ban on young people’s exposure to tobacco advertising, their attitudes to smoking and smoking susceptibility, and their risk of smoking initiation. Design Multimodal before-and-after study design using mixed methods to collect data at baseline (2013) and then longitudinally for 4 years. Setting Four main study communities in the central belt of mainland Scotland, UK, purposively selected to reflect two levels of urbanity (urban vs. small town) and two levels of deprivation (high vs. medium/low). Four matched communities. Participants In the main study communities, 94 tobacco retail outlets. All Secondary 2 (aged 13 years) and Secondary 4 (aged 15 years) pupils in 2013 and 2014 together with all Secondary 1 to Secondary 6 (aged 12–17 years) pupils in 2015–17. This included 6612 pupils who completed 14,344 questionnaires over 5 years. Three hundred and eighty-two participants in 80 focus groups who were recruited from Secondary 2 and Secondary 4 in 2013–17. In matched communities, 24 retail panel members in 2013–17. Main outcome measures Tobacco product and tobacco storage visibility, density of retail outlets (the number of retailers in a pre-defined area such as a residential neighbourhood), tobacco product exposure, brand awareness, perceived accessibility of tobacco, pro-smoking attitudes, pro-smoking norms, smoking susceptibility and smoking initiation. Data platform and methods The study had four components – a mapping and spatial analysis of retail outlets; a tobacco marketing audit, including retail panel interviews in matched communities; school surveys; and focus group discussions with secondary school pupils. Limitations The study was based on a small number of communities and did not include communities in remote areas. Results Compliance with the point-of-sale legislation in Scotland was high. This led to a large reduction in the visibility of tobacco products in retail outlets. However, when the results were stratified by socioeconomic status, declines in retailer density, weighted by total product visibility, were restricted to the least disadvantaged tertile of participants. Nevertheless, the implementation of the legislation was associated with a reduction in risk of both smoking susceptibility and smoking initiation in young people, as well as a reduction in the perceived accessibility of tobacco and in pro-smoking attitudes after both the partial and the comprehensive bans were introduced. Conclusions The Scottish point-of-sale legislation has been successful in reducing the overall visibility of tobacco products and is associated with improvements in attitudinal and behavioural outcomes in young people. However, cues that tobacco is for sale are still highly visible, particularly in retail outlets in areas of deprivation. In addition, the increase in retailer density that was observed after 2015 increased inequalities in product visibility. There was also evidence that the emergence of e-cigarettes may have disrupted the full impact of the legislation. Future work Our research indicates that further research is needed to examine the longitudinal relationships between tobacco outlet availability and product visibility inequalities; and the impact of e-cigarettes and standardised packaging on smoking initiation and prevalence. Funding This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Public Health Research programme and will be published in full in Public Health Research; Vol. 8, No. 1. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.

Cigarette Smoking Attitudes of Lower Socioeconomic Sixth Grade Students

1979 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerry J. Redican ◽  
Larry K. Olsen ◽  
Donald B. Stone ◽  
Richard W. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Health Program ◽  
Sixth Grade ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Lower Socioeconomic ◽  
Sixth Grade Students ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Special Health ◽  
Smoking Attitudes

Little research has been done assessing the cigarette smoking attitudes of lower socioeconomic students. In addition, there is a lack of information with respect to assessing the impact of health education programs on lower socioeconomic groups. The study was conducted in three lower socioeconomic elementary schools in a midwestern and eastern metropolitan area. All students involved in the study completed the attitude inventory. Both a pre-posttest design, and a Solomon Three Group Design were used to assess the cigarette smoking attitudes of lower socioeconomic sixth grade students after exposure to a special health program. The findings revealed that students exposed to the special health program developed more positive attitudes toward not smoking than students receiving their regular health instruction.

Opioid use disorder trends from 2002 to 2017 by cigarette smoking status in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria A Parker ◽  
Andrea H Weinberger
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Linear Time ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
Opioid Use Disorder ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Current Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background There have been significant increases in opioid use and opioid-related overdose deaths in the United States (US). While cigarette smoking remains disproportionately high among individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD), it is unknown whether trends in OUD differ by cigarette use. This study examined differences in OUD by smoking status and trends in OUD by smoking status over time. Methods Data were harnessed from US National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, annual cross-sectional, nationally representative samples of individuals aged 12 and older. Past-year OUD prevalences were estimated each year from 2002-2017 among persons with current daily, current non-daily, former, and never cigarette smoking (n=891,548). Linear time trends of OUD were assessed using logistic regression models. Results In 2017, OUD was significantly more common among persons with daily (2.6%) and non-daily (1.5%) smoking compared to those with former (0.5%) or never (0.2%) smoking. Overall, the prevalence of OUD increased between 2002-2017, although trends differed by smoking status. Adjusting for demographics, the prevalence of OUD increased significantly among individuals with daily (AOR=1.06, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.07), non-daily (AOR=1.03, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.05), and former smoking (AOR=1.05; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.09), but decreased among those who never smoked (AOR=0.98; 95% CI: 0.97, 0.99). Conclusions In the US, the prevalence of OUD was higher among individuals with current cigarette smoking relative to those with former and never smoking. OUD increased among persons with current and former smoking from 2002-2017, in contrast to a decrease in OUD among those who never smoked. Implications Opioid use disorders (OUDs) are increasing in the United States (US) and are associated with difficulty quitting cigarettes. Our data from representative national samples of US individuals showed that although OUD increased among those with both current and former smoking over time, OUD remained significantly higher among persons with current (daily and non-daily) smoking versus persons who formerly smoked cigarettes. In addition, youth with cigarette smoking had particularly high prevalences of OUDs. Cigarette smoking may be important to address alongside OUD to reduce the harmful consequences of OUD and cigarette use especially among younger individuals.

scholarly journals The Impact of National and School Contextual Factors on the Academic Performance of Immigrant Students

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holmes Finch ◽  
Maria E. Hernández Finch ◽  
Brooke Avery
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Immigrant Students ◽  
Educational Achievement ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
National Attitudes ◽  
Changing Attitudes ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

The issue of immigration has become central to the politics of nations across the world, impacting many aspects of life over the last decade. Researches investigating educational achievement through a cross-national lens have found that immigrant children tend to exhibit lower academic achievement than their native born peers, and that these differences are exacerbated by both family level variables (e.g., socioeconomic status) as well as the school climate. The goal of the current study was to build on earlier work in this area by investigating the nature and degree to which national attitudes towards immigration have changed over time, and whether any such changes were associated with academic achievement for immigrant and native born students. In particular, the relationship between changing attitudes towards immigration and the achievement gap between native and immigrant students. Results of the study demonstrated that nations with more negative attitudes towards refugees in general, and those for which these attitudes became more negative over time had greater achievement gaps than did those nations with more positive attitudes. In addition, these change trajectories moderated relationships between teacher attitudes towards multiculturalism and academic achievement.

The Therapist’s Reaction to a Patient’s Suicide

Crisis ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friedrich Martin Wurst ◽  
Isabella Kunz ◽  
Gregory Skipper ◽  
Manfred Wolfersdorf ◽  
Karl H. Beine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Emotional Reaction ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Analog Scale ◽  
General Hospitals ◽  
Item Questionnaire ◽  
Retrospective Nature ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Background: A substantial proportion of therapists experience the loss of a patient to suicide at some point during their professional life. Aims: To assess (1) the impact of a patient’s suicide on therapists distress and well-being over time, (2) which factors contribute to the reaction, and (3) which subgroup might need special interventions in the aftermath of suicide. Methods: A 63-item questionnaire was sent to all 185 Psychiatric Clinics at General Hospitals in Germany. The emotional reaction of therapists to patient’s suicide was measured immediately, after 2 weeks, and after 6 months. Results: Three out of ten therapists suffer from severe distress after a patients’ suicide. The item “overall distress” immediately after the suicide predicts emotional reactions and changes in behavior. The emotional responses immediately after the suicide explained 43.5% of the variance of total distress in a regression analysis. Limitations: The retrospective nature of the study is its primary limitation. Conclusions: Our data suggest that identifying the severely distressed subgroup could be done using a visual analog scale for overall distress. As a consequence, more specific and intensified help could be provided to these professionals.

Interculturalism and the Acceptance of Minority Groups

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maykel Verkuyten ◽  
Kumar Yogeeswaran
Keyword(s):  
Minority Groups ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Social Psychological Research ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Situational Effect

Abstract. Multiculturalism has been criticized and rejected by an increasing number of politicians, and social psychological research has shown that it can lead to outgroup stereotyping, essentialist thinking, and negative attitudes. Interculturalism has been proposed as an alternative diversity ideology, but there is almost no systematic empirical evidence about the impact of interculturalism on the acceptance of migrants and minority groups. Using data from a survey experiment conducted in the Netherlands, we examined the situational effect of promoting interculturalism on acceptance. The results show that for liberals, but not for conservatives, interculturalism leads to more positive attitudes toward immigrant-origin groups and increased willingness to engage in contact, relative to multiculturalism.

Has Aid Helped in Pakistan?

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (4II) ◽  
pp. 947-957 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahrukh Rafi Khan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Negative Association ◽  
Causal Impact ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

This paper has a two-fold objective: first, to examine the terms on which Pakistan receives aid and whether its debt situation is sustainable, and second, to examine the impact of aid and debt on economic growth. It is found that there is little encouraging that can be said about how the terms on which Pakistan has received aid over time have changed, and its current debt situation is not sustainable. Also reported is the analysis done elsewhere which shows that aid has a negative (Granger) causal impact on GDP, and aid has a robust negative impact on economic growth after controlling for supplyside shocks. We provide various reasons for this negative association.

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