Voltage and e-liquid composition affect nicotine deposition within the oral cavity and carbonyl formation

2020 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2020-055619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Zhou ◽  
Hammad Irshad ◽  
Wendy W Dye ◽  
Guodong Wu ◽  
Carmen S Tellez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Liquid Composition ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Cardiovascular Stress ◽  
Median Size ◽  
Cast Model ◽  
Carbonyl Formation ◽  
Particle Sizer

IntroductionThe diversity of e-liquids along with higher powered e-cigarette nicotine delivery devices are increasing. This study evaluated the effect of voltage and e-liquid composition on particle size, nicotine deposition in a human oral-trachea cast model and generation of carbonyls.MethodsNineteen e-liquids were evaluated for 30 common chemicals by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). E-cigarette aerosols containing nicotine (1.2%) were generated at 4 and 5 volts for assessment of particle size distribution using Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (APS), Fast Mobility Particle Size (FMPS) and an In-Tox cascade impactor and nicotine deposition by GC-MS. Carbonyl formation in aerosols was assessed by liquid chromatography tandem triple-quad mass spectrometry.ResultsTotal chemical burden ranged from 0.35 to 14.6 mg/mL with ethyl maltol present in all e-liquids. Increasing voltage was associated with an increase in median size of aerosol particles and the deposition of nicotine in the oral cast. Two e-liquids caused a 2.5-fold to 5-fold increase in nicotine deposition independent of particle size and voltage. Increasing voltage caused an increase in formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acrolein in the presence and absence of nicotine. Most striking, aerosols from several e-liquids significantly increased levels of acetaldehyde and acrolein compared with unflavoured.ConclusionsIncreasing voltage and composition of e-liquid can increase the exposure of the oral pharynx and bronchial airways to carbonyls that can react with DNA to generate adducts, induce oxidative stress, inflammation and cell death. The elevated nicotine and carbonyls readily enter the circulation where they can also cause cardiovascular stress. The growing popularity of higher voltage e-cigarette delivery devices will likely further elevate health risks from chronic exposure to these complex aerosols.

Electrical features, liquid composition and toxicant emissions from ‘pod-mod’-like disposable electronic cigarettes

2021 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2020-056362
Author(s):  
Soha Talih ◽  
Rola Salman ◽  
Eric Soule ◽  
Rachel El-Hage ◽  
Ebrahim Karam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Liquid Composition ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Aerosol Composition ◽  
Public Health Perspective ◽  
Nicotine Concentration ◽  
Youth And Young Adults

IntroductionUse of flavoured pod-mod-like disposable electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) has grown rapidly, particularly among cost-sensitive youth and young adults. To date, little is known about their design characteristics and toxicant emissions. In this study, we analysed the electrical and chemical characteristics and nicotine and pulmonary toxicant emission profiles of five commonly available flavoured disposable e-cigarettes and compared these data with those of a JUUL, a cartridge-based e-cigarette device that pod-mod-like disposables emulate in size and shape.MethodsDevice construction, electrical power and liquid composition were determined. Machine-generated aerosol emissions including particulate matter, nicotine, carbonyl compounds and heavy metals were also measured. Liquid and aerosol composition were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/flame ionisation detection, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.ResultsWe found that unlike JUUL, disposable devices did not incorporate a microcontroller to regulate electrical power to the heating coil. Quality of construction varied widely. Disposable e-cigarette power ranged between 5 and 9 W and liquid nicotine concentration ranged between 53 and 85 mg/mL (~95% in the protonated form). In 15 puffs, total nicotine yield for the disposables ranged between 1.6 and 6.7 mg, total carbonyls ranged between 28 and 138 µg, and total metals ranged between 1084 and 5804 ng. JUUL emissions were near the floors of all of these ranges.ConclusionsDisposable e-cigarettes are designed with high nicotine concentration liquids and are capable of emitting much higher nicotine and carbonyl species relative to rechargeable look-alike e-cigarettes. These differences are likely due to the lower quality in construction, unreliable labelling and lack of temperature control regulation that limits the power during operation. From a public health perspective, regulating these devices is important to limit user exposure to carbonyls and nicotine, particularly because these devices are popular with youth and young adults.

scholarly journals Headspace Single-Drop Microextraction Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of Volatile Compounds from Herba Asari

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guan-Jie Wang ◽  
Li Tian ◽  
Yu-Ming Fan ◽  
Mei-Ling Qi
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Extraction Temperature ◽  
Single Drop ◽  
Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Single Drop Microextraction ◽  
Sample Amount

A rapid headspace single-drop microextraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry (SDME-GC-MS) for the analysis of the volatile compounds in Herba Asari was developed in this study. The extraction solvent, extraction temperature and time, sample amount, and particle size were optimized. A mixed solvent of n-tridecane and butyl acetate (1 : 1) was finally used for the extraction with sample amount of 0.750 g and 100-mesh particle size at 70°C for 15 min. Under the determined conditions, the pound samples of Herba Asari were directly applied for the analysis. The result showed that SDME-GC–MS method was a simple, effective, and inexpensive way to measure the volatile compounds in Herba Asari and could be used for the analysis of volatile compounds in Chinese medicine.

scholarly journals Extraction of phytosterols from melon (Cucumis melo) seeds by supercritical CO2 as a clean technology

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 677-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa Serhat Ekinci ◽  
Metin Gürü
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Cucumis Melo ◽  
Supercritical Co2 ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Clean Technology ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Melon Seed Oil

Abstract Extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) which is known as a clean technology was carried out to extract oil from melon (Cucumis melo) seeds. SC-CO2 extraction technique does not contaminate extracts. SC-CO2 is not a toxic and a flammable solvent. Phytosterols, natural and bioactive compounds, which is known to provide protection against various chronic diseases were examined in the seed oil by using gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Stigmasterol and β-sitosterol were detected in the melon seed oil. SC-CO2 extractions were performed in a range of 30-55°C, 150-240 bar, 7-15 g CO2/min, 0.4-1.7 mm (mean particle size of the seeds) and 1-4 h. The optimal quantities of extracted oil, β-sitosterol and stigmasterol were 36.8 g/100 g seed, 304 mg/ kg seed and 121 mg/ kg seed, respectively, at 33°C, 200 bar, 11 g CO2/min, 0.4 mm and 3 h.

scholarly journals Optimization and Characterization of Wood Vinegar Produced by Shorea laevis Ridl Wood Pyrolysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 825
Author(s):  
Hasan Ashari Oramahi ◽  
Tsuyoshi Yoshimura ◽  
Elvi Rusmiyanto ◽  
Kustiati Kustiati
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Pyrolysis Temperature ◽  
Wood Particle ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Box Behnken Design ◽  
Wood Vinegar ◽  
Wood Pyrolysis ◽  
The Mathematical Model

In this study, the Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was employed to investigate the effects of wood particle size, pyrolysis temperature, and pyrolysis time on the production of wood vinegar from Indonesia “bengkirai” wood (Shorea laevis Ridl). Characterization of wood vinegar was conducted by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Three variable designs consisting of wood particle size (2.00, 2.38, and 3.36 mm), pyrolysis temperature (350, 400, and 450 °C), and pyrolysis time (105, 120, and 135 min) were employed in a BBD response surface methodology (RSM-BBD). RSM-BBD results suggested that maximum wood vinegar yield would be obtained with a wood particle size of 3.85 mm, pyrolysis temperature of 400 °C, and pyrolysis time of 93 min. In addition, the mathematical model indicated the maximum wood vinegar yield would be 30.31%. The main compounds in wood vinegar were acetic acid, 1-hydroxy-2-propanone, furfural, 2,3-pentanedione, phenol, 2-methoxy phenol, 2-methoxy-4-methyl phenol, 2,6-dimethoxy phenol, and 1,2,4-trimethoxybenzene.

IDENTIFICATION AND MEASUREMENT OF SULPHATE-CONJUGATED NEUTRAL STEROIDS IN THE INTESTINAL CONTENTS OF EARLY AND MID-TERM FOETUSES

1973 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. HUHTANIEMI ◽  
R. VIHKO
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Intestinal Contents ◽  
Neutral Steroid ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Human Foetuses

SUMMARY Sulphate-conjugated neutral steroids in the intestinal contents of early and mid-term human foetuses (14–20 weeks of gestation) were investigated by gas—liquid chromatography and gas chromatography—mass spectrometry. Twenty-four neutral steroids were found in the monosulphate fraction and 21 in the disulphate fraction. The total concentration of these steroids varied between 9·6 and 15·3 mg/100 g meconium wet weight, about half being monosulphates and half disulphates. Steroids with a 3β-hydroxy-5-ene structure were found and also saturated steroids which carried hydroxyl groups at carbons 3, 11, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or 21. Among them were steroids not previously detected in human foetal compartments. Thus, the foetal meconium is both qualitatively and quantitatively the richest foetal source of neutral steroid sulphates so far investigated. The present results together with those reported in the literature show that in the course of pregnancy there is a many-fold increase in the steroid concentration of the foetal intestinal contents. This is most obvious in the case of saturated C19 steroids and polar pregnane derivatives. Reduction of the 20-ones to 20β-ols seems to be more extensive towards the end of pregnancy. 5, 16-Pregnadienes and 3β-hydroxy-5β-pregnanes are present in higher concentrations in early pregnancy.

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