Systemic biomarkers of exposure associated with ENDS use: a scoping review

2021 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2021-056896
Author(s):  
Marzena Hiler ◽  
Anna-Sophie Weidner ◽  
Lynn C Hull ◽  
Allison N Kurti ◽  
Elena V Mishina
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Dual Use ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Biomarkers Of Exposure ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Elevated Exposure ◽  
Full Text Screening

ObjectiveThis scoping review provides an overview of the existing literature on biomarkers of exposure from electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) use and identifies gaps in existing knowledge.Data sourcesWe searched two international databases (PubMed and Web of Science) to identify relevant studies published from August 2013 to February 2021.Data selectionStudies were included if they assessed and compared biomarkers of exposure between exclusive ENDS users, non-users, exclusive cigarette smokers, dual users of ENDS and cigarettes or cigarette smokers who switch to ENDS.Data extraction and synthesisOf the 5074 studies identified, 188 studies met criteria and were selected for full-text screening. Of these, 27 studies were selected for inclusion and data extraction.ConclusionsConsistent, although limited, evidence shows that exclusive ENDS users have elevated levels of biomarkers of certain volatile organic compounds (VOCs; eg, acrylamide and acrylonitrile), metals (eg, cadmium and selenium) and propylene glycol compared with non-users; however, evidence for biomarkers of other toxicants (eg, acrolein, benzene and chromium) is mixed. Biomarkers of most VOCs are lower in ENDS users compared with cigarette smokers, and cigarette smokers who switch to ENDS consistently show reductions in VOC biomarkers. Evidence comparing metal exposures from exclusive ENDS use, cigarette smoking and dual use is mixed and depends on the metal. ENDS and e-liquid characteristics as well as use patterns may be associated with elevated exposure to VOCs and metals. Additional rigorous, controlled studies can assess biomarker exposures from ENDS use and inform the overall risk–benefit of ENDS use for different user populations.

scholarly journals Characterization of Volatile Organic Compound Metabolites in Cigarette Smokers, Electronic Nicotine Device Users, Dual Users, and Nonusers of Tobacco

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 264-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel J Keith ◽  
Jessica L Fetterman ◽  
Olusola A Orimoloye ◽  
Zeina Dardari ◽  
Pawel K Lorkiewicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Effects ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Product Use ◽  
Volatile Organic

Abstract Introduction Limited research exists about the possible cardiovascular effects of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). We therefore sought to compare exposure to known or potentially cardiotoxic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ENDS users, smokers, and dual users. Methods A total of 371 individuals from the Cardiovascular Injury due to Tobacco Use study, a cross-sectional study of healthy participants aged 21–45 years, were categorized as nonusers of tobacco (n = 87), sole ENDS users (n = 17), cigarette smokers (n = 237), and dual users (n = 30) based on 30-day self-reported tobacco product use patterns. Participants provided urine samples for VOC and nicotine metabolite measurement. We assessed associations between tobacco product use and VOC metabolite measures using multivariable-adjusted linear regression models. Results Mean (SD) age of the population was 32 (±6.8) years, 55% men. Mean urinary cotinine level in nonusers of tobacco was 2.6 ng/mg creatinine, whereas cotinine levels were similar across all tobacco product use categories (851.6–910.9 ng/mg creatinine). In multivariable-adjusted models, sole ENDS users had higher levels of metabolites of acrolein, acrylamide, acrylonitrile, and xylene compared with nonusers of tobacco, but lower levels of most VOC metabolites compared with cigarette smokers or dual users. In direct comparison of cigarettes smokers and dual users, we found lower levels of metabolites of styrene and xylene in dual users. Conclusion Although sole ENDS use may be associated with lower VOC exposure compared to cigarette smoking, further study is required to determine the potential health effects of the higher levels of certain reactive aldehydes, including acrolein, in ENDS users compared with nonusers of tobacco. Implications ENDS use in conjunction with other tobacco products may not significantly reduce exposure to VOC, but sole use does generally reduce some VOC exposure and warrants more in-depth studies.

scholarly journals Cigarette Smokers Versus Cousers of Cannabis and Cigarettes: Exposure to Toxicants

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 1383-1389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Meier ◽  
Ryan Vandrey ◽  
Nathan Rubin ◽  
Lauren R Pacek ◽  
Joni A Jensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Nicotine Exposure ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Toxicant Exposure ◽  
Biomarkers Of Exposure ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Alternative Tobacco Products

Abstract Introduction Cannabis and tobacco couse is common and could expose users to higher levels of toxicants. No studies have examined biomarkers of toxicant exposure in cousers of cannabis and cigarettes, compared with cigarette smokers (CS). Aims and Methods Adult daily CS were recruited from 10 US sites for a study of reduced nicotine cigarettes. In this analysis of baseline data, participants were categorized as either cousers of cannabis and tobacco (cousers; N = 167; urine positive for 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ 9-tetrahydrocannnabinol and self-reported cannabis use ≥1×/week), or CS (N = 911; negative urine and no self-reported cannabis use). Participants who did not meet either definition (N = 172) were excluded. Self-reported tobacco and cannabis use and tobacco and/or combustion-related biomarkers of exposure were compared between groups. Results Compared to CS, cousers were younger (couser Mage = 38.96, SD = 13.01; CS Mage = 47.22, SD = 12.72; p < .001) and more likely to be male (cousers = 67.7%, CS = 51.9%, p < .001). There were no group differences in self-reported cigarettes/day, total nicotine equivalents, or breath carbon monoxide, but cousers had greater use of non-cigarette tobacco products. Compared to CS, cousers had higher concentrations of 3-hydroxypropylmercapturic acid, 2-cyanoethylmercapturic acid, S-phenylmercapturic acid, 3-hydroxy-1-methylpropylmercapturic acid (ps < .05), and phenanthrene tetraol (p < .001). No biomarkers were affected by number of cannabis use days/week or days since last cannabis use during baseline (ps > .05). Conclusions Cousers had higher concentrations of biomarkers of exposure than CS, but similar number of cigarettes per day and nicotine exposure. Additional studies are needed to determine whether cannabis and/or alternative tobacco products are driving the increased toxicant exposure. Implications Cousers of cannabis and tobacco appear to be exposed to greater levels of harmful chemicals (ie, volatile organic compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), but similar levels of nicotine as CS. It is unclear if the higher levels of toxicant exposure in cousers are due to cannabis use or the increased use of alternative tobacco products compared with CS. It is important for studies examining biomarkers of exposure among CS to account for cannabis use as it may have a significant impact on outcomes. Additionally, further research is needed examining exposure to harmful chemicals among cannabis users.

scholarly journals Building patient capacity to participate in care during hospitalisation: a scoping review

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. e026551
Author(s):  
Donna Goodridge ◽  
Meghan McDonald ◽  
Lucia New ◽  
Murray Scharf ◽  
Elizabeth Harrison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Behaviour Change Techniques ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Care Environment ◽  
Patient Capacity ◽  
Study Selection ◽  
The Social ◽  
Abstract Screening ◽  
Full Text Screening

ObjectivesTo map the existing literature and describe interventions aimed at building the capacity of patients to participate in care during hospitalisation by: (1) describing and categorising the aspects of care targeted by these interventions and (2) identifying the behaviour change techniques (BCTs) used in these interventions. A patient representative participated in all aspects of this project.DesignScoping review.Data sourcesMEDLINE, Embase and CINAHL (Inception −2017).Study selectionStudies reporting primary research studies on building the capacity of hospitalised adult patients to participate in care which described or included one or more structured or systematic interventions and described the outcomes for at least the key stakeholder group were included.Data extractionTitle and abstract screening and full text screening were conducted by pairs of trained reviewers. One reviewer extracted data, which were verified by a second reviewer. Interventions were classified according to seven aspects of care relevant to hospital settings. BCTs identified in the articles were assigned through consensus of three reviewers.ResultsDatabase searches yielded a total 9899 articles, resulting in 87 articles that met the inclusion criteria. Interventions directed at building patient capacity to participate in care while hospitalised were categorised as those related to improving: patient safety (20.9%); care coordination (5.7%); effective treatment (5.7%) and/or patient-centred care using: bedside nursing handovers (5.7%); communication (29.1%); care planning (14%) or the care environment (19.8%). The majority of studies reported one or more positive outcomes from the defined intervention. Adding new elements (objects) to the environment and restructuring the social and/or physical environment were the most frequently identified BCTs.ConclusionsThe majority of studies to build capacity for participation in care report one or more positive outcomes, although a more comprehensive analysis is warranted.

scholarly journals Rehabilitation and Reintegration Programming Following Female Genital Fistula Surgery: A Scoping Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison M El Ayadi
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Social Reintegration ◽  
Fistula Surgery ◽  
Medical Librarian ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Genital Fistula ◽  
Full Text Screening

Aims: To examine the range of rehabilitation and reintegration services provided as adjunct to genital fistula surgery, map the existing programming and outcomes, and identify areas where additional research is necessary. Methods: Our scoping review is informed by existing methodological frameworks and conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines.The search strategy was designed in collaboration with a medical librarian and is applied to nine biomedical, public health, and social science databases. Grey literature is identified through targeted searches and relevant organizational websites. Two primary reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts of all articles, followed by full-text screening and standardized data extraction. Eligible articles will discuss research or programmatic efforts around service provision in adjunct to surgery. Results: The literature review is currently underway and preliminary results including summary tables and narrative will be available to share at the ISOFS conference. Conclusions: The results of this scoping review will help in understanding and describing what is known and unknown about rehabilitation and social reintegration of women following genital fistula surgery in sub-Saharan Africa and may be useful in developing and evaluating social reintegration projects.

Studies of Physical Activity and COVID-19 During the Pandemic: A Scoping Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 1275-1284
Author(s):  
Eduardo L. Caputo ◽  
Felipe F. Reichert
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Online Search ◽  
Medical Subject Headings ◽  
Mental Health Issues ◽  
Full Text Screening

Background: This scoping review aimed to identify the available evidence related to physical activity (PA) and the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Methods: A search in 6 databases (PubMed, Embase, SPORTDiscus, Scopus, Web of Science, and CINAHL) was conducted on July 23, 2020. Medical subject headings and keywords related to PA and COVID-19 were combined to conduct the online search, which covered the period from January to July 2020. Results: Overall, 1784 articles were retrieved. After duplicate removal and title, abstract, and full-text screening, 41 articles were included. Most of the included studies were quantitative and collected data through online interviews/questionnaires, with sample sizes larger than 100 and composed by adults and older adults. Changes in PA levels due to the COVID-19 pandemic were the most assessed outcome, followed by the association between mental health issues and PA. Only 2 studies assessed the direct effects of PA on COVID-19. Conclusion: Most of the evidence identified a decrease in PA levels due to social distancing measures and that PA might help to decrease the mental health burden related to the COVID-19 outbreak.

scholarly journals Clinical progression of COVID-19 coinfection in people living with the human immunodeficiency virus: scoping review

2022 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Schaurich ◽  
Oclaris Lopes Munhoz ◽  
Angelo Ramos Junior ◽  
Angelica Dalmolin ◽  
Gabriela Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Supplemental Oxygen ◽  
Narrative Synthesis ◽  
Clinical Progression ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Worse Prognosis

ABSTRACT Objectives: to map the production of scientific knowledge on the clinical progression of COVID-19 coinfection in people living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Methods: scoping review, with search strategies in MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and LILACS. Dual independent data extraction and analysis of the material with similarity compilation and narrative synthesis. Results: sample consisted of 35 articles. Fever, cough, and dyspnea were the most prevalent signs/symptoms. Recurrent complications involved desaturation/worsening of oxygen desaturation and pneumonia. No standard pharmacological treatment was identified, and the main interventions involved the provision of supplemental oxygen and mechanical ventilation. The studies recommended preventive, care, and pharmacological practices. Conclusions: the clinical manifestations, complications, and treatments/assistance care for people coinfected with SARS CoV-2/HIV are similar to those of the general population. Coinfection, overall, does not infer a worse prognosis.

scholarly journals Not All Dual Users of Cigarettes and E-vapor Products Are the Same: Biomarkers and Tobacco Use Behavior in Subpopulations of Dual Users From the PATH Wave 1 Data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel N. Lizhnyak ◽  
Richard B. Noggle ◽  
Lai Wei ◽  
Jeffery Edmiston ◽  
Elizabeth Becker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Potential Harm ◽  
Biomarkers Of Exposure ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Use Behavior ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

Abstract Introduction: Dual users of cigarettes and e-vapor products (EVP) are often considered as a homogenous group even though multiple subgroups may exist. We examined biomarkers of exposure (BOE) and biomarkers of potential harm (BOPH) to differentiate between subgroups of dual users based on PATH Study Wave 1 (2013-2014) data.Methods: We segmented adult dual users (n=970) into four subgroups based on the number of days of product used in past 30 days – frequent dual users of both products (FreqDU, n=169), frequent smokers who vape infrequently (SMVP, n=678), frequent vapers who smoke infrequently (VPSM, n=57), and infrequent dual users of both products (InfreqDU, n=66). Eighteen BOEs (representing exposure to TSNAs, nicotine, heavy metals, PAHs, and volatile organic compounds), and four BOPHs (representing inflammation and oxidative stress) were analyzed within the subgroups, versus exclusive daily cigarette smokers (ESM, n=2,442) and exclusive daily e-cigarette users (EVP, n=169).Results: Levels of many BOEs and BOPHs were higher among SMVP relative to FreqDU, VPSM and InfreqDU. Compared to ESM, many BOEs were significantly lower in VPSM (15/18) and InfreqDU (17/18), and some BOEs were higher among SMVP (4/18). InfreqDU showed significantly lower levels of 2/18 BOEs than EVP, and lower levels of 2/4 BOPHs than ESM.Conclusions: Overall, the levels of BOEs and BOPHs in dual users are associated with frequency of cigarette smoking. Our findings indicate that not all dual users are the same, and tobacco product use frequency should be considered when categorizing dual users.

scholarly journals Pre-hospital emergency response to terrorist attacks: A scoping review

2020 ◽  
pp. 102490792094162
Author(s):  
Mohammadreza Amiresmaili ◽  
Ali Talebian ◽  
Sadegh Miraki
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Response ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
Hospital Emergency ◽  
The World ◽  
Data Extraction Form

Background: Terrorist incidents are on the rise in the world, and many countries have been involved so far. Unfortunately, many innocent people fall victim to such incidents every year. The pre-hospital emergency, as one of the most important organs in the management and service of the victims, plays a vital role in these events. Objectives: This scoping review aimed to evaluate the performance and preparedness of the pre-hospital emergency in the world for such Terrorist incidents. Methods: In order to access the documents and scientific evidence relevant to the purpose of our research, selected keywords were searched in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Finally, we collected the required information through a pre-designed data extraction form that designed based on the purpose of this study. Results: The initial search, with the specified search strategies, resulted into 794 documents (263, 488, and 43 documents from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, respectively). Finally, eight papers were selected through the full text of the selected articles, three of which were qualitative and three were quantitative, and two were mix-methods (qualitative/quantitative). Our findings show that published papers have so far emphasized four main axes, namely, preparation, training and practice, effective communication, and the proper triage and transmission of these four axes. Conclusion: A few studies have been done in this area and more studies should be done in different areas and sectors, and given that terrorist incidents are on rise and the pre-hospital emergency organization as one of the most important organizations is not well prepared to respond these events although it has a vital role to play, they need to be more prepared to effectively manage these incidents.

scholarly journals Trajectory research in children on the autism spectrum: a scoping review protocol

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. e053443
Author(s):  
Stephen Gentles ◽  
Eric Duku ◽  
Connor Kerns ◽  
Alana J McVey ◽  
Michelle C Hunsche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Medical Librarian ◽  
Review Protocol ◽  
Analytical Approaches ◽  
Trajectory Methods ◽  
Full Text Screening

IntroductionLongitudinal trajectory methods, featuring outcome assessments at three or more time points, are increasingly being used as appropriate approaches to understand developmental pathways of people on the autism spectrum across the lifespan. Understanding the scope of this rapidly expanding body of research can help inform future trajectory studies and identify areas for potential meta-analysis as well as key evidence gaps. We present the protocol for a scoping review whose objective is to identify and summarise the scope of research that uses a longitudinal trajectory study design to examine development in children diagnosed with autism. Specifically, we will identify outcome domains and age intervals that have been well characterised, areas where further research is needed and the historical use of various longitudinal trajectory analytical approaches.Methods and analysisWe outline the methods for the proposed scoping review according to the framework outlined by Arksey and O’Malley, with subsequent clarifications and enhancements by other authors. Using a search strategy developed by a medical librarian, we will search six databases for relevant publications. Titles and abstracts will be screened in duplicate, followed by full-text screening. Data extraction fields developed predominantly a priori from a set of guiding subquestions will be used to chart relevant data. The findings will include quantitative aggregate summaries, narrative summaries, and appraisal of trajectory studies according to our methodological subquestions. We will consult autistic self-advocate and parent–caregiver stakeholders to facilitate interpretation of the findings.Ethics and disseminationResearch ethics approval is not required for this scoping review. The results will be presented to researcher, care professional, policy-maker and stakeholder audiences at local and international conferences, other dissemination activities and published in a peer-reviewed journal.

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