Effect of methadone and acepromazine premedication on tear production in dogs

ObjectivesTo evaluate the combined effect of intramuscular acepromazine and methadone on tear production in dogs undergoing general anaesthesia for elective, non-ocular procedures.DesignProspective, non-randomised, pre-post treatment study.SettingPatients were recruited from a referral practice in the UK.MethodsThirty client-owned dogs were enrolled in this study and received a combined intramuscular premedication of methadone (0.3 mg/kg) and acepromazine (0.02 mg/kg) before general anaesthesia for elective, non-ocular procedures. Full ophthalmic examination was performed and tear production was quantified using the Schirmer tear test-1 (STT-1). On the day of general anaesthesia, an STT-1 was performed before (STT-1a) and after (STT-1b) intramuscular premedication with methadone/acepromazine.ResultsUsing a general linear model, a significant effect on STT-1 results was found for premedication with methadone/acepromazine (P=0.013), but not eye laterality (P=0.527). Following premedication, there was a significant reduction observed in the mean STT-1 readings of left and right eyes between STT-1a (20.4±2.8 mm/min) and STT-1b (16.9±4.1 mm/min; P<0.001). Significantly more dogs had an STT-1 reading less than 15 mm/min in one or both eyes after premedication (30 per cent; 9/30 dogs) compared with before premedication (6.7 per cent; 2/30 dogs; P=0.042).ConclusionsAn intramuscular premedication of methadone and acepromazine results in a decrease in tear production in dogs before elective general anaesthesia. This may contribute to the risk of ocular morbidities, such as corneal ulceration, particularly in patients with lower baseline tear production.

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Reference Values for the Ophthalmic Schirmer Tear Test and the Intraocular Pressure in Healthy Chinchillas

Folia Veterinaria ◽

10.1515/fv-2016-0025 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 60 (3) ◽

pp. 29-33

Author(s):

M. Richards ◽

A. Trbolová

Keyword(s):

Intraocular Pressure ◽

Reference Range ◽

The Novel ◽

Topical Anaesthesia ◽

Tear Production ◽

Schirmer Tear Test ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Before And After ◽

Left And Right ◽

The Mean

Abstract The objective of this study was to measure the intraocular pressure (IOP) and tear production before and after topical anaesthesia in healthy chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera). Thirteen healthy non-sedated chinchillas (eight males and five females) were used in this study. The tear production was measured by the novel endodontic paper point tear test (PPTT) using Roeko Colour No. 30 Paper points. Following the PPTT, one drop of 0.4 % oxybuprokainium chloride was added to the eye to anaesthetise the cornea and the IOP was measured using the Tono-Pen Avia®Vet. Excess anaesthetic was removed from the conjunctival fornix using a sterile cotton tipped applicator and the PPTT II was performed. The PPTT I and II were measured in 26 eyes, mean ± standard deviations (SD) were 7.98 ± 1.95 mm.min−1, and 9.71 ± 3.52 mm.min−1 respectively. The IOP was measured in 20 eyes, and the mean ± SD was 28.52 ± 12.48 mmHg (35.50 ± 9.31 mmHg in males and 21.53 ± 11.57 mmHg in females). There was no significant difference in the PPTT results between the left and right eyes or between the male and female groups. The males were found to have a significantly higher IOP than females and the PPTT II was significantly greater than the PPTT I. The PPTT test proved to be effective, easy to use, and reliable, causing little apparent discomfort to the chinchillas and could prove to be a much more effective tool than the Schirmer tear test for the evaluation of the tear production in animals with small eyes and/or low aqueous tear production. The mean intraocular pressure proved to be much higher in this population of chinchillas than those previously studied and so further investigation is warranted before a reliable reference range may be produced.

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Measurement of tear production and establishment of reference values in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) using a modified Schirmer tear test

Veterinary Record ◽

10.1136/vr.105175 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 186 (10) ◽

pp. 321-321

Author(s):

Anna Linda Nogradi ◽

Zsolt Szentgáli ◽

Márton Battay ◽

Iain Cope ◽

János Gál ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reference Values ◽

Guinea Pigs ◽

Small Volume ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Random Order ◽

Cavia Porcellus ◽

Tear Production ◽

Schirmer Tear Test ◽

The Mean ◽

One Year

BackgroundPast studies have shown that 5-mm Schirmer tear tests (STTs) are difficult to interpret in guinea pigs. Modified 2.5-mm STT strips are more adequate for measuring the small volume of tear production in these animals. The aim of this study was to establish reference values for the modified 2.5-mm STT strips.MethodsModified STT measurements were performed in random order in both eyes of 50 guinea pig patients. The wetting of the strip was noted at 30 seconds and at 1 minute.ResultsThe mean±sd STT values for both eyes were 7.58±3.19 mm at 30 seconds and 10.42±3.92 mm at 60 seconds. The median was 8 mm at 30 seconds and 10 mm at 60 seconds for both eyes. Animals under one year of age had lower STT values. STT values at 30 and 60 seconds can both be used. Both eyes should be measured when possible.ConclusionThe authors recommend values above 8 mm at 30 seconds and 10 mm at 60 seconds to be considered normal when using a 2.5-mm STT strip. There are ambiguous areas at 5–8 mm and 6–10 mm. If in these ranges the results should be combined with clinical signs and judgement.

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Ophthalmology of clinically normal alpacas (Vicugna pacos) in the United Kingdom: a cross-sectional study

Veterinary Record ◽

10.1136/vr.105758 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 186 (16) ◽

pp. e7-e7

Author(s):

Josephine Faulkner ◽

David Leonard Williams ◽

Karin Mueller

Keyword(s):

Intraocular Pressure ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Nasolacrimal Duct ◽

Applanation Tonometry ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Clinically Normal ◽

Vicugna Pacos ◽

Schirmer Tear Test ◽

The Mean ◽

The Uk

BackgroundAlpacas are being more frequently presented to veterinarians in the UK. It is important to validate whether published normal ocular parameters are consistent with the alpaca population in the UK.MethodsOphthalmic examinations were performed on healthy alpacas (Vicugna pacos) from three farms in East Anglia, UK.ResultsOn direct ophthalmoscopy of 35 alpacas, there was a 50 per cent prevalence of opacities within the lens in alpacas older than two years old (n=8/16). There was a 36.8 per cent prevalence of persistent hyaloid arteries in alpacas under two years old (n=7/19). The mean Schirmer tear test-1 value was 20.0 ±6 mm/minute (n=40). The mean intraocular pressure measured by rebound tonometry was 17.2 ±5.5 mmHg (n=46), and applanation tonometry resulted in statistically similar values (P=0.30; n=25). There was a significant variation in intraocular pressure throughout a 24-hour period (n=8). Fluorescein dye was not detected at the nostrils of any of the alpacas which underwent a Jones test to assess nasolacrimal duct patency (n=8).ConclusionThe ophthalmic findings appear largely consistent with previously published values from North America and continental Europe. Variations include the large range of measurements obtained and evidence of diurnal variation in intraocular pressure.

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Effects of two concentrations of topical tropicamide on the Schirmer tear test in clinically normal cats

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery ◽

10.1177/1098612x15602524 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 18 (12) ◽

pp. 965-969 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Masoud Selk Ghaffari ◽

Reza Javadzadeh ◽

Seyed Mehdi Rajaei

Keyword(s):

Distilled Water ◽

Clinically Normal ◽

Tear Production ◽

Schirmer Tear Test ◽

Production Measurement ◽

The Mean ◽

Ophthalmic Solutions

Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of topical tropicamide at two concentrations (0.5% and 1.0%) on the Schirmer tear test (STT) results in clinically normal cats. Methods Twenty-four adult domestic shorthair cats were randomly assigned to three groups. In all three groups, ophthalmic solutions were instilled in a randomly selected eye and the opposite eye served as the control. In groups 1, 2 and 3 one drop of 0.5% tropicamide, 1.0% tropicamide and distilled water was used, respectively. Tear production in both eyes was tested 30 and 60 mins after instillation in all three groups. Results Baseline mean ± SEM STT values for the treated eyes in groups 1, 2 and 3 were 13.37 ± 2.91 mm/min, 10.87 ± 1.39 mm/min and 11.37 ± 1.65 mm/min, respectively. Thirty minutes after the drug instillation in the treated eye, mean ± SEM STT values in groups 1, 2 and 3 were 4.87 ± 3.05 mm/min, 2.00 ± 0.84 mm/min and 11.25 ± 1.81 mm/min, respectively. The mean ± SEM STT levels of the treated eye after 60 mins were 3.75 ± 1.87 mm/min, 0.5 ± 0.37 mm/min and 11.42 ± 1.78 mm/min in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Conclusions and relevance Use of 0.5% topical tropicamide, instead of 1.0% tropicamide, as a mydriatic agent, can be recommended in cats. Tear production measurement should be performed prior to the administration of tropicamide, regardless of the concentration of this drug.

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The impact of symptoms on quality of life before and after diagnosis of coeliac disease: the results from a Polish population survey and comparison with the results from the United Kingdom

BMC Gastroenterology ◽

10.1186/s12876-021-01673-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Emilia Majsiak ◽

Magdalena Choina ◽

Dominik Golicki ◽

Alastair M. Gray ◽

Bożena Cukrowska

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

United Kingdom ◽

Coeliac Disease ◽

Gluten Free Diet ◽

Gluten Free ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

Before And After ◽

The Mean ◽

The Uk

Abstract Background Coeliac disease (CD) is characterised by diverse clinical symptoms, which may cause diagnostic problems and reduce the patients’ quality of life. A study conducted in the United Kingdom (UK) revealed that the mean time between the onset of coeliac symptoms and being diagnosed was above 13 years. This study aimed to analyse the diagnostic process of CD in Poland and evaluate the quality of life of patients before and after CD diagnosis. In addition, results were compared to the results of the original study conducted in the UK. Methods The study included 2500 members of the Polish Coeliac Society. The patients were asked to complete a questionnaire containing questions on socio-demographic factors, clinical aspects and quality of life, using the EQ-5D questionnaire. Questionnaires received from 796 respondents were included in the final analysis. Results The most common symptoms reported by respondents were bloating (75%), abdominal pain (72%), chronic fatigue (63%) and anaemia (58%). Anaemia was the most persistent symptom, with mean duration prior to CD diagnosis of 9.2 years, whereas diarrhoea was observed for the shortest period (4.7 years). The mean duration of any symptom before CD diagnosis was 7.3 years, compared to 13.2 years in the UK. CD diagnosis and the introduction of a gluten-free diet substantially improved the quality of life in each of the five EQ-5D-5L health dimensions: pain and discomfort, anxiety and depression, usual activities, self-care and mobility (p < 0.001), the EQ-Index by 0.149 (SD 0.23) and the EQ-VAS by 30.4 (SD 28.3) points. Conclusions Duration of symptoms prior to the diagnosis of CD in Poland, although shorter than in the UK, was long with an average of 7.3 years from first CD symptoms. Faster CD diagnosis after the onset of symptoms in Polish respondents may be related to a higher percentage of children in the Polish sample. Introduction of a gluten-free diet improves coeliac patients’ quality of life. These results suggest that doctors should be made more aware of CD and its symptoms across all age groups.

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Necrotising (malignant) otitis externa in the UK: a growing problem. Review of five cases and analysis of national Hospital Episode Statistics trends

The Journal of Laryngology & Otology ◽

10.1017/s002221511500105x ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 129 (6) ◽

pp. 600-603 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

G Chawdhary ◽

N Liow ◽

J Democratis ◽

O Whiteside

Keyword(s):

Otitis Externa ◽

Severe Infection ◽

Fold Increase ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Catchment Population ◽

Malignant Otitis Externa ◽

The Mean ◽

The Uk ◽

High Index Of Suspicion ◽

Park Hospital

AbstractBackground:Necrotising (malignant) otitis externa is a severe infection causing temporal bone osteomyelitis. Although rare, our experience (reported herein) shows local doubling of cases in 2013. Hospital Episodes Statistics data for England over 14 years also indicate increased incidence nationally. Specific learning points in management are also discussed.Methods:A retrospective review was conducted of patients admitted in 2013 to Wexham Park Hospital, Slough, UK (catchment population, 450 000). In addition, the UK Government Hospital Episodes Statistics data were interrogated.Results:There were five cases of necrotising (malignant) otitis externa in 2013, representing a local doubling on previous years. The mean age of patients was 82 years. All cultures grew Pseudomonas aeruginosa; no isolates were antibiotic resistant. All patients responded to systemic anti-pseudomonals on clinical, biochemical and radiological parameters. Hospital Episodes Statistics data showed a six-fold increase in the number of cases from 1999 (n = 67) to 2013 (n = 421).Conclusion:Our experience suggests increasing necrotising (malignant) otitis externa incidence, and retrospective analysis of Hospital Episodes Statistics data supports this observation. Necrotising (malignant) otitis externa poses challenges in management, as exemplified in our cases, requiring a high index of suspicion and early aggressive treatment to achieve cure.

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A review of contemporary inhalation sedation guidelines and regulations related to treating children

Faculty Dental Journal ◽

10.1308/rcsfdj.2017.112 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 112-118 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

S Rajan ◽

DJ Manton ◽

N Bhujel

Keyword(s):

Nitrous Oxide ◽

General Anaesthesia ◽

Paediatric Dentistry ◽

Safe Practice ◽

Global Trends ◽

Inhalation Sedation ◽

Dental Procedures ◽

The Us ◽

The Uk

Inhalation sedation (IS) with nitrous oxide (N2O) is classified as minimal sedation. In paediatric dentistry, IS works well for mildly anxious but potentially cooperative children, reducing the need for general anaesthesia for simple dental procedures. We review contemporary guidelines relating to ISN2O in Australasia, the UK, Europe and the US. As this is a multispecialty area, with differences in laws, regulations, guidance and governance from country to country, this review aims to illuminate global trends and assist with the designing of local regulations for the safe practice of ISN2O.

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Effect of acepromazine or xylazine on tear production as measured by Schirmer tear test in normal cats

Veterinary Ophthalmology ◽

10.1111/j.1463-5224.2009.00738.x ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 1-3 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Masoud Selk Ghaffari ◽

Abdolali Malmasi ◽

Saied Bokaie

Keyword(s):

Tear Production ◽

Schirmer Tear Test

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Heart rate variability and depressive symptoms: a cross-lagged analysis over a 10-year period in the Whitehall II study

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s003329171600060x ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 46 (10) ◽

pp. 2121-2131 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

V. K. Jandackova ◽

A. Britton ◽

M. Malik ◽

A. Steptoe

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Heart Rate Variability ◽

Depressive Symptoms ◽

General Health Questionnaire ◽

Antidepressant Medication ◽

Population Based ◽

Baseline Heart Rate ◽

Lower Baseline ◽

The Uk

BackgroundPeople with depression tend to have lower heart rate variability (HRV), but the temporal sequence is poorly understood. In a sample of the general population, we prospectively examined whether HRV measures predict subsequent depressive symptoms or whether depressive symptoms predict subsequent levels of HRV.MethodData from the fifth (1997–1999) and ninth (2007–2009) phases of the UK Whitehall II longitudinal population-based cohort study were analysed with an average follow-up of 10.5 years. The sample size for the prospective analysis depended on the analysis and ranged from 2334 (644 women) to 2276 (602 women). HRV measures during 5 min of supine rest were obtained. Depressive symptoms were evaluated by four cognitive symptoms of depression from the General Health Questionnaire.ResultsAt follow-up assessment, depressive symptoms were inversely associated with HRV measures independently of antidepressant medication use in men but not in women. Prospectively, lower baseline heart rate and higher HRV measures were associated with a lower likelihood of incident depressive symptoms at follow-up in men without depressive symptoms at baseline. Similar but statistically insignificant associations were found in women. Adjustments for known confounders including sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, cardiometabolic conditions or medication did not change the predictive effect of HRV on incident depressive symptoms at follow-up. Depressive symptoms at baseline were not associated with heart rate or HRV at follow-up in either sex.ConclusionsThese findings are consistent with an aetiological role of the autonomic nervous system in depression onset.

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Evaluation of tear production with modified Schirmer tear test-1 during the neonatal period in cats

Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-736x2011000400013 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 350-354 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

L.F. Conceição ◽

A.P. Ribeiro ◽

M.L.M. Torres ◽

M.L.G. Lourenço ◽

J.L. Laus

Keyword(s):

Reference Values ◽

Neonatal Period ◽

Positive Correlation ◽

Tear Secretion ◽

Tear Production ◽

Schirmer Tear Test ◽

Maturity Parameters ◽

Time Point

The study aimed to evaluate tear production by means of modified Schirmer tear tes-1 (mSTT-1) in neonate cats. Likewise, correlation between mSTT-1 and STT-1 was assessed in vitro. Standard SST strips were cut in half and after eye lid opening, tear production of neonates (n=15) was daily measured in both eyes (mSTT-1), until the 7th day, and at day 14, 21, and 28. Animals were daily weighted until 28 days of age. Results were compared statistically (P<0.05). During the first 7 days, the overall mSTT-1 mean was 0.76 wetting/minute. Significant differences between right and left eyes were not observed at any time point (P=1.00). Tear secretion increased significantly, from the 14th to 28th day, in comparison with 7 first days (P<0.05). Positive correlation between maturity parameters and tear secretion was observed (P<0.0001). Distance between slopes of each strip changed significantly (P<0.0001). It was concluded that tear secretion in the neonatal period of cats is very below the reference values described for young and adults of the same species. It is not possible to extrapolate results obtained with mSTT-1 to standard STT-1.

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